Masifunde ngee-B cells ngendlela elula? Zii-protector ezincinci zomzimba wakho!

Ngaba wakha wazibuza ukuba kukho imfazwe engabonakaliyo eqhubekayo ngaphakathi emizimbeni yethu ngalo lonke ixesha? Ewe, yinyani. Abalindi abancinci ngaphakathi emizimbeni yethu balwa neentsholongwane ezibangela izifo ezivela ngaphandle. Iqela elibaluleke kakhulu phakathi kwabo balindi zezi seli ze-B. Namhlanje siza kuthetha ngezi seli ze-B kunye nendlela ezisikhusela ngayo kwizifo.

Zithini kanye kanye ii-B cells?

Iiseli ze-B, njengoko bekutshiwo ngaphambili, luhlobo lweeseli ezimhlophe zegazi egazini lethu. Sikwabiza ngokuba yi-`(B lymphocytes)`. Ezi seli ze-B ziyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yenkqubo yakho yokuzikhusela, inkqubo yokuzikhusela yomzimba ekukhusela kwizifo. Umsebenzi wazo ophambili kukuvelisa iiproteni ezikhethekileyo ezibizwa ngokuba yi-`(antibodies)` ukulwa ne-`(pathogens)` eziyingozi - izinto ezifana neentsholongwane, iibhaktheriya, kunye neeparasite - ezingena emzimbeni.

Iiseli ze-B kunye neeseli ze-T ziintlobo ezimbini zeeseli ezikwihlobo olukhethekileyo lweeseli ezimhlophe zegazi ezibizwa ngokuba zii-lymphocytes. Ezi lymphocytes zilwa nabahlaseli kunye neeseli ezingaqhelekanga ezifana neeseli zomhlaza. Iiseli ze-T zitshabalalisa iintsholongwane kwaye zilungelelanise inkqubo yomzimba yokuzikhusela ngokuthumela imiqondiso kwezinye iindawo zomzimba. Iiseli ze-B, kwelinye icala, zenza ii-antibodies ngokuphendula kwii-antigens. Ii-Antigens zifana namakhadi e-ID. Ezi antibodies zinceda inkqubo yethu yomzimba yokuzikhusela ukuba ibone izinto emzimbeni wethu, ngakumbi izinto ezinobungozi ezifana neentsholongwane kunye neebhaktheriya.

Ziziphi iintlobo eziphambili zeeseli ze-B?

Kulungile, ngoku uyazi ukuba zeziphi ii-B cells. Kukho iintlobo ezimbini eziphambili zee-B cells. Zii-plasma cells kunye nee-memory cells. Zombini ezi ntlobo zisinceda ekukhuselekeni kwizifo. Makhe sibone ukuba zinjani.

Iiseli zeplasma

Ezi seli zeplasma zezona zikhupha ii-antibodies ngenxa yee-antigens ezikhankanyiweyo ngaphambili. Cinga ngayo njengokudubula utshaba xa lubona. Nje ukuba iseli ye-B iguquke yaba yiseli yeplasma, inokukhupha ii-antibodies ezimalunga nama-2,000 ngomzuzwana! Ayimangalisi loo nto? Ezi seli zeplasma zikwabizwa ngokuba zii-plasmacytes kunye nee-effector cells. Nangona kunjalo, ubomi bazo bufutshane kancinci kunobo beeseli zememori.

Iiseli zememori

Igama lisitsho, akunjalo? Ezi seli zememori zikhumbula ii-antigen ezithile. Emva koko, ukuba loo antigen ibuyela emzimbeni wethu kwixesha elizayo, inkqubo yethu yokuzikhusela inokukhawuleza, ngokungathi ilungiselela, ithathe amanyathelo okuzikhusela. Kanye njengokuba besiya kusabela ngokukhawuleza kutshaba olwaziwayo. Xa iiseli zeplasma zenza ii-antibodies kwaye zilwa nabahlaseli ngelo xesha, iiseli zememori zisinceda silwe amadabi exesha elizayo. Umzekelo, le yindlela ezisebenza ngayo izitofu esizifumanayo. Oko kwenziwa sisitofu kukwazisa inkqubo yethu yokuzikhusela kwi-antigen ethile. Emva koko iiseli zethu zememori ziyakhumbula. Ukuba loo pathogen ibuya kamva, umzimba wethu unokukhawuleza uhlasele kuyo.

Kutheni ii-B cells zibalulekile kuthi?

Iiseli ze-B ziyinxalenye ebaluleke kakhulu kwinkqubo yethu yokuzikhusela eguquguqukayo. Ngoku usenokuba uzibuza ukuba yintoni inkqubo yokuzikhusela eguquguqukayo. Kukho iindawo ezimbini eziphambili kwinkqubo yethu yokuzikhusela. Enye yinkqubo yokuzikhusela engokwemvelo, kwaye enye yinkqubo yokuzikhusela eguquguqukayo. Inkqubo yokuzikhusela engokwemvelo ifana nomgca wokuqala wokuzikhusela, isabela kuyo nayiphi na ingozi. Kodwa inkqubo yokuzikhusela eguquguqukayo ikhethekile ngakumbi. Iqaphela ingozi ethile - oko kukuthi, intsholongwane ethile, iibhaktheriya, njl.njl. - kwaye ilwa nayo.

Ngoko ke, into eyenziwa zii-B cells kukuvelisa ii-antibodies ezitshabalalisa loo antigen okanye i-pathogen ebotshelelwe kuloo antigen. Kwakhona, ii-B cells zinokukhumbula ii-antigens ezithile. Emva koko, ukuba loo pathogen ibuye emzimbeni, inkqubo yethu yokuzikhusela inokuzikhusela kakhulu kuyo. Ngamafutshane, ngaphandle kwee-B cells, umzimba wethu ubungenakukwazi ukubona iintshaba ezithile, wenze izixhobo ezithile (ii-antibodies) zokulwa nazo, kwaye ukhumbule ezo ntshaba kwaye wenze ngokukhawuleza ukuba zibuya.

Iiseli ze-B zisebenza njani kwinkqubo yomzimba yokuzikhusela?

Nangona iyinkqubo enzima kakhulu, masizame ukuyiqonda ngokulula. Iiseli ze-B, kunye nezinye iiseli kwinkqubo yomzimba yokuzikhusela, zilwa nabahlaseli abayingozi abasigulisayo, kunye neeseli ezingaqhelekanga ezifana neeseli zomhlaza. Nje ukuba iseli ye-B 'isebenze', iba yiseli yeplasma, eyenza ii-antibodies ukuphendula kwi-antigen, okanye iba yiseli yememori, ekhumbula loo antigen. Ngaleyo ndlela, ukuba ibuya kwixesha elizayo, inokuyibona ngokukhawuleza kwaye ilwe nayo.

Ngokwesiqhelo, xa inkqubo yomzimba yokuzikhusela ifuna ii-B cells ukuze ilwe nomhlaseli, la ngamanye amanyathelo ayenzekayo:

• Okokuqala, iseli ekhethekileyo ebizwa ngokuba yi-antigen-presenting cell (APC) inamathela kwi-antigen yomhlaseli ize iyiqhekeze ibe ziingceba ezincinci. Emva koko i-APC incamathisela iziqwenga ze-antigen kwimolekyuli ebizwa ngokuba yi-Major Histocompatibility-II complex (MHC-II).
• Okulandelayo, ii-helper T cells (ezikwaluhlobo lwe-T cell) ziyangena zize zibophelele kuloo MHC-II complex. Oku kubopha yikona okusebenza ii-helper T cells. Ezi helper T cells zibaluleke kakhulu kuba zizo ezinika imiqondiso kwii-B cells ukuba 'ziqale ukusebenza'.
• Iseli ye-T esebenzayo inamathela kwiseli ye-B. Loo seli ye-B emva koko iqala ukwenza iikopi zayo, okanye "ii-clones." Ezinye zezi seli ze-B ziba ziiseli ze-plasma, ezinokwenza ii-antibodies. Ezinye iiseli ze-B ziba ziiseli zememori kwaye zigcinwa emzimbeni.
• Kwiintsuku ezimbalwa ezizayo, iiseli zeplasma zivelisa izigidi zee-antibodies. Nganye kwezi antibodies yenzelwe ukutshabalalisa kuphela i-pathogen ethile evelise loo antigen. Oku kuthetha ukuba i-antibody enye inokuhlasela uhlobo olunye lotshaba.
• Ezi antibodies zinamathela kwi-antigen okanye kwinxalenye ye-pathogen enophawu lwe-antigen. Nje ukuba inamathele, i-pathogen ayisakwazi ukulimaza umzimba.

Cinga ngayo njengomsebenzi wamapolisa. Okokuqala, kungena isignali (ukuqatshelwa kwe-antigen yi-APC). Emva koko iqela elikhethekileyo (ii-helper T cells) liyaqala ukusebenza, lixelela elinye iqela (ii-B cells). Inxalenye yelo qela iya edabini ngoko nangoko (ii-plasma cells), ngelixa elinye iqela lilungiselela izoyikiso zexesha elizayo (ii-memory cells).

Ziphi ii-B cells?

Indawo yee-B cells iyahluka ngokuxhomekeke kwinqanaba lazo lokukhula. Cinga ngayo, xa ungumntwana ongekazalwa, oko kukuthi, esibelekweni sikamama wakho, ii-B cells zenziwa esibindini. Kodwa emva kokuba sizelwe, ii-B cells zikhula kwithishu ethambileyo, ethambileyo ngaphakathi kwamathambo ethu. Yiloo nto siyibiza ngokuba yi-bone marrow. Ziqala njengee-hematopoietic stem cells. Emva koko, ngenkqubo ebizwa ngokuba yi-hematopoiesis, ziba zii-B cells. Nje ukuba zikhule ngokupheleleyo, ii-B cells zakho ziya kwiindawo ezibalulekileyo zenkqubo yakho ye-lymphatic. Umzekelo, i-spleen kunye ne-lymph nodes.

Ziziphi izifo eziqhelekileyo ezinokuvela ezinxulumene neeseli ze-B?

Ukuba kukho into engaqhelekanga eyenzekayo kwiiseli zethu ze-B, inokukhokelela kwizifo zokuzikhusela komzimba kunye neentlobo ezahlukeneyo zomhlaza. Makhe sijonge oko.

Izifo ezizikhusela ngokwazo emzimbeni

Ngamanye amaxesha, oku kuyenzeka. Iiseli zethu ze-B zenza ii-antibodies ngokuphendula ii-antigens kwiiseli zethu eziphilileyo. Emva koko, ezo antibodies zihlasela iiseli zethu eziphilileyo ngokungathi zihlasela i-pathogen eyingozi. Kufana nokuhlasela usapho lwethu. Yiloo nto siyibiza ngokuba zizifo ezizikhuselayo emzimbeni. Nazi imizekelo embalwa:

• I-Lupus
• Isifo sokugubhuka
• Irheumatoid arthritis
• Uhlobo loku-1 lweswekile

Umhlaza

Kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zomhlaza ezinxulunyaniswa nokukhula okungaqhelekanga kweeseli ze-B. Oku kuthetha ukuba iiseli ze-B ziqala ukwanda ngokungalawulekiyo. Ezinye zazo zezi:

• I-leukemia ye-lymphocytic ebukhali
• I-leukemia engapheliyo ye-lymphocytic
• I-lymphoma yeHodgkin
• I-lymphoma engeyiyo iHodgkin
• I-B-cell lymphoma `(i-B-cell lymphoma)`
• I-myeloma eninzi
• I-macroglobulinemia kaWaldenström

Luthini uluhlu oluqhelekileyo lwee-B cells?

Umntu omdala oqhelekileyo unee-lymphocyte eziphakathi kwe-1,000 kunye ne-4,800 kwi-microliter nganye yegazi. Ii-B cells zenza malunga ne-10% ukuya kwi-20% yee-lymphocyte zakho zizonke.

Kodwa khumbula, ukuba inani leeseli zakho ze-B lihlala liphezulu kakhulu okanye liphantsi kakhulu, oko kuthetha ukuba unesifo. Ugqirha kuya kufuneka enze uvavanyo ukuze afumane ngokuqinisekileyo.

Ziziphi iimvavanyo eziqhelekileyo zokujonga impilo yeeseli zam ze-B?

Ugqirha wakho angakuxelela ukuba zingaphi ii-lymphocytes onazo emzimbeni wakho ngovavanyo olulula olubizwa ngokuba yi-Complete Blood Count (CBC). Nangona kunjalo, aluboneleli ngolwazi malunga neentlobo ezithile zee-lymphocytes, ezifana nee-B cells kunye nee-T cells.

Ukuba ugqirha wakho ukrokrela ukuba unesifo esinxulunyaniswa nokungaqheleki kweeseli zakho ze-B, unokuyalela ezinye iimvavanyo ezibonelela ngolwazi malunga neentlobo ezithile zee-lymphocytes, ezifana neprofayili ye-lymphocyte (ukubalwa kweeseli ze-T kunye ne-B), okanye iphaneli ye-B-cell leukemia/lymphoma.

Yintoni esinokuyenza ukugcina ii-B cells zethu ziphilile?

Akukho ndlela zendalo ezamkelweyo ngokubanzi 'zokukhulisa' iiseli ze-B. Nangona kunjalo, kukho izinto onokuzenza ukugcina inkqubo yakho yomzimba isempilweni kwaye ukhusele iiseli ze-B osele unazo. Uninzi lwezi zinto zinokubonakala ngathi zinengqondo, kodwa eneneni zithintela iiseli ze-B zomzimba wakho, kunye nezinye izixhobo ezixabisekileyo zenkqubo yomzimba, ekubeni zichithwe. Kanye njengokuba iimoto zethu zihlala ixesha elide ukuba zigcinwe kakuhle.

Ungenza ezi zinto ukuze ugcine amajoni akho omzimba esempilweni:

• Fumana zonke izitofu ezicetyiswayo.
• Yitya ukutya okunempilo nokunokulinganisela.
• Lawula kakuhle uxinzelelo lwakho.
• Kuphephe ukusela utywala, okanye ulusebenzise ngokulinganisela.
• Kuphephe ukutshaya (iicuba, ukutshaya i-vaping). Ukuba uyatshaya, yeka.
• Lala ubuncinane iiyure ezisixhenxe ukuya kwezisibhozo ubusuku ngabunye.
• Yenza umthambo ophakathi ubuncinane imizuzu eli-150 ngeveki.
• Hlamba izandla zakho rhoqo ngesepha okanye usebenzise i-sanitizer yezandla.

Yintoni umahluko phakathi kwee-T cells kunye nee-B cells?

Iiseli ze-T, iiseli ze-B, kunye neeseli ze-B zombini zisikhusela kwiintsholongwane ezibangela izifo. Kodwa zenza imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo kwinkqubo yomzimba yokuzikhusela. Iiseli ze-T zithumela imiqondiso elawula impendulo yomzimba yokuzikhusela (ezi zibizwa ngokuba ziiseli ze-T ezincedisayo) okanye zitshabalalise ngokuthe ngqo iintsholongwane okanye iiseli ezineentsholongwane (ezi zibizwa ngokuba ziiseli ze-T ezine-cytotoxic).

Kodwa ii-B cells zenza iiproteni ezibizwa ngokuba zii-antibodies ngenxa yee-antigens, eziziimpawu ezixelela umzimba ukuba umhlaseli ungene emzimbeni. Into ebalulekileyo kukuba umhlaseli akamiswa ngokuthe ngqo yi-B cell, kodwa zii-antibodies ezenziwa yi-B cell.

Okokugqibela, izinto ekufuneka uzikhumbule

Ngoko ke, ngaphandle kwee-B cells, imizimba yethu ibingenakukwazi ukwenza ii-antibodies. Ezi antibodies ziiproteni ezibaluleke kakhulu ezinceda ekulweni neentsholongwane eziyingozi. Kunye nezinye ii-lymphocytes kunye neeseli ezimhlophe zegazi, ii-B cells zakho zezona zikugcina ukhululekile kwizifo kwaye zikukhusele kwiiseli ezingaqhelekanga.

Ngoko ke, khathalela iiseli zakho ze-B. Yenza izinto yonke imihla ezinceda ukugcina yonke inkqubo yakho yomzimba isempilweni. Njengoko bekutshiwo ngaphambili, yitya kakuhle, ulale kakuhle, uzilolonge, unciphise uxinzelelo, kwaye ufumane imijovo yakho ngexesha. Ezi zinto zilula ziya kunika la majoni amancinci emzimbeni wakho amandla amakhulu.

Iiseli ze- B, ii-lymphocyte ze-B, ii-antibodies, inkqubo yomzimba yokuzikhusela, ii-lymphocyte, ii-pathogens, iiseli ze-plasma, iiseli zememori