Xa ugqirha ekuxelela ukuba umntwana wakho omncinci une-autism, kuyinto eqhelekileyo ukuba, njengomzali, uzive uthwele umthwalo omkhulu kwaye uloyiko oluncinci. 'Ndenze ntoni ngoku? Ndingamnceda njani umntwana wam? Liza kuba njani ikamva lakhe?' Imibuzo efana nale imele ukuba ifike engqondweni yakho izihlandlo ezilikhulu lamawaka. Ungakhathazeki. Awuwedwa. Namhlanje sithetha ngonyango olunokunceda abantwana abane-autism, luphucule izakhono zabo, kwaye lubafundise indlela yokuphila kakuhle kweli hlabathi.
Kwenzeka ntoni ngokwenene ngezi ndlela zonyango lwe-autism?
Okokuqala, kukho into ebaluleke kakhulu ekufuneka siyiqonde sonke. I-Autism ayisosifo. Ayisiyonto 'enokunyangeka' okanye 'isuswe'. Ngamafutshane, i-autism ngumahluko kwindlela esebenza ngayo ingqondo yomntwana wakho kwaye icwangcisa ulwazi. Oku sikubiza ngamagama ezonyango ngokuthi "i-Neurodivergence". Njengokuba abanye abantu bebade kwaye abanye bebafutshane, ubuchopho babanye abantu busebenza ngokwahlukileyo.
Ngoko ke injongo yale mithi asikokwenza umntwana, ukumnyanzela ukuba atshintshe, okanye ukumthintela kwisakhelo esifanayo nesikhoyo kuluntu. Endaweni yoko, le mithi ichonga kwaye iphuhlise amandla omntwana kwaye ibanike izakhono abazidingayo ukuze boyise imingeni abajongene nayo. Eli hlabathi alisoloko lilula kubantwana `(abane-neurodivergent)`. Ngoko ke, injongo ephambili yale mithi kukulungiselela umntwana ukuba aphile kwelo hlabathi ngempumelelo, ngovuyo, nangokuzimeleyo kangangoko kunokwenzeka.
Ayizizo zonke iindlela zonyango ozivayo kwi-intanethi okanye kumhlobo ezichanekileyo okanye ezikhuselekileyo. Zininzi iintsomi kunye nolwazi olungeyonyani malunga ne-autism. Ngoko ke, hlala unamathela kunyango olusekelwe kubungqina olucetyiswe ngugqirha wakho.
Yeyiphi indlela engcono yonyango kumntwana wam?
Lo ngumbuzo obuzwa ngabazali abaninzi. Kodwa inyaniso kukuba, akukho nyango 'lungcono' olusebenza kumntwana ngamnye. Kuba umntwana ngamnye wahlukile. Okusebenza kakuhle komnye umntwana kusenokungaphumeleli komnye.
Ugqirha wakho kunye neqela lezempilo lomntwana wakho baya kuqwalasela ezi zinto xa becebisa unyango:
- Ubudala bomntwana kunye neemfuno zakhe ezizodwa: Asikuko unyango olufunwa ngumntwana omncinci, kodwa koko umntwana omncinci akudingayo.
- Ezinye iimeko zempilo umntwana anazo: Umntwana usenokuba nezinye iimeko zempilo, ezikwaqwalaselwa xa ekhetha unyango.
- Izinto ezikhethwa lusapho lwakho, ishedyuli, kunye nezakhono zemali: Kwenziwe isicwangciso esiza kuhambelana nazo zonke ezi zinto.
Kukho iindlela ezahlukeneyo zonyango ezisetyenziswa kakhulu kubantwana abane-autism. Makhe sithethe ngazo nganye nganye.
- Unyango lokuziphatha
- Unyango lolwimi lwentetho
- Unyango lomsebenzi kunye nolwemizimba
- Uqeqesho lwezakhono zentlalo
- Uqeqesho lwabazali
Masiqale sijonge unyango lokuziphatha.
Olu lolunye lwezona ndlela zonyango zixhaphakileyo kubantwana abane-autism. Lubandakanya nje ukukhuthaza umntwana ukuba aziphathe kakuhle kwaye anciphise iindlela zokuziphatha ezinzima ezinokuba yingozi kuye okanye kwabanye. Umzekelo, ukukhuthaza iindlela zokuziphatha ezilungileyo, njengokuthetha nokucela izinto abazidingayo.
Olu nyango lusekelwe kwithiyori yokufunda ebizwa ngokuba yi-Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA). Ngamafutshane, oku kuthetha ukuba xa umntwana ebonisa ukuziphatha okuhle nokulungileyo size simncome (simnike umvuzo), kunokwenzeka ukuba aphinde loo ndlela yokuziphatha.
Ngaphambili, bekukho impikiswano malunga nokusetyenziswa kwesohlwayo kule ndlela ``(ABA)``. Kodwa oko akusekho njalo. Namhlanje, unyango lokuziphatha lubandakanya oku kulandelayo:
- Ukusebenzisa ukuqinisa okuhle: Xa umntwana egqibezela usukelo, mnike umvuzo. Oku kungaba yinto yonke, ukusuka kwinto yokudlala oyithandayo ukuya ekudumiseni. Oku kukhuthaza umntwana ukuba afunde izakhono ezintsha.
- Ukufundisa Ngokudlala: Ukudlala kufundisa abantwana izakhono zentlalo kunye nendlela yokwakha ubudlelwane nabanye.
- Ukufumana unobangela wokuziphatha okunzima: Ukuba umntwana uvele akhathazeke ngequbuliso, kukho isizathu soko. Mhlawumbi kungenxa yokuba akakwazi ukuxelela iimfuno zakhe. Ngale ndlela, unobangela uyafumaneka kwaye isisombululo esifanelekileyo siyabonelelwa.
- Unyango kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo: Ezinye iindlela zonyango zenzeka eofisini yogqirha. Ezinye zenzeka kwiindawo eziqhelekileyo kumntwana, njengasekhaya, esikolweni, okanye kwindawo yokudlala.
- Ixesha elifutshane okanye elide: Ngokuxhomekeke kwiimfuno zomntwana, olu nyango lunokuhlala iinyanga ezininzi, unyaka, okanye ngaphezulu.
Ziziphi ezinye iindlela ezisetyenziswa kunyango lokuziphatha?
Makhe sijonge ezinye zeendlela zonyango ezidweliswe ngezantsi eziye zangqinwa ngokwesayensi ukuba ziyasebenza kule theyibhile.
| Igama longenelelo | Ngamafutshane, oku kwenzekayo... |
|---|---|
| Ungenelelo Olunzulu Lokuziphatha Kwangoko (i-EIBI) | Olu lunyango oluqinileyo nolugxile kakhulu oludla ngokuqala kubantwana abangaphantsi kweminyaka emi-4 ubudala kwaye luhlala iminyaka eliqela. Lunceda ngonxibelelwano, ubudlelwane bezentlalo, kunye nokuziphatha okuphindaphindiweyo. |
| Imodeli yeDenver yokuqala kwangoko (ESDM) | Oku kwenzelwe abantwana abancinci . Kuphuhlisa izakhono zomntwana zentlalo, ingqondo, kunye nolwimi ngelixa edlala kwiindawo eziqhelekileyo, njengasekhaya. |
| Ingqalelo edibeneyo, Umdlalo ongokomfanekiso, Ukuzibandakanya kunye noLawulo (JASPER) | Le yindlela yokuphuhlisa izakhono zonxibelelwano lwentlalo zabantwana ukususela kwiinyanga ezili-12 ukuya kwiminyaka esi-8 ubudala ngokudlala. |
| Unyango lweNkathalo ePhambili (i-PRT) | Oku malunga nokukhuthaza abantwana ukuba bathethe baze banxibelelane nabanye. Kubafundisa indlela yokuqalisa incoko kunye nokuphendula kwabanye. |
| Unyango kunye neMfundo yabantwana abane-Autistic kunye noNxibelelwano oluNxulumeneyo nabakhubazekileyo (TEACCH®) | Inceda ekwakheni izakhono ezahlukeneyo kwindawo ehlelekileyo eyenzelwe izakhono zomntwana kunye nezinto azithandayo ngokweemvakalelo zakhe. |
Uncedo oluvela kunyango lwentetho nolwimi
Abantwana abaninzi abane-autism banengxaki yokuthetha nokunxibelelana. Olu hlobo lonyango lwenzelwe oku ngokukodwa. Ingcali yokunyanga intetho inceda umntwana ngezinto ezifana nezi:
- Yenza izicelo ezilula: Funda ukuveza iimfuno zakho ngezivakalisi ezimfutshane ezifana nokuthi "Ndifuna amanzi," "Ndifuna ukuya kwigumbi lokuhlambela."
- Zichazele iimvakalelo zakho ngamazwi: Bafundise ukuveza iimvakalelo ezinje ngolonwabo, usizi, nomsindo.
- Lungisa isantya kunye nesingqisho sentetho yakho:Abanye abantwana bathetha ngokukhawuleza kakhulu, okanye ngesingqi esifanayo. Bancede balungise loo nto.
- Sebenzisa ezinye iindlela zonxibelelwano: Abantwana abanengxaki yokuthetha banokusebenzisa iindlela zoNxibelelwano oluNye kunye noNxibelelwano oluNye (AAC). Umzekelo, amakhadi emifanekiso, ulwimi lwezandla, okanye izixhobo ezivelisa intetho zingasetyenziswa.
Masifunde ngoNyango lweMisebenzi kunye noNyango loMzimba.
Abanye abantu bayadideka kancinci xa besiva la magama mabini. Makhe sibone ukuba kwenzeka ntoni ngala magama mabini.
Unyango Lomsebenzi (OT)
Oku kunika umntwana izakhono azidingayo zokwenza imisebenzi yemihla ngemihla (esiyibiza ngokuba yi-'Activities of Daily Living - ADLs') eyedwa. Cinga ngezinto ezinje ngokuxukuxa amazinyo, ukunxiba, ukutya, kunye nokubopha imitya yezihlangu. Kukwanceda kwizinto ezinje ngobunzima bokubhala nokubamba amathoyizi.
Unyango Lomzimba (PT)
Oku kunceda kakhulu kwiingxaki ezinxulumene nokuhamba komzimba womntwana. Umzekelo, olu nyango lunceda ukuphucula ibhalansi yomntwana, ukuzinzisa ukuhamba kwakhe, ukunciphisa ukuhamba ngeenyawo, kunye nokuphuhlisa izakhono zomzimba ezifunekayo kwizinto ezinje ngokubaleka nokutsiba.
Uqeqesho lwezakhono zentlalo kunye noqeqesho lwabazali
Uqeqesho lwezakhono zentlalo
Olu luhlobo lonyango lweqela oludla ngokwenziwa ngabantwana abancinci kunye nabantu abadala. Ngelixa ezinye iindlela zonyango zigxila kwizakhono zentlalo, olu lugxila ngokukodwa kuzo. Oku kunceda umntwana:
- Yenza abahlobo.
- Qonda iimpawu ezingezizo ezomlomo, ezifana nokubonakaliswa kobuso kunye nokudibana kwamehlo.
- Yenza incoko phakathi kwabantu ababini.
- Ukujongana nokuxhatshazwa ngabanye abantu.
Uqeqesho lwabazali
Oku kukwayinxalenye ebaluleke kakhulu. Apha, abazali baxelelwa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo abanokunceda ngazo umntwana wabo. Umzekelo:
- Indlela yokufumana ingqalelo yomntwana.
- Indlela yokunika umntwana ukhetho.
- Indlela yokukhuthaza abantwana ukuba baphile ubomi obufanayo noontanga babo.
Xa udibanisa oko ukufundileyo kolu qeqesho nonyango lomntwana wakho, iziphumo ziya kuba nempumelelo nangakumbi.
Izinto ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe xa ukhetha inkqubo yonyango
Ugqirha wakho uza kukunceda ukhethe indawo efanelekileyo yomntwana wakho, kodwa njengomzali, kubalulekile ukuba nawe uzazi ezi zinto.
- Ngaba bayamvavanya umntwana ngokuchanekileyo? Bahlola ngokuchanekileyo amandla nobuthathaka bomntwana ngaphambi kokuba baqalise inkqubo elungileyo.
- Ngaba kukho iinjongo ezicacileyo?Bafanele bakwazi ukuchaza iinjongo umntwana afuna ukuzifikelela kunye nendlela abaza kulinganisa ngayo ukuba sele behambe kangakanani.
- Ngaba umntwana ufumana ingqalelo yakhe? Jonga ukuba kukho abasebenzi abaneleyo na ukunika umntwana ingqalelo yakhe.
- Ngaba iingcali ziqeqeshwe kakuhle? Musa ukuthandabuza ukubuza ngeziqinisekiso namava azo.
- Ngaba bayayixabisa inxaxheba yakho? Iinkqubo ezilungileyo zihlala zibandakanya abazali. Zikwakufundisa nezinto onokuzenza ukunceda umntwana wakho ekhaya.
Ukuba uvakalelwa kukuba kukho into engalunganga engqondweni yakho, ukuba awuzithembi kuloo ndawo, mamela oko intliziyo yakho ikuxelela kona. Fumana enye indawo. Wonke umntwana wahlukile, ngoko ke unyango kufuneka lufane. Ulonwabo nokhuseleko lomntwana lubaluleke ngaphezu kwayo nayiphi na enye into.
Umyalezo Wokuya Ekhaya
- I-Autism ayisosifo esifuna 'ukunyangwa'. Lutshintsho kwindlela esebenza ngayo ingqondo. Injongo yonyango asikokulungisa umntwana, kodwa kukumnceda aphuhlise izakhono zakhe aze aphile ubomi obulungileyo.
- Soloko ukhetha unyango olusekelwe kubungqina olucetyiswa ngugqirha wakho. Musa ukukholelwa yonke into oyivayo kwi-intanethi okanye kubahlobo bakho.
- Iziphumo ziphumelela kakhulu ukuba unyango lunokuqaliswa ebuntwaneni (ingakumbi ngaphambi kokuba lufikelele kwiminyaka emi-3). Nangona kunjalo, akukabi lixesha ukuqala unyango.
- Akukho nto ifana nonyango 'olufanayo olufanela wonke umntu'. Kusenokufuneka uzame iindlela ezahlukeneyo ukuze ufumane eyona ilungele umntwana wakho.
- Ungoyena mandla makhulu omntwana wakho. Sebenzisana ngokusondeleyo neqela lonyango, ubuze imibuzo, kwaye uthethelele umntwana wakho.
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