Ngaba ngamanye amaxesha ukhe ucinge, "Amehlo am afana nqwa nakamama" okanye "Iinwele zam zifana nqwa nakatata"? Sonke sizuza iimpawu ezahlukeneyo zenkangeleko yethu nokuziphatha kwethu kumama notata. Isizathu soku ziijini. Ngoko ke namhlanje siza kuthetha ngento ebaluleke kakhulu enxulumene nezi jini. Leyo yimeko ebizwa ngokuba yi-`(Homozygous)`. Nangona igama lisenokuvakala liyinkimbinkimbi kancinci, lilula kakhulu. Makhe sibone?
Kalula nje, yintoni iHomozygous?
Kulungile, cinga ngale ndlela. Sifumana iikopi ezimbini zejini nganye kubazali bethu bemvelo. Enye ivela kumama wethu, enye ivela kubaba wethu. Ngamanye amaxesha ikopi yejini evela kumama wethu kunye nekopi yejini evela kubaba wethu ziyafana ngokuchanekileyo . Yiloo nto siyibiza ngokuba yi-"Homozygous" kwi-genetics.
Ngamafutshane, ngophawu oluthile (umz. umbala wamehlo), ufumana imiyalelo yemfuza efanayo kubazali bakho bobabini. Ezi seti zemfuza zifanayo zibizwa ngokuba zii-alleles. Ngoko ke ukuba ufumana ezimbini zee-alleles ezifanayo, uba yi-homozygous kuloo mfuza. Yile nto ibangela iimpawu ezithile, ezinje ngamehlo aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kunye neenwele ezibomvu. Kodwa ngamanye amaxesha, ukuba zombini ii-gene ziyatshintsha, iimeko ezithile zemfuza zinokwenzeka.
Yintoni i-allele?
Sonke sinezakhi zofuzo ezifanayo ezingaphezu kwama-99% emizimbeni yethu. Kodwa ipesenti encinci kakhulu (ngaphantsi kwe-1%) yezakhi zofuzo inomahluko omncinci ukusuka komnye umntu ukuya komnye. Ezi 'nguqulelo' zahlukeneyo zezakhi zofuzo zibizwa ngokuba zii-alleles. Ezi zahluko zincinci zezo zikunika iimpawu zakho ezikhethekileyo.
Yintoni umahluko phakathi kweHomozygous kunye neHeterozygous?
La magama mabini avakala efana kancinci, ngoko ke anokubhida. Kodwa umahluko ulula kakhulu. Makhe sijonge itafile encinci ukuze kube lula ukuyiqonda le nto.
| Uphawu | I-Homozygous | I-Heterozygous |
|---|---|---|
| Intsingiselo | Igama elithi "Homo" lithetha "okufanayo." Kuthetha ukuba uhlobo olufanayo lwee-alleles luzuzwa njengelifa kubazali bobabini. | Igama elithi "Hetero" lithetha "ukwahluka." Kuthetha ukuba umntu ngamnye uneentlobo ezimbini ezahlukeneyo zee-alleles ezivela kumzali ngamnye. |
| Umzekelo | Ukuba uthatha i-gene njengombala wamehlo, ufumana i-allele emdaka kumama wakho kunye ne-allele emdaka kutata wakho. | Ukuba sithatha i-gene njengombala wamehlo, sifumana i-allele emdaka kumama wethu kunye ne-allele ebhlowu kutata wethu. |
Khumbula nje: I-Homozygous = iikopi ezimbini zejini efanayo. I-Heterozygous = iikopi ezimbini ezahlukeneyo zejini.
Zithini iimpawu 'eziphambili' kunye 'neziseleyo'?
Xa kuthethwa nge-genes, amagama amabini afanele ukuqondwa ngokuqinisekileyo ngu-'dominant' kunye no-'recessive'.
- I-allele elawulayo: Lo mntwana ufana noyena mntwana uneenkani eklasini. Nguye kuphela ongenzi ngxolo. Oko kukuthi, ukuba kukho i-allele elawulayo, uphawu olubonakaliswa yiyo luya kubonakala ngokuqinisekileyo. Sibhala ezi ngoonobumba abakhulu besiNgesi (umz. B, F, D).
- I-allele ephindaphindayo: Le ifana kancinci nomntwana othuleyo nozibambayo. Ukuze uphawu lwakhe luvele, kufuneka ludityaniswe nolunye uhlobo lwe-allele ephindaphindayo olufana naye. Sibhala ezi ngoonobumba besiNgesi abalula (umz.: b, f, d).
Ngoku oku kwenzeka njani kwimeko ethi `(Homozygous)`?
Ungaba nee-allele ezimbini ezilawulayo. Sithi loo nto yi -homozygous dominant (umz. BB ). Okanye ungaba nee-allele ezimbini ezilawulayo. Sithi loo nto yi -homozygous recessive (umz. bb ).
Ukuba umntu `(Heterozygous)` (umz. Bb ) ufumana zombini ii-alleles ezilawulayo (B) kunye ne-recessive (b), kuphela uphawu olulawulayo oluya kubonakala. Kodwa kumntu `(Homozygous)`, oku akuyi kwenzeka. Ekubeni zombini ii-genes zifana, uphawu luya kubonakala ngendlela efanayo.
Ziziphi iimpawu eziqhelekileyo ezibangelwa yi-homozygous?
Izinto ezininzi, njengenkangeleko yethu kunye nohlobo lwamalungu ahlukeneyo omzimba wethu, zimiselwa zezi jini ze-`(Homozygous)`. Makhe sijonge imizekelo embalwa.
| Uphawu | I-Homozygous Dominant | I-Homozygous Recessive |
|---|---|---|
| Umbala wamehlo | BB - Amehlo amdaka (le yeyona nto iphambili) | bb - amehlo ombala ohlukileyo, njengoluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka okanye oluhlaza |
| Amaqhuqhuva | FF - Indawo enemisonto ebusweni (eyona iphambili) | ff - Akukho mabala |
| Iinwele ezinekhelizi | HH - Ukuba neenwele ezigobileyo (ezibalaseleyo) | hh - ukuba neenwele ezithe tye (ezithe nkqo) |
| Ii-Earplugs | I-UU - Indlebe exhonyiweyo (eyona iphambili) | uu - uhlobo lweendlebe eziphumayo |
Izifo ezinokubangelwa yi-homozygous
Njengoko kusoloko kunjalo ngezinto ezilungileyo, ngamanye amaxesha le meko `(Homozygous)` inokukhokelela kwizifo zemfuza. Kwenzeka njani oko?
Khawuthelekelele ukuba umama notata bane-gene enesiphene, ephindaphindayo ebangela isifo esithile. Kodwa akukho namnye kubo oneso sifo, kuba bobabini bane-gene elawulayo nephilileyo eyicinezelayo (oko kukuthi, bobabini 'bangamaHeterozygous'). Nangona kunjalo, ukuba umntwana uzalwa ene-gene ephindaphindayo ephindaphindayo evela kumama nakutata, loo mntwana uya kuba 'yi-Homozygous Recessive' kuloo gene. Emva koko amathuba okuba eso sifo se-genetic sivele aphezulu.
Nazi ezinye zezifo ezinokwenzeka:
- I-Cystic Fibrosis: Esi sifo sibangelwa kukuba neekopi ezimbini ze-CFTR gene ezineengxaki. Oku kubangela ukuba i-mucus yomzimba (efana nolwelo) ibe nkulu, nto leyo echaphazela iinkqubo zokuphefumla nezokwetyisa.
- I-Sickle Cell Anemia: Esi sifo senzeka xa iikopi ezimbini ezineengxaki ze-HBB gene zizuzwe njengelifa. Oku kubangela ukuba iiseli ezibomvu zegazi ziguquguquke (zibe nemilo egoso) kwaye zingakwazi ukuthwala ioksijini ngokufanelekileyo.
- I-Phenylketonuria (PKU): Esi sifo sibangelwa kukuba neekopi ezimbini ze-PAH gene ezineziphene. Oku kuthintela umzimba ekuqhekezeni i-amino acid phenylalanine.
Kubalulekile: Ukuba kukho umntu kusapho lwakho onesifo esibangelwa lufuzo, okanye ukuba unamathandabuzo okanye uloyiko ngaso, kungcono ukuthetha nogqirha wakho okanye ingcali yezonyango ngaso. Baza kukunika iingcebiso kunye nesikhokelo osidingayo.
Umyalezo Wokuya Ekhaya
- `I-Homozygous` ithetha ukuba ufumana ii-genes ezimbini ezifanayo (ii-alleles) zophawu oluthile kumama notata wakho.
- Izinto ezininzi, njengombala wamehlo akho kunye nokwakheka kweenwele zakho, zixhomekeke kwezi jini.
- Le inokuba yi-allele elawulayo (umz. i-BB) okanye i-allele ephindaphindayo (umz. i-bb).
- Ngamanye amaxesha, ukufumana iikopi ezimbini ze-gene ezineziphene kunokubangela izifo ze-genetic ezifana ne-Cystic Fibrosis okanye i-Sickle Cell Anemia.
- Ukuba unenkxalabo malunga nezifo zemfuza, kubaluleke kakhulu ukufuna ingcebiso kugqirha.
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