Ngaba unesilonda eluswini sakho esingapholiyo? Ngaba yiLeishmaniasis? Makhe sithethe ngaso!

Ngaba wakha waphawula ukuba abanye abantu banezilonda eluswini ezithatha ixesha elide ukuphola, ngamanye amaxesha zishiya amanxeba amabi? Okanye umkhuhlane ohlala iintsuku, ukwehla kobunzima, kunye nesisu esidumbileyo? Ezi zinokuba ziimpawu zesifo esingazinaki kangako ngamanye amaxesha, njengesilwanyana esincinci njengempukane. Esinye sezifo ezinjalo yiLeishmaniasis. Namhlanje, siza kuthetha ngale nto ngokweenkcukacha, ngokulula.

Yintoni iLeishmaniasis?

Ngamafutshane, iLeishmaniasis liqela lezifo ezibangelwa yiparasite ebizwa ngokuba yiLeishmania . Le parasite incinci kangangokuba ayinakubonwa ngamehlo enyama ngaphandle kwemicroscope. Ngokwenyani, ikwiqela lezinto eziphilayo ezibizwa ngokuba yiprotozoa, ezizizinto eziphilayo ezineseli enye.

Esi sifo sidluliselwa kuthi xa uhlobo oluthile lwempukane yesanti lusiluma. Ezi mpukane zincinci kakhulu, ngamanye amaxesha zincinci kuneengcongconi. Esi sifo sinokubangela iimeko ezahlukeneyo, ukusuka kwizilonda zesikhumba ezingathandekiyo ukuya kwiingxaki ezisongela ubomi ezichaphazela amalungu angaphakathi.

Kukho iindlela ezimbini eziphambili esihlala sibona ngazo oku:

1. I-leishmaniasis yesikhumba (`(i-leishmaniasis yesikhumba)`)

2. I-Visceral leishmaniasis ( echaphazela amalungu angaphakathi )

Ngubani onokuthi afumane oku?

I-Leishmaniasis ixhaphake kakhulu kwiindawo zasemaphandleni, ingakumbi kwiindawo ezinenkqubo yococeko engafanelekanga . Abantu abaneenkqubo zomzimba ezibuthathaka , njengabo bane-HIV okanye abo banezinye iingxaki zomzimba, banamathuba amaninzi okufumana esi sifo ukuba bosulelwa yi-Leishmania parasite.

Ixhaphake kangakanani iLeishmaniasis? Ingaba ikhona eSri Lanka?

Ehlabathini lonke, abanye abantu abasuleleke yiLeishmania parasite abanazo iimpawu. Ngoko ke kunzima ukutsho ukuba ixhaphake kangakanani na. Nangona kunjalo, iingcali ziqikelela ukuba phakathi kwe-1.5 ne-2 yezigidi zabantu kwihlabathi liphela banesifo esi sifo esineempawu minyaka le .

Ewe, okubuhlungu kukuba iLeishmaniasis ikwakho naseSri Lanka. Ingakumbi uhlobo lwesikhumba (`(Cutaneous leishmaniasis)`) lubikwe kwiindawo ezomileyo zelizwe lethu, umzekelo kwizithili ezifana neAnuradhapura, iPolonnaruwa, iHambantota, kunye neMatara. Ngoko ke, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuqaphela oku.

Kuphi apha emhlabeni apho oku kuxhaphake kakhulu khona?

I-parasite yeLeishmania ifumaneka kumazwe angaphezu kwama-90 kwihlabathi liphela. Iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeLeishmania zinokufumaneka kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zehlabathi. Iingcali ziyahlulahlula zibe ziintlobo ezimbini, "i-Old World leishmaniasis" kunye ne "New World leishmaniasis," kuxhomekeke apho ifumaneka khona.

• I-Old World leishmaniasis (`(i-Old World leishmaniasis)`) kwiMpuma yeHlabathi, oko kukuthi:
• Ezinye iindawo zaseAsia
• E-Afrika, ingakumbi kumazwe ashushu nawaseMntla Afrika
• EMzantsi Yurophu
• Phakathi empuma
• I-leishmaniasis yeHlabathi Elitsha (`(i-leishmaniasis yeHlabathi Elitsha)`) kwiNtshona yeHlabathi, oko kukuthi:
• Embindini Merika
• Amazantsi emelika
• Ezinye iindawo zaseMexico

Nangona kungaqhelekanga eMelika, kuye kwaxelwa ukuba kukho amatyala e-cutaneous leishmaniasis kumazwe afana neTexas ne-Oklahoma.

Ziziphi iintlobo eziphambili zeLeishmaniasis?

I-Leishmaniasis inokwahlulwa ibe ziintlobo ezintathu eziphambili: isikhumba, i-mucosal, kunye ne-visceral.

I-Leishmaniasis yesikhumba (CL)

Olu luhlobo losulelo oluvela eluswini apho i-sand fly ilume khona . Luqala njengeqhubu elincinci lize liguquke libe sisilonda esikhulu. Ezi zilonda zithatha ixesha elide ukuphola, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha azipholi zodwa. Iimpawu zinokuqala kwiiveki ezimbalwa ukuya kwiinyanga ezimbalwa emva kokulunywa yi-sand fly.

Kunqabile kakhulu, abanye abantu banokuba nezi zilonda kwiindawo ezininzi zesikhumba. Oku kubizwa ngokuba yi-`(diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis)`. Ezi zinokuphinda zivele nasemva konyango.

I-Mucosal/Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis (ML)

Oku kudla ngokuba yingxaki ye-leishmaniasis yesikhumba . Ichaphazela i-mucous membranes ngaphakathi kwempumlo, emlonyeni, okanye emqaleni. Le meko ayizinzi ngokwayo kwaye idla ngokubulala ukuba ayinyangwa . Inokubangela nokonakala kobuso.

I-Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) / Kala-azar

Olu lolona hlobo lubi kakhulu lwesi sifo . Sibangelwa luhlobo oluthile lweLeishmania. Sichaphazela amalungu akho angaphakathi, ingakumbi ipleen kunye nesibindi . Iimpawu zinokuthatha naphi na ukusuka kwiinyanga ezimbalwa ukuya kunyaka okanye ngaphezulu ukuba zibonakale emva kokuba ulunywe yimpukane enesifo. Le meko (VL) inokuba yingozi ngokukhawuleza kwaye phantse isoloko ibulala ukuba ayinyangwa .

Zithini iimpawu zesi sifo?

Iimpawu ze-leishmaniasis ziyahluka ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo onalo. Iintlobo ezichaphazela ulusu kunye neenwebu ze-mucous zibangela izilonda ezinkulu, eziphola kancinci. Iintlobo ezichaphazela amalungu angaphakathi zibangela iimpawu eziqhelekileyo ezifana nomkhuhlane, ukwehla kobunzima, kunye nokudumba kwesisu.

Iimpawu zeLeishmaniasis yeCutaneous

Kuvela iqhuma eluswini apho i-sandfly ilume khona. Isenokuba nerhashalala/uqweqwe phezulu. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, oku kungajika kube sisilonda,Kukho umphetho oqinileyo ojikelezileyo, kunye nembindi otshonileyo (njengentaba-mlilo).

Iimpawu zeMucosal Leishmaniasis

Izilonda ezikwimifinya ngaphakathi kwempumlo, emlonyeni, okanye emqaleni. Ezi zilonda zihlala zilandelwa okanye zihamba kunye nezilonda esinye okanye ezingaphezulu kwesikhumba.

Iimpawu zeVisceral Leishmaniasis

Ezi mpawu ziquka:

• Umkhuhlane: Oku kungaqala ngequbuliso kwaye kusenokufika kudlule iiveki.
• Ndiziva ndibanda kwaye ndibila.
• Ii-lymph nodes ezivuvukileyo.
• Ukudumba kwesisu ngenxa yokwanda kwepleen.
• Ukuhla ukusinda.
• Ukudinwa kakhulu, ukudinwa.
• Ubuthathaka.
• Ubumnyama okanye ukutshintsha kombala kwezinye iindawo zesikhumba.

Yintoni ebangela iLeishmaniasis? Isasazeka njani?

I-Leishmaniasis ibangelwa zi-parasite ezibizwa ngokuba yi-Leishmania. Ezi parasite zihlala ebantwini nakwizilwanyana ezifana nezinja, iikati, ii-opossum, iimpuku kunye neempungutye.

Idluliselwa ikakhulu ngokulunywa luhlobo lwempukane ebizwa ngokuba yi-phlebotomine sand fly . Xa le mpukane iluma umntu okanye isilwanyana esineentsholongwane, ize ilume omnye umntu, ifaka i-Leishmania parasite emzimbeni womnye umntu.

Ngaphandle koku, ezinye iindlela onokusuleleka ngazo yiLeishmania, engaqhelekanga kakhulu, zezi:

• Ngokwabelana ngeenaliti.
• Ngokutofelwa igazi.
• Ukusuka kumama okhulelweyo ukuya kumntwana osesiswini.

Kubalulekile: Awunakufumana i-leishmaniasis ngqo kwinja okanye nakwesiphi na esinye isilwanyana. Nangona kunjalo, kukho ubungqina bokuba izinja zinokuyifumana kwezinye izinja. Ekubeni izinja zinokuyifumana ebantwini ngeempukane zesanti, kubalulekile ukuthintela izinja ekuyifumaneni.

Uyazi njani ukuba uneLeishmaniasis?

Ugqirha uhlola esi sifo ngokuthatha iisampuli zezicubu emzimbeni wakho aze avavanye i-parasite ye-Leishmania. Ezi sampuli zinokuthathwa kumanxeba, kwi-spleen, kwi-lymph nodes, okanye kumongo wethambo. Kumazwe apho i-leishmaniasis ixhaphakileyo khona, oogqirha badla ngokuxilonga esi sifo ngokumamela iimpawu okanye ngokuphonononga ulusu.

Zeziphi iimvavanyo ezenziwayo?

• I-Needle biopsy: Ugqirha usebenzisa inaliti ukuthatha isampuli yezicubu kwi-spleen yakho, kwi-lymph node, okanye kwi-bone marrow. Ingcali yelabhoratri iyijonga phantsi kwe-microscope ukubona ukuba ikhona na i-Leishmania. Le yeyona ndlela ilungileyo yokuxilonga i-visceral leishmaniasis.
• I-biopsy yolusu: Ugqirha uthatha isampuli yezicubu kwisilonda esiselusu, empumlweni, okanye emlonyeni wakho. Sivavanywa i-Leishmania. Oku kunceda ekuxilongeni i-leishmaniasis yesikhumba okanye ye-mucosal.
• Uvavanyo lwegazi (iSerology) : Ngamanye amaxesha ugqirha unokujonga igazi lakho ukuze abone iimpawu zosulelo lweLeishmania. Nangona kunjalo, uvavanyo lwegazi alusoloko luluncedo ekufumaneni usulelo olukhoyo. Ngenxa yokuba abanye abantu banokuba nalo ngaphandle kweempawu, uvavanyo lwegazi lunokuba ne-positive nokuba awunalo usulelo okwangoku.

Zithini iindlela zonyango zoku?

Kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zamayeza okulwa neentsholongwane anokusetyenziswa ukunyanga iLeishmaniasis. Amayeza anikwa ngugqirha wakho aya kuxhomekeka kuhlobo lweLeishmaniasis onalo. La mayeza anokubakho ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo:

• Ukuginya iipilisi.
• Iikhrimu okanye iiloshini ezithambisa ulusu.
• Ulwelo olunikwa ngugqirha ngetyhubhu yesaline (i-IV catheter) olufakwe emthanjeni.

Ukuba une-leishmaniasis yesikhumba, ugqirha wakho angasebenzisa unyango lobushushu (thermotherapy), unyango olubandayo (cryotherapy), okanye unyango lwe-laser ngqo kwizilonda. Ezi zinokubulala i-parasite kwaye zincede izilonda ziphilise.

Amayeza eLeishmaniasis:

• I-Amphotericin
• I-Miltefosine
• Ii-antimonials zePentavalent, umzekelo i-sodium stibogluconate
• I-Paromomycin

Ngamanye amaxesha kuye kunikwe ezinye iindlela zonyango ze-leishmaniasis yesikhumba. Ezi ziquka:

• Unyango lweThermotherapy : Ugqirha ufaka ubushushu enxebeni nakwindawo ejikelezileyo.
• Unyango lweCryotherapy : Ugqirha upholisa inxeba kunye nendawo ejikelezileyo kangangemizuzwana eli-10-30.
• Unyango lweLaser : Ugqirha usebenzisa isixhobo esiphathwa ngesandla ukuqondisa imisebe yelaser enxebeni nakwindawo engqongileyo.

Ungayiphepha njani iLeishmaniasis?

Eyona ndlela ilungileyo yokuphepha zonke iintlobo zeLeishmaniasis kukuphepha ukulunywa ziimpukane zesanti , ingakumbi kwiindawo apho iLeishmania ixhaphake khona. Nazi ezinye iindlela zokuphepha ukulunywa ziimpukane zesanti:

• Nxiba iimpahla ezigubungela umzimba wakho kakuhle: iibhulukhwe ezinde, iihempe ezinemikhono emide, iikawusi, njl.
• Sebenzisa isixovuli sezinambuzane esivunyiweyo yi-EPA. Ezona zixovuli zezinambuzane zisebenza kakuhle zihlala zine-DEET.
• Futha isibulali-zinambuzane ukuze ubulale iimpukane zesanti ngaphakathi emakhayeni, njengamagumbi okulala namagumbi okuhlala.
• Lala kwigumbi elineefestile ezivaliweyo okanye elinezikrini ezifestileni.
• Lala phantsi kwenethi yebhedi yeengcongconi. Ezinye iinethi zinyangwa kwangaphambili ngesibulali-zinambuzane ukuze zikhuseleke ngakumbi. Iimpukane zesanti zincinci kakhulu kuneengcongconi. Ngoko ke imingxunya ekwinethi kufuneka ibe mincinci kakhulu ukuthintela iimpukane ukuba zingangeni.

Kwenzeka ntoni ukuba uneLeishmaniasis? Ngaba inganyangeka?

Ukuba unesifo esi, ikamva lakho lixhomekeke kuhlobo onalo kunye nempilo yenkqubo yakho yomzimba yokuzikhusela. Uhlobo oluchaphazela amalungu angaphakathi (VL) kunye nohlobo oluchaphazela i-mucous membranes (ML) kufuneka lunyangwe ngokukhawuleza. Zombini phantse zihlala zibulala ukuba azinyangwa.

I-leishmaniasis yesikhumba inokuphela ngokuzenzekelayo okanye ngonyango. Nangona kunjalo, kungathatha iinyanga ukuphola ngokupheleleyo, kwaye amanxeba angapheliyo anokubakho.

Kusenokufuneka uqhubeke usela amayeza kangangeeveki okanye iinyanga ukuqinisekisa ukuba usulelo luphelile ngokupheleleyo. Buza ugqirha wakho malunga nonyango kunye nexesha lokuchacha.

I-Leishmaniasis idla ngokunyangeka ukuba ugqirha uyixilonga kwangethuba isifo aze asinyange ngamayeza. Ngonyango lwangethuba, izinga lokunyangwa kwe-visceral leishmaniasis lingaphezulu kwe-90%, kwaye kwi-mucosal leishmaniasis, lingaphezulu kwe-75%. Abanye abantu banokugula kwakhona emva kweenyanga ezimbalwa bephilile kwaye bekhululekile kwi-parasite (oku kubizwa ngokuba kukubuyela umva).

I-Visceral kunye ne-mucosal leishmaniasis kunzima ukuyinyanga ukuba ayinyangwanga. Kunzima nokunyanga kubantu abaneenkqubo zomzimba ezibuthathaka.

Zithini iingxaki zesi sifo?

Iingxaki ze-leishmaniasis zinokuba nzima okanye zibeke ubomi esichengeni, ingakumbi kwiintlobo zesisu neze-mucosal. Ziquka:

• Usulelo lweentsholongwane: Ezi zikwabizwa ngokuba lusulelo lwesibini. Ezi zinokwenza amanxeba abe mandundu. Iintsholongwane zinokungena nzulu emzimbeni zize zibangele izifo ezinzulu.
• Amanxeba: I-leishmaniasis yesikhumba kunye ne-mucosal inokubangela umonakalo ongunaphakade kunye namanxeba amakhulu eluswini, emlonyeni, nasempumlweni.
• Ukubuyela umva: Abanye abantu baneempawu eziphelayo xa befumana unyango zize zibuye. Izilonda zesikhumba ezibuyayo zibizwa ngokuba yi-"leishmaniasis recidivans." Ukuba oku kuyenzeka, kunokufuneka unyango olongezelelweyo.
• Ukugqobhoka okanye ukudilika kwe-Septal:I-mucosal leishmaniasis inokubangela umngxuma kwizicubu phakathi kweendlela ezimbini zempumlo (udonga oluphakathi kwempumlo - ``(septum)``). Ulwakhiwo lwempumlo lunokudilika. Oku kunokubangela ukukhubazeka, usulelo, kunye nobunzima bokuphefumla.
• I-Pneumonia okanye izifo zesisu (i-GI (i-gastrointestinal infections): I-Mucosal kunye ne-visceral leishmaniasis zinokubangela izifo kwezinye iindawo zomzimba.

Ezinye iingxaki ze-visceral leishmaniasis:

• I-Post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL): I-PKDL yimeko ebangela izilonda ezinkulu nezinamaqhuqhuva ebusweni okanye kwezinye iindawo zomzimba. Inokwenzeka ngexesha okanye emva kwe-visceral leishmaniasis. Inokuhlala ixesha elide kwaye inokubangela amanxeba amakhulu.
• Ukopha kakhulu: Ukopha kakhulu kunokuba yingozi.
• I-Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: Le yimeko esongela ubomi, eyonakalisa amalungu omzimba.
• I-Sepsis: I-Sepsis yindlela umzimba osabela ngayo kwisifo esinzima esisongela ubomi.

Ndingazinyamekela njani?

Buza ugqirha wakho ukuba ungazinyamekela njani ude uphile. Ukuba une-leishmaniasis yesikhumba, ugqirha wakho uza kukuxelela indlela yokucoca nokunyamekela izilonda zide ziphole. Kuzo zonke iintlobo ze-leishmaniasis, qaphela iimpawu ezibuyayo nasemva kokuba ucinga ukuba uphilile.

Ndifanele ndimbone nini ugqirha?

Bona ugqirha wakho kwezi meko zilandelayo:

• Ukuba uhlala kwindawo apho iLeishmania ixhaphake khona okanye ukhe wahamba kwaye uneempawu.
• Ukuba inxeba eluswini lwakho lithatha ixesha elide ukuphola.
• Ukuba inkqubo yakho yomzimba yokuzikhusela ibuthathaka okanye uneempawu zosulelo, bonana nogqirha.

Ukuba awunazo iimpawu emva kokulunywa yi-sand fly, akufuneki ubone ugqirha. Ayizizo zonke ii-sand fly ezisasaza izifo. Ngamanye amaxesha imizimba yethu inokumelana nosulelo lweLeishmania ngaphandle kokubangela ukugula. Ngaphandle kokuba inkqubo yakho yokuzikhusela yomzimba ibuthathaka okanye sele ugula, oogqirha abadli ngokukunyanga.

Ufanele uye nini kwiYunithi yoNyango oluNgxamisekileyo (i-ETU) ?

Ukuba unezi mpawu ziqatha, yiya kwigumbi likaxakeka elikufutshane:

• Ukuba unomkhuhlane ophezulu (ngaphezulu kwe-103 Fahrenheit / 40 Celsius) loo nto ayinciphi.
• Ubunzima bokuphefumla.
• Ukudumba okubonakalayo kwesisu.
• Ukutyheli kolusu okanye amehlo (i-jaundice).
• Umbala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka wolusu, imilebe, okanye iinzipho (i-cyanosis, uphawu lomoya-mpilo ophantsi egazini).

Ndingayibuza yiphi imibuzo ugqirha?

Kunganceda ukubuza ugqirha wakho le mibuzo:

• Ziziphi iindlela zonyango endinazo?
• Ndingazinyamekela njani iintlungu zam?
• Ndiza kuphola nini/ingaba ukwenzakala kwam kuyaphola?
• Ingakanani ingxaki yam?
• Ndingawathatha njani amayeza am?
• Ndingaya nini kwigumbi likaxakeka?
• Ndingakubona nini kwakhona?

Khumbula njengesishwankathelo

I-Leishmaniasis sisifo esibangelwa ziintsholongwane esinokubangela iimeko ezibuhlungu nezisongela ubomi. Ukuba uhlala okanye uhamba kwindawo apho i-Leishmania ixhaphake khona, thabatha amanyathelo okuzikhusela. Ukuba uneempawu ze-Leishmaniasis, okanye ukuba unesilonda esingapholiyo okanye esiba mandundu, qiniseka ukuba ufuna uncedo lwezonyango. Uninzi lwabantu abafumana unyango ngaphambi kokuba lube mandundu banokuchacha ngokupheleleyo. Ke ngoko, kubalulekile ukuzazi ezi mpawu kwaye ufune unyango ngokukhawuleza.

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i- leishmaniasis, i-kala-azar, i-sand fly, isilonda sesikhumba, i-parasite