Wake wezwa amagama athi 'Ama-Polyclonal Antibodies'? Mhlawumbe wezwa udokotela ekusho, noma wakufunda encwadini noma ephephandabeni ndawana thize. Nakuba lokhu kungase kubonakale sengathi kuyigama lesayensi futhi kunzima ukuliqonda, empeleni kuyinto ebaluleke kakhulu empilweni yemizimba yethu nokusivikela ezifweni. Ngakho-ke namuhla sizoxoxa ngokuthi ayini la ma-polyclonal antibodies, ukuthi asebenza kanjani ngaphakathi emizimbeni yethu, ukuthi awusizo kanjani kithi, nokuthi yiziphi izinzuzo kanye nokungalungi kwawo, njengokungathi sitshela umngane omuhle noma ilungu lomndeni. Ukulungele?

Kalula nje, ayini la ma-antibody e-polyclonal?

Kulungile, okokuqala ake siqonde ngokucacile ukuthi ayini la ma-Polyclonal Antibodies. Uyakhumbula, lapho umzimba wethu ugula, okungukuthi, lapho into efana negciwane ingena, sinezingxenye ezikhethekile emzimbeni wethu ezilwa nalo. Yilokho esikubiza ngokuthi ama-antibodies. Lawa afana nabaqaphi abancane, noma amasosha, emzimbeni wethu. Lawa maprotheni abizwa ngokuthi ama-antibodies enziwa yimizimba yethu ngqo ukulwa nezifo namagciwane nokusivikela.

Manje lawa ma-antibodies avela ohlotsheni oluthile lweseli olubizwa ngokuthi `(amaseli e-Plasma B)`. Igama elithi ``polyclonal'' lisho ``kusukela ezinhlotsheni eziningi ezahlukene'' (poly = many, clonal = lineages/types). Okusho ukuthi, la ma-antibodies e-polyclonal awawona uhlobo olufanayo, awaveli esikhumbeni esifanayo. Ayiqoqo lama-antibodies avela ezinhlotsheni ezahlukene zamaseli e-plasma B (`lineages`), futhi ahluke kancane komunye nomunye. Cabanga ngakho njengeqembu lamasosha avela ezinhlotsheni ezahlukene zebutho elifanayo.

Bese kuthi ngalinye lala ma-antibodies, noma amasosha ahlukene, libone izingxenye ezahlukene ze-antigen efanayo. Manje ubuza ukuthi, "Iyini i-antigen?" Cabanga ngayo 'njengelebula' elincane noma 'ifulege' kugciwane, impova, noma enye iphrotheni engajwayelekile engena emizimbeni yethu. Ngokubheka leli lebula, isimiso sethu somzimba sokuzivikela, isimiso sokuzivikela somzimba wethu, siyaqaphela ukuthi singesethu ('uqobo') noma isitha sangaphandle ('esingesona'). Kufana neyunifomu yesitha, noma ifulege lebutho lesitha.

Ngakho-ke, la ma-antibodies e-polyclonal angamasosha ahlukene (ama-antibodies) angabona izimpawu ezahlukene, izimo ezahlukene (ngokwesayensi siwabiza ngokuthi 'ama-epitopes' ) kuyunifomu noma ifulegi lesitha esifanayo (i-antigen). Uyaqonda? Kufana neqembu lamasosha anekhono angahlasela isitha esifanayo evela ezindleleni ezahlukene.

Uma abantu nezinye izilwane begula, okungukuthi, lapho bethola ukutheleleka, la ma-antibody e-polyclonal akhiqizwa ngokwemvelo emizimbeni yabo. Kodwa-ke, ama-antibody e-polyclonal asetshenziswa ocwaningweni lwezokwelapha kanye nakwezinye izindlela zokwelapha avame ukutholakala ezincelisayo ezifana nonogwaja, izimvu, nezimbuzi. Ngezinye izikhathi, atholakala nasegazini labantu asebeluleme ezifweni ezithile.

La ma-antibody e-polyclonal asebenza kanjani ngempela?

Manje ake sibone ukuthi la ma-antibodies e-polyclonal asebenza kanjani emzimbeni wethu, ukuthi alwa kanjani. Uma uthola igciwane, amabhaktheriya, noma elinye igciwane (i-pathogen) emzimbeni wakho, amasosha omzimba wakho enza ama-antibodies ukuze alwe nawo.

Lawa magciwane anama-antigen esikhulume ngawo ngaphambili ebusweni bawo. Ama-antibodies (amasosha ethu) ayawabona la ma-antigen futhi ayawabopha. I-antibody ngayinye ibopha ku-antigen eyodwa kuphela. Ngamanye amazwi, ukhiye ngamunye ufanelana nokukhiya okukodwa kuphela. Uma i-antibody ibopha ku-antigen, ithumela isignali kuso sonke isimiso somzimba sokuzivikela, ithi, "Nasi isitha, manje sibhubhise."

Kodwa, ngisho noma kuyi-antigen eyodwa, kungaba nezindawo eziningana lapho i-antibody inamathela khona, njengembobo yokhiye wofudu. Sibiza lezi zindawo ezithile zokubopha ngokuthi `(epitopes)`. Ngakho-ke ama-antibodies e-polyclonal egazini lakho, noma ezixazululweni ezihlanganisiwe (`serums`) ezinikezwa ukwelashwa, ayiqoqo lama-antibodies ahlukene. Ngayinye yala ma-antibodies ingabona futhi ibophe kuma-`(epitopes)` ahlukene (izindawo ezahlukene zokubopha) kuleyo antigen. Ngamanye amazwi, kufana namaqembu amaningana ahlukene amasosha asebenza ngesikhathi esisodwa ukuze abambe isitha esifanayo.

Cabanga nje, kukhona isitha esikhulu. Uma ungasibamba leso sitha hhayi endaweni eyodwa kuphela, kodwa nasezindaweni eziningana ngesikhathi esisodwa, njengesandla saso, umlenze, ikhanda, kanye nekhola, amathuba okulawula nokukhubaza isitha maningi kakhulu. Yileyo ndlela ama-antibodies e-polyclonal asebenza ngayo. Izinhlobo ezahlukene zama-antibodies (`imigqa`) zinikeza isimiso somzimba sokuzivikela amathuba amaningi okubona, ukuhlasela, nokubamba amagciwane. Lokhu kwenza izivikelo zomzimba wethu ziqine nakakhulu.

Sisebenzisani ama-antibodies e-polyclonal?

Lawa ma-antibodies e-polyclonal, esiwakhiqiza ngokwemvelo emizimbeni yethu, asetshenziswa nakwezokwelapha ngezinjongo eziningi ezibalulekile. Ake sibheke ukuthi ayini:

• Ukuxilonga isifo: Kunezinye izivivinyo zelebhu okungenzeka ukuthi uke wezwa ngazo, njengokuhlolwa kwe-ELISA kanye nokuhlolwa kwe-Immunohistochemistry. Lezi zivivinyo zisebenzisa ama-antibodies e-polyclonal ukuthola izifo ezahlukahlukene ezithelelanayo (isib. i-HIV, i-hepatitis) kanye nomdlavuza. Okusho ukuthi, zingathola ukuthi isampula yegazi iqukethe yini i-antigen eqondene nesifo.

• Ucwaningo lwesayensi: Abacwaningi basebenzisa la ma-antibodies e-polyclonal ukuze baqonde ukuthi imizimba yethu isebenza kanjani, ukuthi amangqamuzana ahlukene asebenza kanjani, ukuthi izifo zisithinta kanjani, kanye nokuthola imithi emisha. Afana namathuluzi asiza ososayensi "ukubona" ​​izinto ezingabonakali.

• Ukwelapha noma ukuvimbela izifo ezithathelwanayo kanye nezinye izimo zempilo:Ama-antibodies e-polyclonal angelapha futhi, kwezinye izimo, avimbele ukweqisa izidakamizwa ezithile, ukulunywa yizinyoka ezinobuthi, kanye nezinye izifo ezihlobene negazi.

Yiziphi izindlela zokwelapha ezisetshenziswa ngama-antibody e-polyclonal?

Ake sibheke kabanzi ezinye zezindlela zokwelapha ezisebenzisa ama-antibody e-polyclonal:

• Amanye ama-antivenom aqukethe ama-antibody e-polyclonal. Lawa enziwa ngokufaka inani elincane lobuthi benyoka ezilwaneni, njengamahhashi, bese kuhlanza ama-antibodies akhiqizwa yilezo zilwane. Uma inyoka ikuluma, ama-antibodies aku-antivenom ayahamba futhi aqede ubuthi.

• I-plasma evuvukalayo: Kungenzeka ukuthi uke wezwa ngalokhu ngesikhathi sobhubhane lwe-COVID-19. Ngesikhathi sokuqubuka kwezifo ezithathelwanayo ezinkulu, i-plasma (ingxenye yegazi ewuketshezi) ethathwe egazini labantu abalulame kuleso sifo inikezwa iziguli. Ngoba leyo plasma iqukethe ama-antibodies e-polyclonal akhiqizwe yimizimba yabo ngokumelene naleso sifo. Lapho la ma-antibodies engena emzimbeni wesiguli, asiza ekulweni nesifo.

• I-Digoxin immune fab: Lona umuthi wokugomela onikezwa uma umuntu ephuza ngokweqile umuthi wenhliziyo i-digoxin. Lokhu kuqukethe nama-antibodies e-polyclonal enziwe ngokumelene ne-molecule ye-digoxin.

• I-Rho(D) immune globulin: Lokhu kubizwa nangokuthi i-`RhIG`, futhi ungayibona ibhalwe ngokuthi `Rh 0 (D)`. Lokhu kunikezwa omama abakhulelwe abanohlobo lwegazi lwe-`Rh-negative`. Isizathu salokhu ukuthi uma igazi likamama liyi-`Rh-negative` kanti igazi lomntwana liyi-`Rh-positive`, umzimba kamama ungase ube nama-antibodies ngokumelene negazi lomntwana. Nakuba lokhu kungase kungathinti ingane yokuqala, lapho kuzalwa ingane yesibili ye-`Rh-positive`, lawo ma-antibodies angalimaza ingane. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi `(Rhesus isoimmunization)` (Rhesus incompatibility). Yilokhu okuhlinzekwa ngomuthi wokugomela we-`Rho(D)` ukuze uvimbele. Unikezwa futhi njengokwelashwa kwe-`(chronic immune thrombocytopenia)` noma `(ITP)`, isimo lapho ama-platelet egazini encipha khona.

Uyini umehluko phakathi kwama-antibodies e-polyclonal kanye nama-antibody e-monoclonal?

Kulungile, manje ungase ube nombuzo omncane. Kukhona nohlobo olubizwa ngokuthi 'ama-Monoclonal Antibodies', uyini umehluko phakathi kwalawa nalawa ma-polyclonal antibodies? Womabili angama-antibodies, futhi womabili angama-antigen aqondiwe. Kodwa kukhona umehluko obalulekile.

Kalula nje:

• Ama-Antibodies e-Polyclonal: Lawa avela ezinhlotsheni ezahlukene zamaseli e-B. Ngakho-ke angabona futhi abopha ezindaweni eziningi ezahlukene ze-`(epitopes)` (izindawo zokubopha) ku-antigen efanayo. Kufana neqembu lamasosha anekhono elihlukile nezikhali ezahlukene. Ahlasela isitha esifanayo kusuka ezinhlangothini ezahlukene.

• Ama-Antibodies e-Monoclonal: Lawa "amakhophi aqondile" e-antibody eyodwa. Okusho ukuthi, enziwa uhlu olulodwa lweseli B. Ngakho-ke, ayaqaphela futhi abopha "i-epitope" eyodwa kuphela. Njengamasosha aqoshwe nge-clone asebenzisa uhlobo olufanayo lwesikhali, ahlasela ithagethi elilodwa kuphela.

Ngezinjongo zokwelapha, ama-antibodies e-polyclonal avame ukutholakala egazini lezilwane ezifana nonogwaja, izimbuzi, nezimvu. Ngezinye izikhathi atholakala nakubantu (isb., i-plasma yeziguli ezitholakele). Ama-antibodies e-monoclonal atholakala kuqala egazini lezilwane bese ekhiqizwa kabusha elebhu. Njengamanje, ama-antibodies e-monoclonal asetshenziswa kaningi kunama-antibodies e-polyclonal ekwelashweni kwezokwelapha, ikakhulukazi ezifweni ezifana nomdlavuza, ngoba aqondile kakhulu ekuqondisweni kwawo.

Yiziphi izinzuzo zama-antibody e-polyclonal?

Ngakho-ke yiziphi izinzuzo zala ma-antibody e-polyclonal? Kungani sisawasebenzisa?

• Izindleko zokukhiqiza ziphansi kakhulu. Kushibhile ukwenza lezi zinto kunokwenza ama-antibodies e-monoclonal.
• Lokhu kungabona ama-antigen kusampula emazingeni aphansi kakhulu, noma ngabe akhona emazingeni aphansi kakhulu. Ngenxa yokuthi ama-antibodies ahlukene asebenza ndawonye, ​​noma ngabe elilodwa lilahlekile, kunethuba elikhulu lokuthi elinye lizobanjwa.
• Ikhono eliphelele lokubona i-antigen liphezulu. Ngenxa yokuthi kunezinhlobo eziningi zama-antibodies ezingabopha "ama-epitopes" ahlukene, amathuba okubona i-antigen aphezulu, noma ngabe isimo sayo sihlukile kancane.

Ingabe kukhona okungalungile-ke?

Kunezinzuzo kanye nokungalungi kwala ma-antibody e-polyclonal. Kuhle ukwazi ukuthi ayini.

• Ngenxa yokuthi lezi zivela emthonjeni wemvelo (kungaba igazi lomuntu noma lesilwane), aziguquguquki kahle ekhwalithini nasekubunjweni kwazo kusukela kwelinye iqembu kuya kwelinye, ngokungafani nemithi eyenziwe elabhorethri. Lokhu kusho ukuthi kungase kube nomehluko omncane phakathi kwengxube ye-antibody ekhiqizwa ngesinye isikhathi kanye nengxube ekhiqizwa ngesinye isikhathi. Ngakho-ke, ukusebenza kahle kungase kuhluke kancane.
• Ngama-antibodies e-monoclonal, kunengozi ephezulu yokusabela okuphambene. Okusho ukuthi, kunethuba elikhulu lokuthi i-antigen eqondiwe izobopha kwenye i-antigen (esingayifuni). Lokhu kungabangela izinkinga ekuhlolweni noma ocwaningweni. Isibonelo, kungenzeka kube nokuvela okungamanga. Okusho ukuthi, umuntu ongenaso lesi sifo angathola umphumela obonakala sengathi unesifo. Ngakho-ke, uma umphumela omuhle ubuya, njengasezifweni ezithathelwanayo ezinzima, odokotela kungadingeka benze ukuhlolwa okwengeziwe ukuze baqinisekise lokho.
• Uma kusetshenziswa ama-antibodies e-polyclonal avela ezilwaneni ekwelapheni, kunengozi enkulu yokusabela kokungezwani komzimba noma eminye imiphumela emibi, njengoba lawa maprotheni ezilwane engaziwa emizimbeni yethu.

Okokugcina, izinto ezibaluleke kakhulu okudingeka uzikhumbule

Ngakho-ke, cishe usuyaqonda manje ukuthi ama-antibodies e-polyclonal ayingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu yesimiso somzimba wethu sokuzivikela, futhi abalulekile kwisayensi yezokwelapha ocwaningweni, ekuxilongeni, kanye nakwezinye izindlela zokwelapha ezithile.

Lezi zivame ukusetshenziselwa ucwaningo kanye nokuhlolwa kokuxilonga. Kodwa-ke, uma ukhulelwe futhi une-Rh-negative blood type (udokotela wakho uzokutshela ngalokhu), uma unesifo esithathelwanayo esingathi sína (njenge-diphtheria), uma ulunywe yinyoka, noma uma unesifo esifana ne-chronic immune thrombocytopenia (ITP), ungase unikezwe ukwelashwa okuqukethe ama-polyclonal antibodies.

Uma uneminye imibuzo noma ukukhathazeka ngalokhu, ungangabazi ukubuza udokotela wakho noma umhlengikazi. Bazokuchazela lezi zinto ngokuningiliziwe. Ngoba ukwaziswa ngempilo yakho kanye nokwelashwa okutholayo kungenye yezinyathelo ezinhle kakhulu zokuhlala uphilile futhi ujabule!

Ama - Antibodies e-Polyclonal, Ama-Antibodies, Uhlelo Lokuzivikela Emzimbeni, I-Antigen, I-Epitope, Ukuxilongwa, Ukwelashwa Kwezokwelapha