Uma udokotela ekutshela ukuthi ingane yakho encane ine-autism, kuyinto evamile ngawe, njengomzali, ukuzwa umthwalo omkhulu kanye nokwesaba okuncane. Imibuzo efana nokuthi 'Ngenzenjani manje? Ngingamsiza kanjani ingane yami? Ikusasa layo lizoba njani?' kumele ukuthi idlula engqondweni yakho izikhathi eziyikhulu. Ungakhathazeki. Awuwedwa. Namuhla sikhuluma ngemithi yokwelapha engasiza izingane ezine-autism, ithuthukise amakhono azo, futhi izifundise ukuthi ziphile kanjani kahle kuleli zwe.
Kwenzekani ngempela ngalezi zindlela zokwelapha i-autism?
Okokuqala, kukhona into ebaluleke kakhulu okudingeka siyiqonde sonke. I-Autism ayisona isifo. Akuyona into 'engelapheka' noma 'engasuswa'. Kalula nje, i-autism umehluko endleleni ubuchopho bengane yakho obusebenza ngayo futhi bucubungule ulwazi. Lokhu sikubiza ngamagama ezokwelapha ngokuthi 'i-Neurodivergence'. Njengoba nje abanye abantu bebade kanti abanye bafushane, ubuchopho babanye abantu busebenza ngendlela ehlukile.
Ngakho-ke umgomo walezi zindlela zokwelapha akukhona 'ukwenza' ingane, ukuyiphoqa ukuba ishintshe, noma ukuyibopha ohlakeni olufanayo olukhona emphakathini. Esikhundleni salokho, lezi zindlela zokwelapha zikhomba futhi zithuthukise amandla engane futhi ziyinike amakhono eziwadingayo ukuze zinqobe izinselele ezibhekene nazo. Leli zwe aliyona indawo elula njalo ezinganeni '(ezinezinzwa ezihlukene)'. Ngakho-ke, umgomo oyinhloko walezi zindlela zokwelapha ukulungiselela ingane ukuba iphile kulelo zwe ngempumelelo, ngenjabulo, nangokuzimela ngangokunokwenzeka.
Akuzona zonke izindlela zokwelapha ozizwa ngazo ku-inthanethi noma kumngane ezifanele noma eziphephile. Kunezinganekwane eziningi kanye nolwazi olungelona iqiniso mayelana ne-autism. Ngakho-ke, hlala unamathela ekwelashweni okusekelwe ebufakazini okunconywe udokotela wakho.
Yikuphi ukwelashwa okungcono kakhulu enganeni yami?
Lona umbuzo abazali abaningi abawubuzayo. Kodwa iqiniso liwukuthi, akukho ukwelashwa okukodwa 'okungcono kakhulu' okusebenza kuyo yonke ingane. Ngoba yonke ingane ihlukile. Okusebenza kahle kakhulu kweyodwa ingane kungase kungabi yimpumelelo kwenye.
Udokotela wakho kanye nethimba lezempilo lengane yakho bazocabangela lezi zici lapho bencoma ukwelashwa:
- Ubudala bengane nezidingo zayo ezihlukile: Akuyona indlela yokwelapha ingane encane edingayo, kodwa yilokho ingane encane edingayo.
- Ezinye izimo zempilo ingane enazo: Ingane ingase ibe nezinye izimo zezokwelapha, nazo ezicatshangelwayo lapho kukhethwa ukwelashwa.
- Izintandokazi zomndeni wakho, ishejuli, kanye namakhono ezezimali: Kwenziwa uhlelo oluzohambisana nazo zonke lezi zinto.
Kunezindlela zokwelapha eziningana ezisetshenziswa kakhulu ezinganeni ezine-autism. Ake sixoxe ngazo ngayinye ngayinye.
- Ukwelashwa kokuziphatha
- Ukwelashwa kolimi lokukhuluma
- Ukwelashwa ngokomsebenzi nangokomzimba
- Ukuqeqeshwa kwamakhono okuxhumana nabantu
- Ukuqeqeshwa kwabazali
Ake siqale sibheke ukwelashwa kokuziphatha.
Lokhu kungenye yezindlela zokwelapha ezivame kakhulu ezinganeni ezine-autism. Kuhilela nje ukukhuthaza ingane ukuthi ihlanganyele ekuziphatheni okuhle nokunciphisa ukuziphatha okunzima okungaba yingozi kuyo noma kwabanye. Isibonelo, ukukhuthaza ukuziphatha okuhle, njengokukhuluma nokucela izinto ezizidingayo.
Lezi zindlela zokwelapha zisekelwe kumbono wokufunda obizwa ngokuthi i-Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA). Kalula nje, lokhu kusho ukuthi uma ingane ibonisa ukuziphatha okuhle nokuhle futhi siyincoma (siyivuza), cishe iyophinda lokho kuziphatha.
Esikhathini esidlule, kwakunempikiswano encane mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwesijeziso kule ndlela ethi "(ABA)``. Kodwa lokho akusenjalo. Namuhla, ukwelashwa kokuziphatha kuhilela okulandelayo:
- Ukusebenzisa ukuqinisa okuhle: Uma ingane iqeda umgomo, yinike umvuzo. Lokhu kungaba yinoma yini kusukela kuthoyizi eliyintandokazi kuya ekudunyisweni. Lokhu kukhuthaza ingane ukuthi ifunde amakhono amasha.
- Ukufundisa Ngokudlala: Ukudlala kufundisa izingane amakhono okuxhumana nabantu kanye nendlela yokwakha ubudlelwano nabanye.
- Ukuthola imbangela yokuziphatha okuyinselele: Uma ingane ivele ithukuthele ngokuzumayo, kunesizathu salokho. Mhlawumbe kungenxa yokuthi ayikwazi ukukhuluma ngezidingo zayo. Ngale ndlela, imbangela iyatholakala futhi kunikezwe ikhambi elifanele.
- Ukwelashwa ezindaweni ezahlukene: Okunye ukwelashwa kwenzeka ehhovisi lochwepheshe. Okunye kwenzeka ezindaweni ezijwayele ingane, njengasekhaya, esikoleni, noma enkundleni yokudlala.
- Isikhathi esifushane noma eside: Kuye ngezidingo zengane, lokhu kwelashwa kungahlala izinyanga eziningana, unyaka, noma ngaphezulu.
Yiziphi ezinye izindlela ezisetshenziswa ekwelapheni ukuziphatha?
Ake sibheke ezinye zezindlela zokwelapha ezibalwe ngezansi eziye zafakazelwa ngokwesayensi ukuthi ziyasebenza kuleli thebula.
| Igama Lokungenelela | Kalula nje, yilokhu okwenzekayo... |
|---|---|
| Ukungenelela Kokuziphatha Okujulile Kwasekuqaleni (i-EIBI) | Lokhu ukwelashwa okujulile, okugxile kakhulu okuvame ukuqala ngezingane ezingaphansi kweminyaka engu-4 ubudala futhi kuhlale iminyaka eminingana. Kusiza ngokuxhumana, ubudlelwano nabantu, kanye nokuziphatha okuphindaphindiwe. |
| Imodeli yeDenver Yokuqala Kwasekuqaleni (ESDM) | Lokhu kwenzelwe izingane ezincane . Kuthuthukisa amakhono engane okuxhumana nabantu, okuqonda, kanye nolimi ngenkathi idlala ezindaweni ezijwayelekile, njengasekhaya. |
| Ukunaka Okuhlangene, Ukudlala Okungokomfanekiso, Ukuzibandakanya Nokulawula (i-JASPER) | Lena futhi indlela yokuthuthukisa amakhono okuxhumana nabantu ezingane kusukela ezinyangeni ezingu-12 kuya eminyakeni engu-8 ngokudlala. |
| Ukwelashwa Kwempendulo Ebalulekile (i-PRT) | Lokhu kumayelana nokukhuthaza izingane ukuthi zikhulume futhi zixhumane nabanye. Kuzifundisa indlela yokuqala ingxoxo nokuphendula kwabanye. |
| Ukwelashwa kanye Nemfundo Yezingane Ezikhubazekile Ezine-Autistic kanye Nezokuxhumana Okuhlobene (TEACCH®) | Kusiza ekwakheni amakhono ahlukahlukene endaweni ehlelekile efanelana namakhono engane kanye nezinto ezithandwa yizinzwa. |
Usizo oluvela ekwelashweni kwenkulumo nolimi
Izingane eziningi ezine-autism zinenkinga yokukhuluma nokuxhumana. Lolu hlobo lokwelapha lwenzelwe lokhu ngqo. Uchwepheshe wezokwelapha ngenkulumo usiza ingane ngezinto ezifana nalezi:
- Yenza izicelo ezilula: Funda ukuveza izidingo zakho ngemisho emifushane njengokuthi "Ngidinga amanzi," "Ngidinga ukuya endlini yangasese."
- Beka imizwa yakho ngamazwi: Bafundise ukuveza imizwa efana nenjabulo, ukudabuka, nentukuthelo.
- Lungisa ijubane kanye nesigqi senkulumo yakho:Ezinye izingane zikhuluma ngokushesha kakhulu, noma ngesigqi esifanayo. Zisize zilungise lokho.
- Sebenzisa izindlela zokuxhumana ezihlukile: Izingane ezinenkinga yokukhuluma zingasebenzisa izindlela zokwandisa ulwazi kanye nezindlela zokuxhumana (AAC). Isibonelo, amakhadi ezithombe, ulimi lwezandla, noma amadivayisi akhiqiza inkulumo angasetshenziswa.
Ake sifunde ngokwelashwa ngokomsebenzi nangokomzimba.
Abanye abantu bayadideka kancane uma bezwa la magama amabili. Ake sibone ukuthi kuzokwenzekani ngala magama amabili.
Ukwelashwa Komsebenzi (OT)
Lokhu kunikeza ingane amakhono ayidingayo ukuze yenze imisebenzi yansuku zonke (esiyibiza ngokuthi 'Imisebenzi Yokuphila Kwansuku Zonke - ADLs) yodwa. Cabanga ngezinto ezifana nokuxubha amazinyo, ukugqoka, ukudla, nokubopha izintambo zezicathulo. Kuphinde kusize ezintweni ezifana nobunzima bokubhala nokubamba amathoyizi.
Ukwelashwa Komzimba (PT)
Lokhu kusiza kakhulu ezinkingeni ezihlobene nokunyakaza komzimba wengane. Isibonelo, lokhu kwelashwa kusiza ukuthuthukisa ibhalansi yengane, ukuzinzisa ukuhamba kwayo, ukunciphisa ukuhamba kwezinzwane, nokuthuthukisa amakhono okunyakaza adingekayo ezintweni ezifana nokugijima nokugxuma.
Ukuqeqeshwa kwamakhono okuxhumana nabantu kanye nokuqeqeshwa kwabazali
Ukuqeqeshwa kwamakhono okuxhumana nabantu
Lokhu ukwelashwa kweqembu okuvame ukwenziwa ezinganeni ezincane kanye nabantu abadala. Ngenkathi ezinye izindlela zokwelapha zigxila kumakhono okuxhumana nabantu, lokhu kugxila ngqo kuwo. Lokhu kusiza ingane:
- Enza abangani.
- Qonda izimpawu ezingezona ezezwi, njengokubonakaliswa kobuso kanye nokuxhumana kwamehlo.
- Yiba nengxoxo phakathi kwabantu ababili.
- Ukubhekana nokuxhashazwa abanye.
Ukuqeqeshwa kwabazali
Lokhu futhi kuyingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu. Lapha, abazali baziswa ngezindlela ezahlukene abangasiza ngazo ingane yabo. Isibonelo:
- Indlela yokuthola ukunaka kwengane.
- Indlela yokunikeza ingane ukukhetha.
- Indlela yokukhuthaza izingane ukuba zivumelane nontanga yazo.
Uma uhlanganisa lokho okufundayo kulokhu kuqeqeshwa nokwelashwa kwengane yakho, imiphumela izoba yimpumelelo enkulu.
Izinto okufanele uzicabangele lapho ukhetha uhlelo lokwelashwa
Udokotela wakho uzokusiza ukuthi ukhethe indawo efanele ingane yakho. Kodwa-ke, njengomzali, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi nawe uqaphele lezi zici.
- Ingabe bayayihlola ingane ngendlela efanele? Bahlola ngokunembile amandla nobuthakathaka bengane ngaphambi kokuqala uhlelo oluhle.
- Ingabe ikhona imigomo ecacile?Kufanele bakwazi ukuchaza ukuthi yimiphi imigomo ingane efuna ukuyifinyelela nokuthi bazolinganisa kanjani ukuthi isihambe ibanga elingakanani.
- Ingabe ingane ithola ukunakekelwa komuntu siqu? Hlola ukuthi bakhona yini abasebenzi abanele ukunikeza ingane ukunakekelwa komuntu ngamunye.
- Ingabe ochwepheshe banokuqeqeshwa okufanele? Ungangabazi ukubuza ngeziqu zabo nolwazi lwabo.
- Ingabe bayakwazisa ukuhlanganyela kwakho? Izinhlelo ezinhle kakhulu zihlala zihilela abazali. Zikufundisa nezinto ongazenza ukusiza ingane yakho ekhaya.
Uma unomuzwa wokuthi kukhona okungahambi kahle engqondweni yakho, uma ungazethembi kuleyo ndawo, lalela lokho inhliziyo yakho ekutshela kona. Thola enye indawo. Wonke umntwana uhlukile, ngakho-ke ukwelashwa kufanele kufane. Injabulo nokuphepha kwengane kubaluleke kakhulu kunanoma yini enye.
Umlayezo Wokuya Nawe Ekhaya
- I-Autism akuyona isifo esidinga 'ukwelashwa'. Kuwushintsho ekusebenzeni kobuchopho. Umgomo wokwelashwa akukhona 'ukulungisa' ingane, kodwa ukuyisiza ithuthukise amakhono ayo futhi iphile impilo enhle.
- Khetha njalo izindlela zokwelapha ezisekelwe ebufakazini ezinconywe udokotela wakho. Ungakholwa yikho konke okuzwayo ku-inthanethi noma kubangani.
- Imiphumela iphumelela kakhulu uma ukwelashwa kungaqalwa esemncane (ikakhulukazi ngaphambi kweminyaka emi-3). Kodwa-ke, akukaze kube sekwephuzile ukuqala ukwelashwa.
- Ayikho into efana nokwelashwa 'okulingana nosayizi owodwa'. Kungase kudingeke uzame izindlela ezahlukene ukuthola ukuthi yini esebenza kahle kakhulu enganeni yakho.
- Ungumthombo wamandla amakhulu wengane yakho. Sebenzisana eduze nethimba lokwelapha, ubuze imibuzo, futhi umele ingane yakho.
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