Xa sifumana umkhuhlane okanye umkhuhlane, kuyaphola kwiintsuku ezimbalwa, akunjalo? Ngaba wakha wazibuza ukuba oko kwenzeka njani? Sikwanalo nomkhosi omkhulu ngaphakathi emizimbeni yethu, olwa neentsholongwane ezibangela izifo ezivela ngaphandle. Elinye lamajoni akhethekileyo kuloo mkhosi libizwa ngokuba yi-'antibodies'. Namhlanje siza kuthetha ngohlobo olukhethekileyo lwe-antibody, 'Polyclonal Antibodies'. Nangona eli gama livakala liyinzululwazi kancinci, ibali lilula kakhulu. Makhe sijonge iinkcukacha zezi zikhuseli zomzimba.
Ngamafutshane, zithini ezi antibodies ze-polyclonal?
Ii-antibodies zePolyclonal ziiproteni ezincinci eziyinxalenye yenkqubo yethu yokuzikhusela. Ngokukodwa, ziveliswa liqela leeseli ezibizwa ngokuba zii-plasma B cells.
Ngoku masenze kube lula oku kancinci. Khawucinge ukuba utshaba lufikile kwilizwe lakho. Ukuze uchonge olo tshaba, kukho 'impawu' ezikhethekileyo emzimbeni walo. Kuyafana naxa intsholongwane, intsholongwane okanye intsholongwane, ingena emizimbeni yethu. Elo gciwane lino 'phawu' olukhethekileyo kumphezulu walo. Kwizonyango, olu phawu silubiza ngokuba 'yi-antigen' .
Xa inkqubo yethu yomzimba ibona le antigen, iyayiqonda ize ithi, "Owu... lo akangomnye wethu, ngumntu ovela ngaphandle." Emva koko umkhosi wethu, oko kukuthi, ii-antibodies, uqala ukusebenza.
Kodwa kukho enye into encinci apha. Kwi-antigen enye, oko kukuthi, emzimbeni wotshaba olunye, kukho iindawo ezininzi apho ii-antibodies zethu zinokubamba khona. Njengokuba kukho imingxunya emininzi yezitshixo zokungena emnyango omnye. Sibiza nganye yezi mingxunya ngokuthi 'yi-epitope' .
Igama elithi 'polyclonal' lithetha 'ukusuka kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo'. Ngoko ke, ii-polyclonal antibodies ziingqokelela zeentlobo ezahlukeneyo zee-antibodies ezinokuhlasela iindawo ezahlukeneyo (ii-epitopes) kutshaba olunye (i-antigen). Oku kunciphisa kakhulu amathuba okusinda kotshaba.
Nangona ezi zidalwa ngokwemvelo emizimbeni yethu, ukuze zisetyenziswe kwezonyango ngamanye amaxesha zikhutshwa emizimbeni yezilwanyana ezifana noonogwaja neegusha, okanye egazini labantu abaye baphila kwizifo ezithile.
Zisebenza njani ezi zinto emzimbeni?
Inkqubo yoku inomdla kakhulu. Cinga ngayo njengesitshixo kunye nofudo.
1. Utshaba luyangena: Intsholongwane okanye iibhaktheriya zingena emizimbeni yethu. Zinombala 'obomvu' kumphezulu wazo. Ezi zii-antigens.
2. Iinkcukacha zefudo: Kodwa ifudo ngalinye linemingxuma emininzi yezitshixo. Ezi zii-epitopes.
3. Umkhosi wezitshixo ufika: Kwangoko nje inkqubo yethu yomzimba yokuzikhusela ibona esi siphene, idala 'iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezitshixo' ezingena kumngxuma ngamnye. Elo mkhosi wezitshixo libizwa ngokuba yi-polyclonal antibodies.
4. Idabi liyaqala:Ezi ntlobo zahlukeneyo zezitshixo (ii-antibodies) zibopha kwimingxunya eyahlukeneyo (ii-epitopes) emzimbeni wotshaba. Zihlasela utshaba olufanayo luvela kwiindawo ezininzi.
5. Itshabalalisa utshaba: Xa ii-antibodies zinamathela ngolu hlobo, ezinye iiseli kwinkqubo yomzimba yokuzikhusela zinokuzibona ngokulula kwaye zitshabalalise olu tshaba.
Ngamafutshane, ingcali yee-antibodies ze-polyclonal kukuba endaweni yokuhlasela utshaba olunye ngendlela enye, ziluhlasela ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Oku kwenza impendulo yomzimba yokuzikhusela ibe namandla kwaye isebenze ngakumbi .
Zisetyenziselwa ntoni ezi zinto kwezonyango?
Ukongeza ekubeni iveliswa ngokwendalo emizimbeni yethu, la ma-antibodies e-polyclonal asetyenziselwa imisebenzi emininzi ebalulekileyo kwezonyango.
- Uxilongo: Ezinye iimvavanyo zelebhu, ezifana ne-ELISA kunye ne-immunohistochemistry, zisetyenziselwa ukufumanisa ubukho bosulelo okanye umhlaza.
- Kuphando lwesayensi: Abaphandi basebenzisa ezi zinto ukuqonda indlela esebenza ngayo imizimba yethu kunye nendlela izifo ezikhula ngayo.
- Unyango kunye nokuthintela izifo: Ii-antibodies zePolyclonal zisetyenziselwa ukunyanga iimeko ezinje ngokugqithisileyo kwamayeza athile, ukulunywa yinyoka, kunye nezinye izifo zegazi.
| Indlela yonyango | Ingcaciso elula |
|---|---|
| I-antivenom yenyoka (i-antivenom) | Ezi ziqulathe ii-antibodies ezenzelwe ukulwa netyhefu engena emzimbeni xa inyoka iluma. |
| I-Plasma Yokuphila | Iplasma yegazi yomntu oye waphila kwisifo esosulelayo inee-antibodies ze-polyclonal eziveliswe nxamnye neso sifo. Le plasma inikwa umntu ogulayo ukuze anyangwe. |
| I-Digoxin immune fab | Inaliti enikwayo xa iyeza lentliziyo ligqithisile iDigoxin. |
| I-Rho(D) immune globulin | Olu gonyo lunikwa umama okhulelweyo onohlobo lwegazi olungenayo i-Rh ukuthintela iingxaki (i-rhesus isoimmunization) ezinokwenzeka ukuba uhlobo lwegazi lomntwana luba yi-Rh-positive. Lunikwa nonyango lwesifo segazi esibizwa ngokuba yi-ITP (immune thrombocytopenia). |
Yintoni umahluko phakathi kwee-antibodies ze-polyclonal kunye ne-monoclonal?
Usenokuba ukhe weva 'ngee-monoclonal antibodies.' Nangona zombini ezi zihlasela ii-antigens, kukho umahluko omncinci kodwa obalulekileyo.
| Uphawu | Ii-antibodies zePolyclonal (iPolyclonal) | Ii-antibodies ze-Monoclonal (i-Monoclonal) |
|---|---|---|
| Indlela eyakhiwe ngayo | Yenziwe ngeqoqo leentlobo ezahlukeneyo zeeseli ze-B. | Zenziwa kwilebhu ngeekopi (ii-clones) zeseli enye ye-B. |
| Injongo | Zihlasela ii-epitopes ezahlukeneyo (amabala) kwi-antigen efanayo. | Ihlasela kuphela i-epitope ethile kwi-antigen enye. |
| Imveliso | Ifunyanwa ngokwendalo egazini lezilwanyana okanye labantu. | Ikhutshwa egazini lezilwanyana ize yenziwe ibe ziibhiliyoni zeekopi elabhoratri. |
| Indalo | Umxube wee-antibodies ezahlukeneyo. Umgangatho unokwahluka ukusuka kwibhetshi ukuya kwibhetshi. | Ngenxa yokuba zonke ziluhlobo olufanayo lwee-antibodies, zizinzile kakhulu kwaye iimpawu zazo azitshintshi. |
Zithini iingenelo zoku?
- Ixabiso eliphantsi lemveliso: Kulula ukuzenza ezi kunee-antibodies ze-monoclonal, ezenziwe ngobuchule kwilebhu.
- Ubuchule bokubhaqa obufanelekileyo: Nokuba ubungakanani be-antigen kwisampulu buncinci kakhulu , bunokuyibhaqa ngokulula kuba inokubophelela kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo.
- Ukuchaneka okuphezulu: Ngenxa yokuba i-antigen efanayo ibopha kwiindawo ezininzi, impendulo iyafana ngakumbi.
Akukho ngxaki ke ngoko?
Kakade ke, kukho neengxaki.
- Ukwahluka koMgangatho: Ngenxa yokuba ezi zinto zenzeka ngokwendalo, kusenokubakho ukwahluka komgangatho phakathi kweqela elinye lee-antibodies kunye nelinye. Ke ngoko, ukusebenza kakuhle kunokwahluka.
- Ithuba lokufumana iziphumo ezilungileyo ezingezizo: Ngamanye amaxesha, kukho ithuba lokuba kubekho i-cross-reactivity nenye i-antigen efana ne-antigen ekujoliswe kuyo. Ke ngoko, iziphumo ezilungileyo ezingezizo zinokwenzeka kwiimvavanyo.
- Iimpendulo ze-allergic: Xa ii-antibodies ze-polyclonal ezivela kwizilwanyana zisetyenziselwa ukunyanga abantu, kukho umngcipheko weempendulo ze-allergic okanye ezinye iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga.
Ngoko ke, njengoko ubona, la ma-antibodies e-polyclonal ayinxalenye ebaluleke kakhulu kwinkqubo yethu yokuzikhusela yomzimba, kunye nakwezonyango. Ahlala esetyenziswa kuphando nakwiimvavanyo zokuxilonga. Ukuba unemibuzo malunga noku, ingakumbi ukuba unikwa la ma-antibodies kunyango oluthile, kungcono ubuze ugqirha okanye umongikazi wakho ukuba akucacisele.
Umyalezo Wokuya Ekhaya
- Ii-antibodies ze-Polyclonal liqela lee-antibody zendalo eziveliswa ziintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeeseli kwinkqubo yethu yokuzikhusela yomzimba.
- Ezi zisebenza ngokuhlasela iindawo ezahlukeneyo (ii-epitopes) kutshaba olunye (i-antigen) kwaye zincede ekutshabalaliseni olo tshaba. Oku kwenza impendulo ibe namandla kakhulu.
- Kwizonyango, zisetyenziselwa ukuxilonga nophando, kunye nonyango olufana netyhefu yenyoka kunye nokugonywa koomama abakhulelweyo abangenayo i-Rh.
- Ezi zahlukile kwii-antibodies ze-monoclonal, ezenziwe kwilebhu ukusuka kwiseli enye kwaye zihlasela injongo enye kuphela.
- Ukuba unenkxalabo malunga nonyango olunikwayo ngalo mba, thetha ngalo ngokucacileyo nogqirha wakho.
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