Ingabe akhona amangqamuzana omdlavuza egazini lakho? Ukuhlolwa kwe-immunophenotyping kutholakala ini?

Ingabe udokotela wakho ubheke i-Complete Blood Count yakho (CBC) wathi inani lamaseli akho amhlophe egazi liphezulu kancane noma libukeka lingajwayelekile? Wabe esekhuluma ngokuhlolwa okunegama elingajwayelekile elibizwa ngokuthi 'Immunophenotyping'? Lapho uzwa lelo gama, cishe wazizwa wesaba kancane, uzibuza ukuthi hlobo luni lokuhlolwa lokhu. Kuyinto evamile kakhulu. Ngakho-ke namuhla, ake sixoxe ngalolu kuhlolwa olubizwa ngokuthi 'Immunophenotyping' ngendlela elula kakhulu, ngendlela ongayiqonda.

Kuyini nje i-immunophenotyping?

Kalula nje, i-'Immunophenotyping' ukuhlolwa kwelebhu okukhethekile okubheka amangqamuzana emzimbeni wethu, ikakhulukazi amangqamuzana amhlophe egazi, ukuze kubonakale ukuthi anomdlavuza noma cha. Lokhu kusiza kakhulu ekuxilongeni umdlavuza ohlobene negazi njenge-leukemia kanye ne-lymphoma.

Kulolu vivinyo, isazi sezifo, udokotela ogxile ezicutshini namangqamuzana, ubheka amaprotheni athile abizwa ngokuthi "ama-antigens" ebusweni bamangqamuzana akho amhlophe egazi. Ukuba khona kwalawa "ma-antigens", kanye nohlobo "lwama-antigens" akhona, kungasiza ekunqumeni ukuthi iseli okukhulunywa ngalo liphilile noma linomdlavuza.

Uma sibheka incazelo yegama elithi `Immunophenotyping`, singakuchaza lokhu kabanzi:

• I-Immuno: Lokhu kusho okuthile okuhlobene nesimiso sethu somzimba sokuzivikela . Kulolu vivinyo, amaprotheni abizwa ngokuthi ``Antigens'' engikhulume ngawo ekuqaleni asetshenziselwa ukuhlonza olunye uhlobo lweprotheni olubizwa ngokuthi ``Antibodies'' olukhona naso ohlelweni lwethu lokuzivikela komzimba. Lokhu kufana nokhiye kanye nokhiye. Ukhiye othize kuphela (Antibody) owenzelwe wona ofanelana nokhiye othize (Antigen).

• Uhlobo lwe-Phenotype: Lokhu kubhekisela ezicini zangaphandle, ezibonakalayo zento ethile. Ngakho-ke uma leso sihluthulelo (i-Antibody) sinamathele ku-lock (i-Antigen), singasibona ngendlela ethile. Uma isazi sezifo sibona lokho, siyazi ukuthi i-lock efanele, okungukuthi, i-`(i-Antigen)` efanele, ikulelo seli.

Lawa ma-`(Antigens)` (locks) atholakala kumaseli omdlavuza ahlukile kulawo atholakala kumaseli anempilo. Ngakho-ke ngokuhlonza ngqo lawa ma-`(Antigens)`, lokhu kuhlolwa kusiza ekuboneni ngokuqiniseka ukuthi leli yiseli lomdlavuza, futhi uma kunjalo, uhlobo luni lomdlavuza.

Kufanele kwenziwe nini lokhu kuhlolwa?

Udokotela wakho uvame ukuncoma lokhu kuhlolwa uma inani lakho eliphelele legazi (i-CBC) libonisa inani eliphezulu kakhulu lamaseli amhlophe egazi. Lokhu kungaba uphawu lweminye imidlavuza yegazi. Ngakho-ke, ukuhlolwa kwe-``Immunophenotyping`` kusiza ukuqinisekisa lokho kusola.

Le ndlela ibaluleke kakhulu ocwaningweni lomdlavuza. Lobu buchwepheshe busetshenziselwa futhi ukutadisha ukuthi amangqamuzana omdlavuza ane-"Antigens" ethile asabela kanjani emithini eyahlukene yokulwa nomdlavuza, ikakhulukazi ukwelashwa kwe-"Immunotherapy".

Kwenziwa kanjani ukuhlolwa? Kwenzekani ngaphakathi kwelebhu?

Kulesi sivivinyo, kufanele wenze into encane kakhulu. Lokho ukuhlinzeka ngesampula edingekayo esivivinyweni. Ngemva kwalokho, konke okunye kwenzeka ngaphakathi kwelebhu. Akudingeki ukhathazeke ngakho. Ngokuvamile, kusetshenziswa amasu amabili ayinhloko ukwenza lesi sivivinyo.

1. I-Flow Cytometry

2. I -Immunohistochemistry (IHC)

Ake sibone ukuthi kwenzekani kulezi zindlela ezimbili.

Indlela ye-Flow Cytometry

Lena yindlela evame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu. Le ndlela ivumela inani elikhulu lamaseli athathwe egazini noma ezicutshini ukuthi ahlolwe ngesikhathi esisodwa. Nakhu okwenzekayo ngaphakathi kwelebhu:

• Ukuthatha isampula: Lokhu kuvame ukwenziwa ngokuthatha isampula encane yomnkantsha wakho wamathambo (i-bone marrow biopsy). Noma, ngokuvamile, ngokuthatha inani elincane legazi. Ngezinye izikhathi, isampula yoketshezi lomgogodla noma uketshezi lwesisu nayo ingathathwa.
• Ukulondolozwa kwesampula: Elabhorethri, isampula ilungiswa ngokufaka amakhemikhali akhethekile ukuze agcine amangqamuzana ephilile futhi angafi.
• Ukwengeza i-Antibody: Bese kufika ingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu. Bafaka i-"Antibody" (ukhiye) eyenzelwe ukufanisa i-"Antigen" esiyifunayo kulesi sampula. Kodwa kukhona okuthile okukhethekile ngale "Antibody". Ine -compound encane ekhipha ukukhanya, i-"Fluorescent Compound" enamathiselwe kuyo. Ngakho-ke lapho leyo khiye ixhuma kukhiye, leyo seli iqala ukukhipha ukukhanya.
• Ukufakwa ku-Flow Cytometer: Lesi sampula esilungisiwe sibe sesifakwa emshinini okhethekile obizwa ngokuthi ``Flow Cytometer.`` Njengoba amaseli ehamba kulo mshini ngamunye, izinzwa ``Izihloli`` ezisemshinini zibona futhi zibale amaseli akhipha ukukhanya okukhanyayo.

Ngale ndlela, kungenzeka ukunquma ngokunembile ukuthi mangaki amaseli aqukethe i-`(Antigen)` efanele.

Indlela ye-Immunohistochemistry (IHC)

Le ndlela ivame ukusetshenziswa ukuthola ukuthi `(Antigens)` ikhona kusampula ethile yezicubu `(Isampula Yezicubu). Lapha, kwenzeka into efana ne-`(Flow Cytometry)`. Kodwa umehluko omkhulu ukuthi lapha, `(Antibody)` ayinamathele ku-fluorescent compound. Esikhundleni salokho, kunamathiselwe i-enzyme `(Enzyme)` .

Ngenxa yale enzyme, lapho i-`(Antibody)` ibopha ku-`(Antigen)` efanele, lelo seli liphenduka umbala othize. Ngemuva kwalokho, lapho isazi sezifo silibheka nge-microscope, singabona ngokucacile lawo maseli anemibala. Ngaleyo ndlela, singaqinisekisa ukuthi i-`(Antigen)` efanele ikhona kuleyo thishu.

Ingabe kukhona ukulinganiselwa noma ukushiyeka kulolu vivinyo?

Yebo, njengazo zonke izivivinyo, lolu lunemikhawulo yalo. Inselele enkulu ukuthi akuwona wonke amalabhorethri enza lolu vivinyo alandela indlela efanayo ejwayelekile. Lokhu kusho ukuthi kungaba nokwehluka okuncane emiphumeleni kusuka kwelinye ilabhorethri kuya kwelinye.

Yiziphi izinto ezivezwayo embikweni? Uthini?

Umbiko wokuhlolwa kwe-`Immunophenotyping` awulula njengombiko wegazi ojwayelekile. Uqukethe idatha namagrafu atholakala emshinini we-`(Flow Cytometer)`. Udokotela wezifo oqeqeshiwe kuphela ongakuqonda lokhu. Uhlaziya leyo datha bese elungiselela umbiko wokugcina.

Kusukela kulowo mbiko, udokotela wakho uzothola ulwazi olufana nalolu:

• Hlobo luni lweseli elimhlophe legazi elikusampula?
• Yisiphi isigaba sokuthuthuka kwala maseli?
• Mangaki amaseli aqukethe i-`(Antigen)` evivinyiwe?

Udokotela wezifo uqhathanisa idatha evela kusampula yakho nedatha evela kumuntu ophilile, kanye namaphethini edatha avela kubantu abanohlobo oluthile lwe-leukemia noma i-lymphoma. Ngokusekelwe kulokhu kuqhathanisa, kanye nemiphumela yokuhlolwa okunye, wenza isiphetho mayelana namathuba okuthi ube nomdlavuza awusolayo.

Kufanele ngikhulume nini nodokotela?

Ukulinda imiphumela yokuhlolwa kungaba yinto ekucindezelayo. Unemibuzo eminingi engqondweni yakho. Kuvamile ukuzizwa ungaqiniseki ngokuthi imiphumela izofika nini nokuthi izothini.

Mhlawumbe awunazo izinkinga, mhlawumbe uyamangala ukubona umbiko we-'CBC'. Mhlawumbe ubulokhu uzizwa ukhathele futhi ungaphilile kahle isikhashana. Kodwa-ke, lesi yisikhathi sokubekezela. Lesi yisinyathelo esisodwa nje ohambweni lokuthola ukuthi kwenzekani emzimbeni wakho.

Udokotela wakho ungumqondisi wakho ongcono kakhulu ngalesi sikhathi.

• Uma ungaqiniseki ukuthi uzothola nini imiphumela, buza udokotela wakho.
• Ngemva kokuthola imiphumela yakho, uma ungacaci ukuthi yini ekuyo, buza imibuzo uze uqonde. Lelo yilungelo lakho.
• Ungadideki ngalokho okusembikweni. Kungumsebenzi kadokotela ukuchaza ukuthi kusho ukuthini kuwe.

Amaseli akho aqukethe ulwazi oluningi mayelana nempilo yakho. I-Immunophenotyping iyithuluzi elilodwa elingakusiza ukuthi uthole lolo lwazi futhi uthole ukuqonda okujulile ngempilo yakho. Kuvamile ukuzizwa wesaba futhi ukhathazekile ngesikhathi esinjengalesi. Uma udinga ukwesekwa, khuluma nodokotela wakho ngakho.