So nsamanwaw (TB) nso haw wo? Bra, momma yɛnka TB Sɔhwɛ no ho asɛm!

Tuberculosis, anaa TB sɛnea yɛn nyinaa nim no, yɛ yare a nnipa pii ate ho asɛm, na ɛyɛ hu kakra. Enti, saa TB nhwehwɛmu yi yɛ sɔhwɛ a wɔyɛ de hu sɛ wowɔ saa yareɛ yi anaasɛ wonni bi. Sɛ yɛbɛka no pɛpɛɛpɛ a, ɛhwɛ sɛ mmoawa a wɔde nsamanwaw ba, kyerɛ sɛ, ɔyare mmoawa `(Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex)`, ahyɛn wo nipadua mu anaa. Momma yɛnka eyi ho asɛm nkɔ akyiri kakra, ɛyɛ?

TB nhwehwɛmu ahorow bɛn na ɛwɔ hɔ?

Afei hwɛ, TB nhwehwɛmu ahorow atitiriw abien na ɛwɔ hɔ. Ebia woate eyinom nso ho asɛm.

1. Wora mu Nhwehwɛmu: Wɔsan frɛ eyi ``Mantoux sɔhwɛ'' anaa ``tuberculin honam ani nhwehwɛmu (TST)''. Eyi ne sɔhwɛ a wɔtaa de di dwuma, titiriw ma mmofra a wonnii mfe 5.

2. Mogya mu Nhwehwɛmu: Wɔfrɛ eyi ``Interferon-Gamma Release Assay - IGRA''. Wɔde mogya mu nhwehwɛmu yi redi dwuma kɛse, titiriw ama akwahosan ho adwumayɛfo, nnipa a wɔn nipadua mu tumi a ɛko tia nyarewa no ayɛ mmerɛw (i.e. wɔn a wɔn nipadua ntumi ko tia nyarewa pii), anaa wɔn a nnuru bi ama wɔn nipadua mu ahoɔden a ɛko tia nyarewa no ayɛ mmerɛw.

Nanso biribi wɔ hɔ a ɛho hia paa a ɛsɛ sɛ wokae wɔ ha. Nhwehwɛmu abien yi mu biara kyerɛ wo sɛ ebia woanya TB mmoawa no wɔ wo nipadua mu pɛn anaa. Ɛne sɛ, nhwehwɛmu ahorow yi ntumi nhu tẽẽ sɛ ebia ɔyare mmoawa no da (ahintaw) wɔ wo nipadua mu anaasɛ ɛyɛ adwuma (ayɛ adwuma) na ɛde yare no ba. Sɛ wubehu yiye sɛ ebia wowɔ TB a ɛyɛ nnam a, ɛho behia sɛ woyɛ nhwehwɛmu afoforo te sɛ wo koko X-ray ne ahurututu mu nhwehwɛmu.

Hena na ɛsɛ sɛ ɔyɛ TB nhwehwɛmu yi?

Afei ebia woresusuw sɛ, "So ɛsɛ sɛ me nso meyɛ eyi?" Nnuruyɛfo taa kamfo kyerɛ sɛ wɔnyɛ TB nhwehwɛmu wɔ tebea horow a edidi so yi mu:

• Sɛ wowɔ TB yareɛ a ɛyɛ nnam ho sɛnkyerɛnne (e.g. ɔfe a ɛkɔ so, wo koko mu yaw, atiridiinini a ɛba anwummerɛ, wo mu duru a ɛso tew, ɔbrɛ).
• Sɛ asiane kɛse wom sɛ wubenya TB , eyi kyerɛ sɛ:
• Sɛ woyɛ akwahosan ho adwumayɛfo (obi a ɔtaa ne ayarefo di nkitaho, te sɛ oduruyɛfo anaa ɔyarehwɛfo).
• Sɛ wote anaa woyɛ adwuma wɔ beae a TB abu so, te sɛ adan a wɔda mu, nkwakoraa ne mmerewa fie, anaa afiase.
• Sɛ wo ne TB ɔyarefo bi a ɔyɛ nnam adi nkitaho kɛse nnansa yi a .
• Sɛ wo nipadua mu tumi a ɛko tia nyarewa no ayɛ mmerɛw, esiane yare foforo anaa nnuru a worenom nti.
• Sɛ woatu kwan akɔ ɔman bi a TB abu so nnansa yi (e.g., aman bi a ɛwɔ Asia, aman bi a ɛwɔ Afrika) a, akyinnye biara nni ho sɛ ɛsɛ sɛ woka kyerɛ wo duruyɛfo sɛ woatu kwan akɔ ɔman a ɛte saa mu a.
• Ɛtɔ da bi a, sɛ wohyɛ adwuma foforo ase (titiriw wɔ mmeae te sɛ mmofra hwɛbea ne ayaresabea ahorow) a, wɔhwehwɛ sɛ woma wɔyɛ TB nhwehwɛmu yi.

Mpɛn ahe na ɛsɛ sɛ meyɛ TB nhwehwɛmu?

Ɛsono eyi wɔ onipa biara fam. Egyina asiane kɛse a wowɔ sɛ wubenya nsamanwaw so.

• Sɛ wowɔ asiane kɛse mu (sɛnea yɛaka wɔ atifi hɔ no) a, ebia wo duruyɛfo bɛkamfo akyerɛ wo sɛ anyɛ yiye koraa no, wobɛyɛ nhwehwɛmu yi pɛnkoro afe biara.
• Sɛ asiane a ɛwɔ hɔ no sua a , ebia ebehia sɛ woyɛ eyi pɛnkoro pɛ wɔ mfe kakraa biara mu.

Nanso, afotu a eye sen biara wɔ eyi ho fi w’abusua oduruyɛfo hɔ, enti nyansa wom sɛ wubebisa no .

Ɔkwan bɛn so na saa TB nhwehwɛmu ahorow yi yɛ adwuma? Ɛnyɛ den koraa!

Saa honam ani nhwehwɛmu yi, anaa mogya mu nhwehwɛmu yi, hwɛ sɛnea wo nipadua mu ahoɔden a ɛko tia nyarewa no yɛ n’ade wɔ afã pɔtee bi ho ara kwa (yɛfrɛ eyinom ``antigens'' - ``antigens'' yɛ biribiara a yɛn nipadua no nhu na enti ɛbɔ mmɔden sɛ ɛbɛko atia) fi mmoawa a wɔde nsamanwaw ba (``Mycobacterium tuberculosis'') mu. Ɛte sɛ yɛn nipadua no ahobammɔ a ɛrebɔ kɔkɔ bere a ɔtamfo bi bɛn no.

Sɛnea TB Wora Ho Nhwehwɛmu no Yɛ Adwuma

Eyi ne nea ɛba:

Oduruyɛfo anaa ɔyarehwɛfo a wɔatete no de protein aduru titiriw bi (a wɔfrɛ no PPD - protein a wɔatew ho) a wɔde mmoawa Mycobacterium tuberculosis ayɛ no kakraa bi pɛ bɛhyɛ wo nsa anim honam ani.

Biribiara nni hɔ a ɛsɛ sɛ wosuro wɔ ha! Saa `(PPD)` yi nyɛ mmoawa a wɔte ase. Enti, ɛremma wunnya TB.

Enti, sɛ woanya TB mmoawa no pɛn a, wo honam ani bɛyɛ n'ade wɔ saa ``(PPD)'' yi ho. Wɔ nnansa kosi nnansa ntam no, baabi a wɔde aduru no guu no no bɛyɛ kɔkɔɔ, ayɛ den kakra, na akisikuru kakra apue.

Sɛnea TB Mogya mu Nhwehwɛmu Yɛ Adwuma

Eyi ne nea ɛba:

Wogye mogya fi wo hɔ na wɔde kɔ lab. Wɔ lab mu no, mogya mu nkwammoaa fitaa a ɛwɔ wo mogya mu no bi (eyinom ne nea ɛko tia nyarewa wɔ yɛn nipadua mu) ne `(antigens)` a yɛadi kan aka ho asɛm a efi mmoawa `Mycobacterium tuberculosis` mu no fra.

Sɛ woanya TB pɛn a, wo mogya mu nkwammoaa fitaa no yi protein soronko bi a wɔfrɛ no interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) fi adi.

Lab adwumayɛfoɔ no de ɔkwan soronko bi a wɔfrɛ no ``immunoassay.'' susuw saa adeyɛ yi. Afei wɔbɔ nea efi mu ba no ho amanneɛ sɛ ``negative'' (a ɛkyerɛ sɛ ɔyare biara nni hɔ), ``positive'' (a ɛkyerɛ sɛ ebia ɔyare mmoawa bi wɔ hɔ), anaa ``indeterminate'' (a ɛkyerɛ sɛ nea efi mu ba no mu nna hɔ na ɛnyɛ nea ɛyɛ nokware).

Dɛn na ɛsɛ sɛ yɛhwɛ kwan wɔ sɔhwɛ no mu?

Ɔkwan a wɔfa so yɛ sɔhwɛ abien yi yɛ soronko kakra. Ma yɛnhwɛ sɛnea ɛkɔ.

Sɛnea wɔyɛ TB honam ani nhwehwɛmu

Ɛsɛ sɛ wokɔ oduruyɛfo anaa ɔyarehwɛfo nkyɛn mprenu, ebia mprɛnsa, ma wo honam ani nhwehwɛmu yi.

Nsrahwɛ a Edi Kan:

• Oduruyɛfo anaa ɔyarehwɛfo bɛhohoro wo nsa anim (wɔ wo nsateaa ase, mu) honam ani yiye.
• Afei, wɔde ade ketewaa bi a ɛyɛ ``(tuberculin)`` anaa ``(PPD)`` nsuo no gu honam ani.
• Ɛtɔ mmere bi a oduruyɛfo no de kyerɛwdua bɛtwetwe kurukuruwa wɔ baabi a wɔde aduru no guu no. Eyi bɛma ayɛ mmerɛw sɛ wubehu beae no bere a woahwɛ no wɔ nna abien akyi no.
• Akisikuru ketewaa bi bɛda adi wɔ baabi a wɔde aduru no guu mu no. Ɛno ankasa bɛkɔ wɔ nnɔnhwerew kakraa bi mu. Biribiara nni hɔ a ɛsɛ sɛ wohaw wo ho wɔ ho.

Afei wɔbɛka akyerɛ wo sɛ san bra wɔ nnɔnhwerew 48 kosi 72 pɛpɛɛpɛ (kyerɛ sɛ, wɔ nnansa kosi nnansa mu). Eyi yɛ sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wobehu sɛnea honam ani ayɛ wɔn ade wɔ baabi a wɔde aduru no guu mu no. Sɛ ɛho ahonhon, ɛyɛ kɔkɔɔ, anaa ɛyɛ mmerɛw wɔ hɔ a, ebetumi akyerɛ sɛ obi anya TB.

Ɛho hia yiye, yiye sɛ wobɛkɔ bere ano ne mprenu so yi! Efisɛ sɛ woankɔ wɔ nnɔnhwerew 72 pɛpɛɛpɛ mu a, ebia ɛsɛ sɛ wosan yɛ sɔhwɛ no nyinaa bio. Enti kae sɛ wobɛkɔ bere ano.

Ade foforo ne sɛ, wɔ nnipa a wɔn nipadua mu tumi a ɛko tia nyarewa no yɛ mmerɛw yiye, anaa wɔn a wɔwɔ honam ani yare ahorow bi fam no, hokwan ketewaa bi wɔ hɔ sɛ ebia nea ebefi honam ani nhwehwɛmu yi mu aba no renyɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ anaasɛ wontumi mfa ho nto so koraa.

Sɛnea wɔyɛ TB mogya mu nhwehwɛmu

Eyi ne ɔkwan a ɛfata a wofa so de mogya ma.

• Bere a wote akongua so no, phlebotomist (a wɔsan frɛ no phlebotomist) bɛhwehwɛ ntini bi wɔ wo basa mu a ɛnyɛ den sɛ wobɛtwe mogya afi mu. Wɔtaa yɛ eyi wɔ wo nsateaa no atifi pɛɛ, wɔ wo nsa no mu.
• Sɛ wohu ntini bi a, wɔhohoro baabi a ɛwɔ no yiye.
• Afei, wɔde ade ketewaa bi hyɛ ntini bi mu na wɔtwe mogya kakra. Saa bere yi de, wobɛte nka sɛ wo ho yɛ wo yaw kakra, te sɛ nea ntɛtea aka wo.
• Bere a wɔde ade no hyɛ mu wie no, wɔboaboa mogya kakra ano wɔ afiri bi a wɔde sɔ hwɛ mu.
• Sɛ wɔyi mogya dodow a ɛho hia ma nhwehwɛmu no wie a, woyi afiri no, wɔde kotoku anaa gauze bi mia baabi no kakra, na wɔde plaster gu so. Ɛno ne no!
• Eyi nyinaa taa gye nea ennu simma 5.

Sɛ wɔfa mogya no wie a, wɔde kɔ aduruyɛdan bi mu kɔhwɛ. Sɛ nea efi mu ba no ba wie a, wo duruyɛfo no bɛkyerɛkyerɛ mu akyerɛ wo.

So TB nhwehwɛmu no yɛ yaw?

Eyi yɛ biribi a nnipa pii suro.

• Bere a wɔreyɛ honam ani nhwehwɛmu ne mogya mu nhwehwɛmu no, ebia wobɛte nka sɛ wo ho ayɛ wo yaw kakra (te sɛ ntɛtea a ɛrebɔ) bere a ade no abɔ honam ani no. Nanso ɛtra hɔ sikani kakraa bi pɛ.
• Bere a wɔreyɛ honam ani nhwehwɛmu no, ɔhyew anaa ɔhaw foforo biara nni ho esiane nsu a wɔde gu honam ani no ase nti.

So nsunsuanso bɔne bi wɔ TB nhwehwɛmu ahorow yi mu?

Eyi yɛ asɛm a nnipa pii bisa. Nea eye ne sɛ, nsunsuanso bɔne a anibere wom a efi TB nhwehwɛmu ahorow yi mu ba no ho yɛ na koraa.

• Wɔ honam ani nhwehwɛmu no ho: Nea ɛka ho a wɔbɛte nka sɛ ɛyɛ mmerɛw kakra bere a wɔde ade no ahyɛ mu no, ebia nnipa binom kɔla bɛsakra kakra, ɛho ahonhon kakra, na wɔayɛ mmerɛw kakra wɔ baabi a wɔde aduru no ahyɛ mu no. Mpɛn pii no, eyinom siesie wɔ nna kakraa bi mu.
• Wɔ mogya mu nhwehwɛmu no ho no:Beae a wɔtwee mogya no betumi ayɛ yaw kakra na ebetumi adan bruu kakra mpo. Eyi bɛsan ayɛ sɛnea na ɛte kan no wɔ da koro anaa nnanu akyi.

Dɛn na efi TB nhwehwɛmu mu ba?

Okay, afei momma yɛnhwɛ nea efi sɔhwɛ ahorow yi mu ba ne nea wɔka.

Nea ebefi mu aba no betumi ayɛ `negative` (a ɛkyerɛ "dabi") anaa `positive` (a ɛkyerɛ "yiw").

Ade a ɛho hia paa sɛ wokae ne sɛ: Nhwehwɛmu ahorow yi kyerɛ sɛ ebia woanya TB mmoawa no pɛn, a ɛkyerɛ sɛ ahyɛn wo nipadua mu pɛn. Wontumi nhu sɛ ɛyɛ yare a ɛyɛ nnam anaasɛ yare a ahintaw.

Ade foforo nso ne sɛ, sɛ woanya BCG vaccine (vaccine a ɛbɔ ho ban fi nsamanwaw ho) bere a woyɛ abofra a, ɛtɔ mmere bi a nea efi honam ani nhwehwɛmu mu ba no betumi ayɛ atoro. Wɔfrɛ eyi sɛ nea efi mu ba a ɛnyɛ nokware. Enti sɛ woanya BCG aduru no a, ka kyerɛ wo duruyɛfo .

Na sɛ TB nhwehwɛmu no yɛ papa nso ɛ?

Sɛ wo TB nhwehwɛmu aba no san ba `positive` a, ɛkyerɛ sɛ ɛda adi kɛse sɛ woanya mmoawa a wɔde nsamanwaw ba no .

Saa bere yi, wo duruyɛfo bɛhyɛ sɛ wɔnyɛ nhwehwɛmu foforo bi na ama woahu sɛ ebia wowɔ TB yare a ɛyɛ nnam anaasɛ nea ɛda hɔ. Ebia nhwehwɛmu afoforo yi bi ne koko mu X-ray ne ahurututu mu nsu a wɔde yɛ nhwehwɛmu. Nsuo a ɛwɔ ha no nyɛ nsuo a ɛfata a ɛfiri menewa mu, na mmom nsuo a ɛyɛ den a ɛfiri ahurututu mu.

Ade a ɛho hia sen biara ne sɛ, sɛ́ ebia wowɔ TB a ahintaw anaasɛ TB a ɛyɛ nnam no, akyinnye biara nni ho sɛ ɛsɛ sɛ wunya ayaresa ma no.

Na sɛ TB nhwehwɛmu no nyɛ papa nso ɛ?

Sɛ wo TB nhwehwɛmu aba no yɛ `negative` a, ɛkyerɛ sɛ ɛda adi kɛse sɛ woannya TB mmoawa . Wɔ honam ani nhwehwɛmu mu no, `negative` kyerɛ sɛ na honam ani adeyɛ biara nni hɔ (kɔkɔɔ, ɛho ahonhon) wɔ baabi a wɔde aduru no guu mu no.

Nanso, ɛtɔ da bi mpo sɛ nea efi mu ba no yɛ `negative` a, sɛ wowɔ TB ho sɛnkyerɛnne (te sɛ ɔfe, atiridii) a, wo duruyɛfo betumi ayɛ nhwehwɛmu akɔ akyiri.

Bere bɛn na mɛhu TB nhwehwɛmu amanneɛbɔ no?

• Honam ani nhwehwɛmu no gye nnɔnhwerew 48 kosi 72 ansa na wɔawie. Enti, sɛ wokɔ oduruyɛfo nkyɛn ne mprenu so a, oduruyɛfo no betumi aka akyerɛ wo wɔ hɔ ara denam sɛnea ɛyɛ wo honam ani hwɛbea a ɔbɛhwɛ sɛ ebia wowɔ TB yare anaasɛ wunni bi no so.
• Mpɛn pii no, wotumi nya amanneɛbɔ a ɛfa mogya mu nhwehwɛmu ho wɔ da koro kosi abien ntam. Nanso, ɛtɔ mmere bi a ebetumi agye bere tenten kakra a egyina adwuma a ɛwɔ lab no so.

TB nhwehwɛmu a ɛkyerɛ sɛ obi anya TB no te dɛn (wɔ honam ani nhwehwɛmu mu)?

``Nea ɛyɛ papa`` a efi honam ani nhwehwɛmu mu kyerɛ sɛ baabi a wɔde aduru no guu mu no yɛ den, te sɛ akuru kɔkɔɔ . Oduruyɛfo no de milimita susuw sɛnea akuturuku no kyɛ.

Ɛha yi, oduruyɛfo no besusuw nneɛma afoforo a ɛde asiane ba wo ho (sɛ nhwɛso no, sɛ́ ebia woyɛ akwahosan ho adwumayɛfo anaasɛ wo nipadua no mu tumi a ɛko tia nyarewa no ayɛ mmerɛw) de ahu nea ebefi mu aba. Mpɛn pii no, wobu sɔhwɛ no sɛ `ɛyɛ papa` sɛ ɛwɔ saa nsɛm yi mu a:

• 5 milimita (`mm`) anaa nea ɛboro saa na wowɔ nipadua mu ahoɔden a ɛko tia nyarewa a ayɛ mmerɛw (e.g., obi a ɔwɔ HIV, obi a wɔde akwaa foforo ama no, obi a ɔnom nnuru bi).
• 10 millimeters (`mm`) anaa nea ennu saa na woyɛ akwahosan ho dwumayɛni, anaa obi a woasan afi ɔman a TB abu so nkyɛe, obi a wɔde nnuru a wɔde twitwiw nipadua mu, anaa abofra a onnii mfe 4.
• 15 milimita (`mm`) anaa nea ennu saa na wunni asiane pɔtee foforo biara a ɛbɛma woanya nsamanwaw.

Sɛ mpo wohu sɛ wo nsa ho ahonhon na ayɛ kɔkɔɔ wɔ nnɔnhwerew 48-72 akyi na wosusuw wɔ wo tirim sɛ, "Oh, ɛsɛ sɛ eyi yɛ adepa/asɛmmɔne," ɛda so ara hia yiye sɛ wobɛkɔ oduruyɛfo nkyɛn akɔkyerɛ. Oduruyɛfo no ne nea ɔbɛhwɛ no pɛpɛɛpɛ, asusuw, asi nea ebefi mu aba a ɛfata ho gyinae, na wakyerɛw ho asɛm.

Bere bɛn na ɛsɛ sɛ me ne me duruyɛfo kasa fa nsamanwaw ho?

Ɛsɛ sɛ wohwɛ yiye kakra wɔ saa nneɛma yi ho:

• Sɛ wowɔ nsamanwaw ho sɛnkyerɛnne ahorow (sɛ nhwɛso no, ɔfe a ɛtra hɔ bɛboro adapɛn abien, ɛtɔ mmere bi a mogya wɔ nsu mu, wo koko mu yaw, ɛyɛ den sɛ wobɛhome, atiridiinini a ɛba anwummere, fifiri a ɛba anadwo, wo mu duru so tew, aduan ho akɔnnɔ a ɛyera, ɔbrɛ a ɛtra so ), .
• Anaasɛ sɛ wususuw sɛ wo ne TB ɔyarefo bi a ɔyɛ nnam adi nkitaho kɛse a , .

Ɛho hia paa sɛ wobɛkɔ oduruyɛfo nkyɛn na woahwehwɛ afotu ntɛm ara sɛnea wubetumi, a wontwentwɛn wo nan ase.

Nsamanwaw yɛ yare a sɛ wɔansa no yiye a, ebetumi akum obi. Nanso, nea eye sen biara ne sɛ, sɛ wofa nnuru a ekum ɔyare mmoawa sɛnea wɔakyerɛ wo no pɛpɛɛpɛ, bere a ɛfata a, wobetumi asa nsamanwaw dodow no ara koraa.

Sɛ́ ebia wowɔ TB a ɛyɛ nnam anaa TB a ahintaw no, ɛsɛ sɛ wosa abien no nyinaa. Nanso, ɛsono nnuru ahorow a wɔde ma ne bere tenten a wɔde ma no wɔ nsɛm abien yi mu.

Nkrasɛm a Etwa To a Wɔde Kɔ Fie

Okay, sɛ yɛhwɛ nea yɛaka ho asɛm seesei ara no a, eyinom ne nneɛma a ɛho hia sen biara a ɛsɛ sɛ yɛma ɛtra yɛn adwenem:

• TB nhwehwɛmu ho hia paa ma ɔmanfoɔ akwahosan wɔ yɛn man yi mu ne wiase nyinaa, ɛfiri sɛ ɛboa ma wɔhunu yareɛ no ntɛm na wɔsiw ne ntrɛmu ano.
• Nsamanwaw betumi akum obi na ɛnyɛ den sɛ ɛbɛtrɛw afi onipa biako so akɔ foforo so denam mframa mu. Enti, sɛ wowɔ yare no ho sɛnkyerɛnne, anaa sɛ wowɔ kuw bi a asiane kɛse wom mu a, nyansa wom sɛ wobɛyɛ nhwehwɛmu.
• Sɛ nhwehwɛmu no aba wie a, wo duruyɛfo bɛkyerɛ wo nea ɛsɛ sɛ woyɛ akyi ne sɛ ebia ɛho hia sɛ woyɛ nhwehwɛmu pii anaa.
• Nsuro biribiara. Bisa oduruyɛfo no nsɛm anaa adwenem naayɛ biara a wowɔ. Nnuruyɛfo ne ayarehwɛfo no wɔ hɔ sɛ wɔbɛboa wo. Wɔbɛkyerɛkyerɛ biribiara mu akyerɛ wo.

Ɛho hia sɛ wokɔ so nya apɔwmuden!

` Nsanyare, TB nhwehwɛmu, TB nhwehwɛmu, Mantoux sɔhwɛ, TST, IGRA, TB ho sɛnkyerɛnne, TB ayaresa, PPD, Interferon-Gamma Release Assay