Ngaba uneeseli zomhlaza egazini lakho? Uvavanyo lwe-immunophenotyping lufumanisa ntoni?

Ngaba ugqirha wakho ujonge i-Complete Blood Count yakho (CBC) waza wathi inani leeseli zakho ezimhlophe zegazi liphezulu kancinci okanye libonakala lingaqhelekanga? Waza wathetha ngovavanyo olunegama elingaqhelekanga elibizwa ngokuba yi-'Immunophenotyping'? Xa wawusiva elo gama, mhlawumbi waziva usoyika kancinci, uzibuza ukuba loluphi uhlobo lovavanyo. Yinto eqhelekileyo kakhulu. Ngoko ke namhlanje, masithethe ngolu vavanyo olubizwa ngokuba yi-'Immunophenotyping' ngendlela elula kakhulu, ngendlela onokuyiqonda.

Yintoni i-immunophenotyping ngokulula?

Ngamafutshane, i-'Immunophenotyping' luvavanyo olukhethekileyo lwelabhoratri olujonga iiseli emzimbeni wethu, ingakumbi iiseli ezimhlophe zegazi, ukuze kubonwe ukuba zinomhlaza okanye azinawo. Oku kunceda kakhulu ekufumaneni umhlaza onxulumene negazi ofana ne-leukemia kunye ne-lymphoma.

Kolu vavanyo, ingcali yezifo, ugqirha ogxile kwizicubu kunye neeseli, ukhangela iiproteni ezithile ezibizwa ngokuba yi-"antigens" kumphezulu weeseli zakho ezimhlophe zegazi. Ubukho bezi "antigens", kunye nohlobo lwe "antigens" ezikhoyo, kunokunceda ekuqinisekiseni ukuba iseli ekuthethwa ngayo iphilile okanye inomhlaza.

Ukuba sijonga intsingiselo yegama elithi `Immunophenotyping`, singakuchaza ngakumbi oku:

• I-Immuno: Oku kuthetha into enxulumene nenkqubo yethu yokuzikhusela komzimba . Kolu vavanyo, iiproteni ezibizwa ngokuba yi-"Antigens" endizikhankanyileyo ngaphambili zisetyenziselwa ukuchonga olunye uhlobo lweproteni olubizwa ngokuba yi-"Antibodies" olukwinkqubo yethu yokuzikhusela komzimba. Oku kufana nesitshixo kunye nesitshixo. Yisitshixo esithile kuphela (i-Antibody) esenzelwe sona esifanela isitshixo esithile (i-Antigen).

• I-Phenotype: Oku kubhekisa kwiimpawu zangaphandle, ezibonakalayo zento ethile. Ngoko ke xa eso sitshixo (i-Antibody) sinamathele kwisitshixo (i-Antigen), sinokusibona ngendlela ethile. Xa ingcali yezifo ibona oko, iyazi ukuba isitshixo esifanelekileyo, oko kukuthi, `(i-Antigen)` efanelekileyo, sikuloo seli.

Ezi `(Antigens)` (locks) ezifumaneka kwiiseli zomhlaza zahlukile kwezo zifumaneka kwiiseli eziphilileyo. Ngoko ke ngokuchonga ngqo ezi ntlobo ze`(Antigens)`, olu vavanyo lunceda ekuchongeni ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba le yiseli yomhlaza, kwaye ukuba kunjalo, loluphi uhlobo lomhlaza.

Olu vavanyo lufanele lwenziwe nini?

Ugqirha wakho uya kucebisa olu vavanyo ukuba inani lakho elipheleleyo legazi (i-CBC) libonisa inani eliphezulu kakhulu leeseli ezimhlophe zegazi. Oku kungaba luphawu lomhlaza wegazi. Ngoko ke, uvavanyo lwe-``Immunophenotyping`` lunceda ukuqinisekisa olo rhanelo.

Le ndlela ikwabaluleke kakhulu kuphando lomhlaza. Le ndlela ikwasetyenziselwa ukufunda indlela iiseli zomhlaza ezine-"Antigens" ezithile ezisabela ngayo kumayeza ahlukeneyo okulwa nomhlaza, ingakumbi unyango lwe-"Immunotherapy".

Lwenziwa njani uvavanyo? Kwenzeka ntoni ngaphakathi kwilebhu?

Kolu vavanyo, kufuneka wenze into encinci kakhulu. Oko kukuthi, ukubonelela ngesampulu efunekayo kuvavanyo. Emva koko, yonke enye into yenzeka ngaphakathi kwilebhu. Akunyanzelekanga ukuba ukhathazeke ngayo. Ngokwesiqhelo, kusetyenziswa iindlela ezimbini eziphambili ukwenza olu vavanyo.

1. I-Flow Cytometry

2. I-Immunohistochemistry (IHC)

Makhe sibone ukuba kwenzeka ntoni kwezi ndlela zimbini.

Indlela yeFlow Cytometry

Le yeyona ndlela isetyenziswa kakhulu. Le ndlela ivumela inani elikhulu leeseli ezithathwe egazini okanye kwizicubu ukuba zivavanywe ngaxeshanye. Nantsi into eyenzekayo ngaphakathi kwilebhu:

• Ukuthatha isampuli: Oku kudla ngokwenziwa ngokuthatha isampuli encinci yomongo wakho wethambo (i-bone marrow biopsy). Okanye, ngokuqhelekileyo, ngokuthatha igazi elincinci. Ngamanye amaxesha, isampuli yolwelo lomqolo okanye ulwelo lwesisu nayo inokuthathwa.
• Ukugcina isampuli: Kwilabhoratri, isampuli ilungiswa ngokongeza iikhemikhali ezikhethekileyo ukugcina iiseli ziphilile kwaye zingafi.
• Ukongeza i-Antibody: Emva koko kuza eyona nxalenye ibalulekileyo. Bongeza i-"Antibody" (isitshixo) esenzelwe ukufanisa i-"Antigen" esiyikhangelayo kule sampuli. Kodwa kukho into ekhethekileyo ngale "Antibody". Ine -compound encinci ekhupha ukukhanya, i-"Fluorescent Compound" enamathele kuyo. Ngoko ke xa loo sitshixo siqhagamshela kwisitshixo, loo seli iqala ukukhupha ukukhanya.
• Ukufakwa kwiFlow Cytometer: Le sampulu ilungisiweyo ifakwa kumatshini okhethekileyo obizwa ngokuba yi-``Flow Cytometer.`` Njengoko iiseli zihamba phakathi komatshini nganye nganye, ii-sensors ``Detectors`` ezikumatshini ziyazibona kwaye zibale iiseli ezikhupha ukukhanya okukhanyayo.

Ngale ndlela, kunokwenzeka ukumisela ngokuchanekileyo ukuba zingaphi iiseli eziqulethe i-`(Antigen)` efanelekileyo.

Indlela ye-Immunohistochemistry (IHC)

Le ndlela idla ngokusetyenziswa ukufumana i-`(Antigens)` ekhoyo kwisampulu ethile yethishu `(Isampuli yeThishu). Apha, kwenzeka into efana ne-`(Flow Cytometry)`. Kodwa umahluko omkhulu kukuba apha, i-`(Antibody)` ayincamathiselwanga kwi-fluorescent compound. Endaweni yoko, kuqhotyoshelwe i-enzyme `(Enzyme)` .

Ngenxa yale enzyme, xa i-`(Antibody)` ibopha kwi-`(Antigen)` efanelekileyo, loo seli ijika umbala othile. Emva koko, xa ingcali yezifo iyijonga ngemakroskopu, iyakwazi ukubona ngokucacileyo ezo seli zinemibala. Ngaloo ndlela, inokuqinisekisa ukuba i-`(Antigen)` efanelekileyo ikhona kuloo tissue.

Ngaba kukho naziphi na izithintelo okanye iingxaki kolu vavanyo?

Ewe, njengazo zonke iimvavanyo, olu lunemida yalo. Umceli mngeni omkhulu kukuba ayizizo zonke iilabhoratri ezenza olu vavanyo ezilandela indlela efanayo. Oku kuthetha ukuba kunokubakho umahluko omncinci kwiziphumo ukusuka kwelinye ilabhoratri ukuya kwelinye.

Zeziphi izinto ezivezwayo kule ngxelo? Ithini?

Ingxelo yovavanyo lwe-`Immunophenotyping` ayilula njengengxelo yegazi eqhelekileyo. Iqulethe idatha kunye neegrafu ezifunyenwe kumatshini we-`(Flow Cytometer)`. Ngugqirha wezifo oqeqeshiweyo kuphela onokuziqonda ezi zinto. Uhlalutya loo datha aze alungiselele ingxelo yokugqibela.

Ukusuka kuloo ngxelo, ugqirha wakho uza kufumana ulwazi olufana nolu:

• Loluphi uhlobo lweseli emhlophe yegazi olukwisampuli?
• Ezi seli zikwinqanaba lini lophuhliso?
• Zingaphi iiseli eziqulethe i-`(Antigen)` evavanyiweyo?

Ingcali yezifo ithelekisa idatha evela kwisampulu yakho nedatha evela kumntu ophilileyo, kunye neepateni zedatha ezivela kubantu abanohlobo oluthile lwe-leukemia okanye i-lymphoma. Ngokusekelwe kolu thelekiso, kunye neziphumo zezinye iimvavanyo, yenza isigqibo malunga nokuba unokuba nomhlaza awukrokrelayo.

Ndifanele ndithethe nini nogqirha?

Ukulinda iziphumo zovavanyo kunokuba yinto ebangela uxinzelelo. Unemibuzo emininzi engqondweni yakho. Kuqhelekile ukuba uzive ungaqiniseki ukuba iziphumo ziza kufika nini kwaye ziza kuthini.

Mhlawumbi awunazo naziphi na iingxaki, mhlawumbi umangalisiwe kukubona ingxelo ethi `CBC`. Mhlawumbi ubusoloko uziva udiniwe kwaye ungaphilanga okwethutyana. Nangona kunjalo, eli lixesha lokuba nomonde. Eli linyathelo nje elinye kuhambo lokufumanisa ukuba kwenzeka ntoni emzimbeni wakho.

Ugqirha wakho ngumcebisi wakho ongcono ngeli xesha.

• Ukuba awuqinisekanga ukuba uza kuzifumana nini iziphumo, buza ugqirha wakho.
• Emva kokuba ufumene iziphumo zakho, ukuba awuqinisekanga ngento ekuzo, buza imibuzo ude uqonde. Lilungelo lakho elo.
• Musa ukudideka koko kukwingxelo. Luxanduva lukagqirha ukukuchazela ukuba kuthetha ukuthini kuwe.

Iiseli zakho ziqulethe ulwazi oluninzi malunga nempilo yakho. I-Immunophenotyping sisixhobo esinye esinokukunceda ufumane olo lwazi kwaye ufumane ukuqonda okunzulu ngempilo yakho. Kuqhelekile ukuziva usoyika kwaye uxhalabile ngexesha elinje. Ukuba ufuna inkxaso, thetha nogqirha wakho ngayo.