Ingabe ungumuntu obukela amadrama obugebengu ku-TV? Noma ingabe ungumuntu ocabanga ukuthi, "Kwenzekeni ngempela kulokhu kufa?" uma ubona indaba yezindaba ngokufa okungaqondakali ephephandabeni? Ngezikhathi ezinjengalezi, igama elilodwa esivame ukulizwa elithi "Uchwepheshe Wezifo Eziphathelene Nobugebengu." Kodwa abaningi bethu abazi ukuthi ungubani lochwepheshe wezifo eziphathelene nobugebengu nokuthi uyini umsebenzi wabo. Ngakho-ke namuhla, ake sixoxe ngale nsimu yezokwelapha ebaluleke kakhulu.
Ubani lo 'dokotela ochwepheshe wezobunhloli'?
Kalula nje, isazi sezifo eziphathelene nobugebengu udokotela owenza uphenyo lwezokwelapha ngokufa okungalindelekile, okusolisayo, okungavamile, noma okunobudlova. Yibo abafuna imbangela yokufa, indlela yokufa, kanye nanoma yibuphi ubufakazi bezokwelapha obuhlobene nakho.
Benza lo msebenzi ikakhulukazi ngokwenza ukuhlolwa kwesidumbu, noma ukuhlolwa kwesidumbu . Okusho ukuthi, ukuhlolwa kwezokwelapha kwesidumbu somuntu oshonile. Umsebenzi wabo uhlobene kakhulu nezokwelapha kanye nomthetho.
"I-Pathology" igatsha lezokwelapha elihlola amasampula ezicubu zomzimba elabhorethri ukuze kutholakale izifo noma ngezinjongo zokuhlola. Igama elithi "forensic" lisho "okuhlobene nendlela yesayensi yokuxazulula ubugebengu." Kodwa naphezu kwaleli gama, akuwona wonke ukufa odokotela be-forensic abakuhlolayo okuwubugebengu ngempela. Ngezinye izikhathi kungaba yingozi noma isimo sezokwelapha esingatholakali.
Yiziphi izindawo zobuchwepheshe zalaba odokotela?
Isazi sezifo eziphathelene nokuhlolwa kwezifo (forensic pathologist) ngumuntu othole ukuqeqeshwa okukhethekile okudlulela kude kakhulu kodokotela ojwayelekile. Ulwazi lwakhe luhlanganisa imikhakha eminingana. Ake sibheke ukuthi yiziphi lezo.
| Insimu Ekhethekile | Incazelo elula |
|---|---|
| Isayensi yobuthi | Lesi yisayensi ehlola ubuthi, ukuthi buthinta kanjani umzimba, nokuthi buhlonzwa kanjani. Isibonelo, ukufa okubangelwa izinto ezifana nobuthi be-carbon monoxide, ukulunywa yizinyoka noma izinambuzane, kanye nokweqisa ama-opioid noma utshwala kuyaphenywa ngalokhu. ESri Lanka, ukufa okubangelwa izinto ezifana namakhemikhali ezolimo nakho kungena ngaphansi kwalesi sigaba. Uma othile esola ubuthi, thola ulwazi ngakho.Ungashayela iNational Poison Information Center eNational Hospital. |
| Isayensi yezibhamu nezinhlamvu (i-Ballistics) | Lokhu kuhilela ukutadisha ukunyakaza kweziqhumane ezifana nezinhlamvu kanye nemiphumela ezibangela. Uma kwenzeka kufa umuntu ngenxa yenxeba lokudutshulwa, lolu lwazi lubalulekile ukuze kutholakale ukuthi inhlamvu ingene kanjani emzimbeni nokuthi yimuphi umonakalo ewubangele. |
| Ubufakazi Bokulandelela | Lezi yizinto ezincane kakhulu ezisala ngemuva lapho abantu ababili noma izinto zishayisana. Isibonelo, izinto ezifana nengubo, uketshezi lomzimba, isibhamu, izinwele, izigxivizo zeminwe. Nakuba lokhu kungabonakali ngamehlo enyama, kungaba ubufakazi obubalulekile bokuthola imbangela yokufa. |
| I-Serology | Lokhu kuhilela ukutadisha igazi kanye nolunye uketshezi lomzimba. Ososayensi bezobunhloli bahlola lawa masampula ngaphansi kwe-microscope noma basebenzisa imishini ehlukahlukene ukuwahlola. Lokhu kungaveza izinto eziningi, njengohlobo lwegazi lomuntu oshonile nokuthi ngabe wayenazo yini izimo zezokwelapha. |
| Ubuchwepheshe be-DNA | I-DNA iwulwazi lwethu lwezakhi zofuzo. Ososayensi bezobunhloli basebenzisa lobu buchwepheshe. Isibonelo, babusebenzisa ukuqhathanisa isampula ye-DNA etholakale endaweni yobugebengu ne-DNA yomsolwa, noma ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ungubani umzimba ongaziwa. |
Yini ngempela eyenziwa yi-forensic pathologist?
Umsebenzi oyinhloko womhloli wezifo ukunquma indlela, isikhathi, kanye nendlela yokufa uma kwenzeka ukufa okungalindelekile noma okunobudlova. Indlela yokufa iwukuthi ngabe ukufa bekuwukubulala, ukuzibulala, ngengozi, ngokwemvelo, noma akukacaci.
Ukuze athole lezi zinto, usosayensi wezobunhloli ulandela lezi zinyathelo:
- Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ungubani umufi: Isinyathelo sokuqala ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ungubani umufi. Ulwazi oludingekayo luyaqoqwa.
- Ukufunda umlando wezokwelapha womufi: Sibheka izifo kanye nemithi yomufi yangaphambilini, njengoba lokhu kungase kunikeze izinkomba zembangela yokufa.
- Ukuhlolwa kobufakazi bendawo yobugebengu: Uma ukufa kusolwa ukuthi kuyicala, sisebenzisana namaphoyisa ukuphenya ukuxhumana phakathi kobufakazi endaweni yobugebengu nokufa.
- Ukuhlola isidumbu: Lona umsebenzi wabo oyinhloko. Bahlola isidumbu ngokucophelela, ngaphandle nangaphakathi, ukuze babone noma yikuphi ukulimala noma ukugula. Baqopha konke abakutholayo, njengoba lokhu kungaba ubufakazi obubaluleke kakhulu enkantolo yomthetho.
- Ukuqoqa nokuhlaziya ubufakazi bobunhloli: Ubufakazi obugxile, njengezinwele, izingcezu zentambo, nezinto ezincane ezitholakala ngaphansi kwesikhumba, buyaqoqwa futhi buhlolwe elabhorethri.
Uma lonke lolu phenyo seluqediwe, umphenyi wecala uzolungisa umbiko ogcwele obhaliwe ochaza imbangela, isikhathi, kanye nendlela yokufa. Uma kudingeka, kungadingeka futhi bafakaze njengofakazi ochwepheshe enkantolo ngala maqiniso.
Ngaphezu kokuhlolwa kwezidumbu, odokotela bezifo ezibangelwa ubugebengu ngezinye izikhathi bahilelekile ekuhloleni abantu abaphilayo abaye bahlukunyezwa ngokocansi noma bahlukunyezwa ngokomzimba.
Uyini umehluko phakathi kwe-Forensic Pathologist, i-Coroner kanye ne-Medical Examiner?
Nakuba sesizwile wonke la magama amathathu, kunomehluko omncane. Ekusetshenzisweni kwaseSri Lanka, lawa angasetshenziswa ngendlela ehlukile.
- Isazi Sezifo Eziphathelene Nobunhloli: Lesi yisifundo sezokwelapha esasikhuluma ngaso. Lesi yiziqu zezokwelapha kanye nokuqeqeshwa okutholwa udokotela.
- Umhloli Wezokwelapha: Lesi ngokuvamile yisikhundla somsebenzi sesazi sezifo eziphathelene nomthetho esisebenza enhlanganweni kahulumeni (isb., iHhovisi Lesikhulu Sezokwelapha Sezobulungiswa - ihhovisi le-JMO). Lokhu kusho ukuthi othile angaba yiSikhulu Sezifo Eziphathelene Nomthetho kanye noMhloli Wezokwelapha ngesikhathi esisodwa.
- Umphenyi Wezifo: Lesi yisikhulu sikahulumeni esiqokiwe noma esikhethiwe. Umsebenzi oyinhloko ukuqinisekisa imbangela yokufa. Emazweni amaningi, umphenyi wezifo akayena udokotela. Ngakho-ke, basebenza ngokubambisana nodokotela wezifo ezibulalayo. ESri Lanka, abaphenyi bezifo benza lo msebenzi.
Uba kanjani uchwepheshe wezobunhloli?
Lolu uhambo olude kakhulu noluzinikele. Ukuze ube uchwepheshe wezobunhloli, kumele udlule kulezi zigaba zemfundo:
1. Izinga Eliphakeme: Okokuqala, kufanele ufanelekele ukungena esikhungweni sezokwelapha seyunivesithi.
2. Iziqu zobudokotela: Udinga ukufunda esikoleni sezokwelapha iminyaka emi-5-6 bese uthola iziqu zobudokotela njenge-MBBS.
3. Ukuqeqeshwa:Ngemva kokuphothula, kufanele uqedele i-internship yonyaka owodwa.
4. Ukuqeqeshwa kwe-postgraduate: Ngemva kwalokho, udinga ukuphishekela ukuqeqeshwa kwe-postgraduate ukuze uthole ulwazi emkhakheni we-Pathology.
5. Ukuqeqeshwa kochwepheshe: Ngemva kwalokho kuqeqeshwa, udinga ukuthola ukuqeqeshwa okukhethekile okwengeziwe ngaphansi kwensimu engaphansi kochwepheshe be-Forensic Pathology.
Ngakho konke lokhu, ngokuvamile kuthatha iminyaka eyi-12-14 ukuba uchwepheshe wezobunhloli obunolwazi. Lokhu kukhombisa ukuthi kudinga ukuzinikela okungakanani ukwenza lokhu.
Umlayezo Wokuya Nawe Ekhaya
- Isazi sezifo ezibangelwa ubugebengu udokotela owenza ukuhlolwa kwezokwelapha kokufa okusolisayo, okungalindelekile, noma okunobudlova.
- Umsebenzi wabo oyinhloko ukwenza ukuhlolwa kwesidumbu ukuze kutholakale ngokunembile imbangela, indlela, nesikhathi sokufa.
- Akuyona yonke into abaphenya ngayo ukufa okufanele ibe yicala; kungaba futhi ngenxa yezingozi noma izimbangela zemvelo.
- Ukuba uchwepheshe kulo mkhakha kudinga iminyaka eminingi yokuqeqeshwa okukhethekile ngaphezu kweziqu zezokwelapha.
- Okutholakele kwabo kubaluleke kakhulu ekuqinisekisweni komthetho kanye nokulethwa kobulungiswa.
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