So ɛyɛ den ma wo ba sɛ ɔbɛkyerɛw? So yɛbɛka dysgraphia yi ho asɛm?

So woahyɛ no nsow pɛn sɛ wo ba di mmofra afoforo akyi kakra wɔ sukuu dwumadi mu, titiriw bere a ɛfa akyerɛw ho no? Sɛ wuhu nneɛma te sɛ wɔn a wontumi nkyerɛw fɛfɛɛfɛ, wɔn brɛoo bere a wɔrekyerɛw, anaasɛ wɔmpɛ sɛ wɔkyerɛw koraa a, ebia wubesusuw sɛ, "Abofra yi mmɔ mmɔden sɛnea ɛsɛ." Nanso ɛnyɛ bere nyinaa na ɛyɛ ɔbrɛ ara kwa. Ebetumi nso ayɛ tebea bi a wɔfrɛ no dysgraphia.

Dɛn ne Dysgraphia? Momma yɛnte ase kɛkɛ!

Sɛ yɛbɛka no tiawa a, dysgraphia yɛ ntini mu yare a ɛma ɛyɛ den ma obi sɛ ɔde n’adwene bɛka nsɛm mu na wakyerɛw ato hɔ. Ɛnyɛ mfe a wɔadi, wɔn nyansa, anaa nhomasua a wonni nti na eyi fi. Wobu dysgraphia sɛ "nsonsonoe a ɛwɔ adesua mu."

Susuw sɛnea ɛyɛ adeyɛ a ɛyɛ den sɛ wobɛkyerɛw ho. Ɛhwehwɛ sɛ yɛn amemene no afã horow ne yɛn tumi ahorow de wɔn ho hyɛ mu.

• Fine motor skills: Eyi kyerɛ tumi a obi tumi de ntini nketenkete a ɛwɔ nsateaa mu no kura pɛnsere anaa kyerɛwdua, na ɔde nsaano nkyerɛwee fɛfɛ kyerɛw.
• Ahunmu nhumu: Eyi kyerɛ sɛ wɔbɛte baabi a ɛda nkyerɛwde ne nsɛmfua ntam no ase. Tumi a wotumi kyerɛw tẽẽ wɔ nkyerɛwde mu na wɔhwɛ baabi a ɛwɔ kratafa bi so.
• Working memory: Eyi kyerɛ sɛ wobɛkae nea ɛwɔ w’adwene mu na wo werɛ remfi kosi sɛ wobɛkyerɛw ato hɔ. Eyi boa wo ma wode adwene no bata ho fi mfiase kosi awiei bere a worekyerɛw kasamu bi no.
• Nkyerɛwde a wɔde kyerɛw nsɛm: Bere a eyi betumi ayɛ te sɛ nea ɛyɛ den kakra no, nea ɛkyerɛ ara ne sɛ wobetumi akae nkyerɛwde, nɔma, ne sɛnkyerɛnnede ahorow nsusuwii na wɔakae bere a ɛho hia no.
• Kasa ho dwumadie: Kasa ase ne nsɛmfua ne kasamu a wɔhyehyɛ.
• Adwene mu nsusuwii: Nsusuwii ahorow a wobɛhyehyɛ wɔ w’adwene mu ayɛ no ɔkwan bi so a wubetumi akyerɛw ato hɔ.
• Ahyehyɛde: Nea wɔakyerɛw no a wɔhyehyɛ no nnidiso nnidiso na ntease wom.

Saa nneɛma yi mu pii bom ma yɛkyerɛw fɛfɛɛfɛ na emu da hɔ. Enti, ebia ɛbɛyɛ den ama obi a ɔwɔ dysgraphia wɔ eyinom mu biako anaa nea ɛboro saa ho. Ɛno nti na ɛtɔ mmere bi a ebetumi ayɛ den kakra sɛ wobehu tebea yi.

Mpɛn pii no, dysgraphia da adi bere a mmofra di kan fi ase kyerɛw nsɛm no. Wɔfrɛ eyi nkɔso mu dysgraphia . Ɛtɔ mmere bi nso a ebetumi aba bere a obi apira mpofirim, te sɛ ne ti a wapira akyi. Wɔfrɛ eyi sɛ acquired dysgraphia .

Saa tebea yi hyɛ "adesua mu ɔhaw pɔtee bi" mu - sɛ yɛbɛka no yiye a, "adesua mu ɔhaw pɔtee bi wɔ nkyerɛwee mu."

So dysgraphia yɛ dysgraphia fã?

Dabi, Dyslexia ne dysgraphia yɛ ntini mu tebea horow abien a ɛsono emu biara. Nanso, esiane sɛ sɛnkyerɛnne ahorow no bi yɛ pɛ na ɛtɔ mmere bi a tebea abien no tumi tra faako nti, nkurɔfo taa ma abien no yɛ basaa.

Dyslexia yɛ akenkan mu haw. Obi a ɔwɔ dyslexia gye bere tenten ansa na wakenkan, ɛyɛ den ma no sɛ obehu nsɛmfua, na ɔkenkan ade a ɛba fam sen sɛnea na ɔhwɛ kwan. Ebia ɛbɛyɛ den ama wɔn nso sɛ wɔbɛkyekyɛ nsɛmfua mu ayɛ no nnyigyei na wɔde nkyerɛwde abata nnyigyei ho.

Dysgraphia yɛ ɔhaw a ɛwɔ akyerɛw nhyehyɛe no mu. Ebetumi afi honam fam a ɛyɛ den wɔ nsaano nkyerɛwee mu so akosi ɔhaw a ɛyɛ den wɔ nhyehyɛe ne nsusuwii ahorow a wɔkyerɛw to hɔ so.

So Dysgraphia yɛ tebea a ɛma obi nya autism?

Dysgraphia nyɛ Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) no fã. Nanso, nnipa pii a wɔwɔ autism nso wɔ dysgraphia. Nanso, ebetumi aba sɛ obi benya dysgraphia a autism nnim.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) yɛ ntini mu nkɔso tebea a ɛfa:

• Nsakrae ne nsɛnnennen a ɛba wɔ asetra mu nkitahodi mu.
• Nkitahodi a ɛkɔ so wɔ ayɔnkofa mu.
• Suban, nneɛma a wɔn ani gye ho, anaa dwumadi ahorow a wɔabara, a wɔtaa yɛ no mpɛn pii.
• Nsɛm a ɛyɛ nkate.

Wubetumi ahu sɛnkyerɛnne ahorow te sɛ.

Henanom na wobetumi anya saa tebea yi? Ɛtaa ba dɛn?

Dysgraphia betumi aka mmofra ne mpanyimfo nyinaa. Te sɛ ntini mu nkɔso tebea pii no, dysgraphia abu so kakra wɔ mmarimaa mu.

Sɛ obi wɔ w’abusua mu wɔ yare no a, ɛda adi sɛ wubenya dysgraphia. Dysgraphia nso abu so wɔ mmofra a wɔwɔ autism spectrum disorder (ASD) ne/anaasɛ adwene a wɔde si biribi so dodo (ADHD) mu.

Dysgraphia yɛ tebea a abu so yiye. Nhwehwɛmufo bu akontaa sɛ ebia nnipa dodow no mu 5% kosi 20% na wɔwɔ tebea no. Nea enti a saa kwan yi sõ saa ne sɛ wɔtaa hu dysgraphia wɔ ɔkwan a ɛnteɛ so anaasɛ wohu no yiye sɛ tebea foforo.

Wobɛyɛ dɛn ahu sɛ wowɔ dysgraphia? Dɛn ne sɛnkyerɛnne ahorow no?

Obi a ɔwɔ dysgraphia betumi anya nsɛnnennen ahorow wɔ akyerɛw mu. Anwonwasɛm ne sɛ, ebia wɔbɛkasa a ɛnyɛ den na wɔakasa asen sɛnea wɔkyerɛw. Ebia wobenya ɔhaw ahorow wɔ nneɛma te sɛ:

• Nkyerɛwde a wontumi nhyehyɛ ne/anaasɛ nkyerɛw pefee.
• Font kɛse ne ntam kwan a ɛda nkyerɛwde ahorow ntam.
• Nkyerɛwde a wɔkyerɛw.
• Nneɛma a ɛma nipadua no yɛ adwuma yiye.
• Akyerɛw ahoɔhare.
• Kasa mmara.
• Susutwerɛ.

Akwan pɔtee bi a dysgraphia betumi afa so ada ne ho adi ni:

• Ɛyɛ den sɛ wobɛkyerɛw wɔ ɔkwan a ɛyɛ tẽẽ so.
• Ɛyɛ den sɛ wobɛkura adwinnade a wɔde kyerɛw (pɛnsil, kyerɛwdua) na woadi so yiye.
• Nkyerɛwde a wɔkyerɛw kɔ akyi (e.g. kyerɛw ‘d’ sen sɛ wɔbɛkyerɛw ‘b’).
• Ɛyɛ den sɛ wobɛkae sɛnea wɔhyehyɛ nkyerɛwde.
• Sɛ́ wontumi nte baabi a wɔde nkyerɛwde akɛse ne nkyerɛwde nketewa bedi dwuma no ase.
• Ɛyɛ den sɛ wode kasamufa ne kasamufa a ɛteɛ kyerɛw kasamu.
• Nsɛmfua a woyi fi kasamu ahorow mu.
• Nsɛmfua a wɔde hyehyɛ nnidiso nnidiso a ɛnteɛ wɔ kasamu mu.
• Adeyɛ ne edinnsiananmu a wɔde di dwuma wɔ ɔkwan a ɛnteɛ so.

Nea ɛho hia: Sɛ obi wɔ saa su ahorow yi mu biako anaa abien a, ɛnkyerɛ ankasa sɛ obi anya dysgraphia. Nanso, sɛ ɛyɛ den ma wo ba sɛ obesua mfitiase nimdeɛ a ehia na ama watumi akyerɛw wɔ ɔkwan a ɛfata ne mfe so a, ɛho hia sɛ woma wɔsɔ ne hwɛ hwɛ sɛ ebia ohia mmoa titiriw anaa.

Dɛn na ɛde dysgraphia ba?

Nyansahufo ne ntini ho animdefo da so ara nnim nea ɛde nkɔso mu dysgraphia ba ankasa. Sɛnea yɛadi kan aka ho asɛm no, akyerɛw yɛ adeyɛ a ɛyɛ den yiye. Ɛfa yɛn amemene no afã horow pii ho. Nanso, esiane sɛ ɛte sɛ nea tebea no kɔ so wɔ mmusua mu nti, ɛte sɛ nea awosu mu abusuabɔ bi wɔ hɔ.

Wobɛyɛ dɛn ahu no yiye sɛ wowɔ dysgraphia?

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM-5) no de dysgraphia ka "adesua mu dɛmdi pɔtee" kuw no ase, nanso ɛnkyerɛkyerɛ mu sɛ ɔhaw a ɛyɛ soronko. Ɛsan nso mfa gyinapɛn pɔtee bi a ɛbɛma wɔahu yare no mma. Eyi ma ɛyɛ den sɛ wobehu dysgraphia —nanso ɛnyɛ nea entumi nyɛ yiye.

Sɛnea ɛte wɔ dysgraphia ho no, wo ba no nhwehwɛmu a wɔbɛyɛ sɛ ɔwɔ dysgraphia no besusuw nea edidi so yi ho yiye:

• Abofra no ahoɔden ne ne mmerɛwyɛ wɔ adesua mu.
• Nhomasua ho abakɔsɛm.
• Sɛnea ɛyɛ den sɛ wɔbɛkyerɛw.
• Dɛn ne nsɛnnennen a ɛwɔ akyerɛw mu?
• Sɛnea nsiesie ne mmoa a wɔde wɔn ani asi so no aka abofra no mprempren nhomasua gyinabea.

Nnuruyɛfo betumi de aduruyɛ mu nhwehwɛmu ama sɛ obi anya dysgraphia. Ebia eyi bɛhwehwɛ sɛ wɔyɛ animdefo kuw bi, te sɛ:

• Adwuma mu ayaresa ho animdefo
• Apɔw-mu-teɛteɛ ho animdefo
• Ɔkasa ho ayaresa ho animdefo
• Ntini mu adwene ho animdefo

Wo ba no sukuu betumi de gyinapɛn ahorow adi dwuma de afata sɛ wɔde wɔn ho hyɛ mu ntɛm anaa nkyerɛkyerɛ titiriw nhyehyɛe ahorow.

Bere bɛn na ɛsɛ sɛ wɔyɛ abofra nhwehwɛmu sɛ ebia ɔwɔ dysgraphia anaa?

Mpɛn pii no ɛyɛ papa sɛ wubedi kan asɔ adesua mu nsonsonoe ahwɛ. Sɛ wohu dysgraphia ntɛm a, wo ba no betumi asua akyerɛw akwan foforo ntɛmntɛm. Ɛdenam sɛnea dysgraphia ka abofra so no, tebea no ho sɛnkyerɛnne betumi ada adi bere a wadi mfe 5 pɛ anaasɛ mpo wɔ mmofraase.

Bere a akyerɛw dodow a wɔkyerɛw wɔ sukuu mu no kɔ soro bere a yɛrenyin no, ɛho hia sɛ yehu dysgraphia ntɛm ara sɛnea yebetumi. Ɛho hia nso sɛ yɛkae sɛ ɛnka akyi dodo da sɛ wubehu yare no na woaboa.

Ebia wo ba sukuu bɛkamfo akyerɛ sɛ wɔnyɛ adesua mu dɛmdi ho ɔbenfo a ɔwɔ adansedi krataa no nhwehwɛmu. Bisa sukuu mpanyimfo no mmoa na ama woanya obi a wubetumi adu ne nkyɛn.

Nhwehwɛmu bɛn na wɔde hu sɛ obi anya dysgraphia?

Aduruyɛ mu nhwehwɛmu pɔtee biara nni hɔ a ɛho hia na ama wɔahu sɛ obi anya dysgraphia, na saa ara nso na bi nni hɔ mprempren. Mmom no, nnuruyɛfo gyina wo ba no akyerɛw mu nsɛnnennen ho nhwehwɛmu a edi mũ so na ehu yare no. Nhomasua ho abenfo nso yɛ nhwehwɛmu ahorow de kyerɛ sɛ obi fata sɛ ɔyɛ nhyehyɛe titiriw ahorow.

Nnuruyɛfo betumi de nhwehwɛmu ne nhwehwɛmu te sɛ eyinom adi dwuma bere a wɔreyɛ nhwehwɛmu no:

• Nsaano nkyerɛwee nhwehwɛmu a wɔahyɛ da ayɛ: Saa sɔhwɛ ahorow yi boa ma wosusuw sɛnea wo ba no kyerɛw ntɛmntɛm na emu da hɔ.
• Beery Developmental Test of Visuomotor Integration (VMI): Saa sɔhwɛ yi boa ma wɔhwehwɛ baabi a abofra betumi de aniwa (ahu) ne nipadua (nipadua mu kankyee) ho nimdeɛ a ɛho hia ma akyerɛw no abom akodu.

Esiane sɛ sɔhwɛ ahorow yi nsusuw dysgraphia afã horow nyinaa ho nti, wo ba no nhomasua kuw no bɛtaa de wɔn ho ato akwan foforo so de ahu dysgraphia. Wobetumi ayɛ nhwehwɛmu a emu dɔ kɛse a egyina wo ba ne nsonsonoe a ɛwɔ wɔn adesua mu so.

Ɔkwan bɛn so na wobedi dysgraphia ho dwuma?

Esiane sɛ dysgraphia wɔ sɛnkyerɛnne ahorow pii na ɛsono sɛnea ɛka obiara nti, ɔkwan a wɔfa so di dysgraphia ho dwuma no gu ahorow kɛse wɔ onipa biara mu.

Currently, there are no medications to treat dysgraphia. Mmom no, nkyerɛkyerɛ mu nneɛma a wɔde wɔn ho hyɛ mu betumi akyerɛkyerɛ akwan foforo a etu mpɔn a wɔfa so kyerɛw.

Mpɛn pii no, wobetumi akyekyɛ nhomasua mu nneɛma a wɔde wɔn ho hyɛ mu no mu ayɛ no saa gyinabea ahorow yi:

• Dabere: Eyi yɛ ɔsom adwuma a ɛma wo ba nya adesua titiriw no a ɔnsesa adesua nhyehyɛe no mu nsɛm. Sɛ yɛbɛka no tiawa a, ɛyɛ ɔsom adwuma a ɛboa wo ba ma osua ade a ɛnsakra adesua nhyehyɛe no. Sɛ nhwɛso no, wo ba a wobɛma no bere pii de akyerɛw, anaa kɔmputa a wode bedi dwuma sen sɛ wobɛkyerɛw.
• Nsakraeɛ: Wo ba no sukuu bɛsesa abofra no botaeɛ ne ne botaeɛ, na ɛde nnwuma bɛma de atew nkɛntɛnsoɔ a dysgraphia de ba no so. Sɛ nhwɛso no, wo ba a wobɛma no kwan ma watumi de ano abua nsɛmmisa sen sɛ ɔbɛkyerɛw mmuae wɔ sɔhwɛ ahorow mu.
• Nsiesiei: Wo ba no sukuu bɛma nneɛma pɔtee bi a wɔde wɔn ho bɛhyɛ mu de atew sɛnea wɔn dysgraphia no mu yɛ den no so. Eyi hwehwɛ sɛ wɔde apɔw-mu-teɛteɛ ne dwumadi ahorow titiriw bedi dwuma de ama wɔn akyerɛw ho nimdeɛ atu mpɔn.

Sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wo ba no benya nhomasua a ɛfata no, ɛho hia yiye sɛ wokamfo wo ba no na wo ne sukuu no bom yɛ adwuma.

So wobetumi asiw dysgraphia ano?

Nea ɛyɛ awerɛhow no, wontumi nsiw dysgraphia ano. Nanso, wobetumi adi ho dwuma denam akwan horow a wɔbɛfa so akyerɛw so.

Ɛho hia sɛ wohu yare no ntɛm – sɛ wo ba no reda dysgraphia ho sɛnkyerɛnne adi ntɛm a, wo ne wo ba no duruyɛfo nkasa. Sɛ wohu sɛ wo ba no anya dysgraphia a, wo ne sukuu no nyɛ adwuma na wɔnyɛ Ankorankoro Nhomasua Nhyehyɛe (IEP) .

Dɛn ne dysgraphia ho anidaso?

Sɛ wɔanhu dysgraphia a, ebetumi ayɛ den ama mmofra sɛ wobedi yiye wɔ sukuu mu. Akyerɛw yɛ adesua mu nimdeɛ a ɛho hia a ɛne adesua mu nkɔso nyinaa wɔ abusuabɔ.

Wɔtaa ka mmofra a wɔpere wɔ akyerɛw ho no din sɛ "wɔyɛ basabasa" anaa "ɔkwasea" sen sɛ wɔbɛkyerɛ sɛ wɔwɔ adesua mu dɛmdi. Ne saa nti, abofra a ɔwɔ dysgraphia betumi anya nsɛm a ɛfa obu a ɔwɔ ma ne ho na wate nka sɛ ɔnyɛ onyansafo. Mmoa pa a abofra adɔfo ne akyerɛkyerɛfo de ma no betumi aboa ma wadi akwanside ahorow yi so.

Dɛn na sɛ obi ne dysgraphia bɛtra ase?

Sɛ wowɔ dysgraphia a, ɛnkyerɛ sɛ ɛyɛ den ma wo sɛ wobɛkyerɛw kɛkɛ, na mmom ɛkyerɛ woƐnyɛ sɛ wuntumi nyɛ adwuma anaasɛ woyɛ ɔkwasea. Akwan a wobɛfa so aboa ma woadi dysgraphia ho dwuma no ho hia na ama woatumi asua ade na woakura obu a wowɔ ma wo ho no mu. Te ase sɛ sɛ wowɔ dysgraphia a, ɛnkyerɛ sɛ obi nni nyansa.

Ɔkwan bɛn so na wobɛboa abofra a ɔwɔ dysgraphia?

Kamfo wo ba no kyerɛ. Wo ne wo ba sukuu betumi abom ayɛ Ankorankoro Nhomasua Nhyehyɛe (IEP). Saa krataa yi kyerɛ akwanhwɛ ne adesua nhyehyɛe a wɔayɛ ama wo ba no wɔ sukuu mu.

Afei nso, wubetumi aboa ma wo ba no akyerɛw ho nimdeɛ atu mpɔn wɔ fie.

• Bɔ mmɔden sɛ wode mfiri a ɛma akyerɛw yɛ mmerɛw te sɛ pɛnsere kura mu bedi dwuma.
• Hwehwɛ app anaa software a ɛboa wɔ nsaano nkyerɛwee mu.
• Fa mfonini nhyehyɛe di dwuma de boa wɔ dwumadi ahorow a wɔkyerɛw mu.

Sɛ wo anaa wo ba no kyerɛkyerɛfo susuw sɛ wo ba no wɔ adesua mu dɛmdi te sɛ dysgraphia a, wubetumi anya mmoa. Dysgraphia yɛ ntini mu yare a wotumi di ho dwuma. Wo ne wo ba no oduruyɛfo, ɔkyerɛkyerɛfo, anaa sukuu sohwɛfo nkasa na hwehwɛ akwan a wobɛfa so aboa ma wo ba no akyerɛw ho nimdeɛ atu mpɔn.

Nneɛma a ɛho hia paa a ɛsɛ sɛ yɛkae (Take-Home Message) .

• Dysgraphia yɛ tebea ankasa, ɛnyɛ asɛm a ɛfa mfonoe anaa anigye a wonni ho. Ɛnyɛ sɛ abofra no hyɛ da mpɛ sɛ ɔbɛkyerɛw, na mmom ɛyɛ asɛnnennen ankasa ma wɔn ara kwa.
• Sɛ́ wobehu wɔn ntɛm na wɔaboa wɔn no ho hia yiye. Dodow a abofra nya mmoa a ohia ntɛm no, dodow no ara na obetumi de tebea yi asua ade yiye.
• Eyi ne abofra no nyansa nni abusuabɔ. Mmofra a wɔwɔ dysgraphia betumi anya nyansa kɛse. Wɔn akyerɛw a ɛyɛ den ma wɔn ara kwa.
• Wo ba hia wo dɔ, mmoa, ne ntease. Sɛ yɛhyɛ wɔn nkuran na yɛkyerɛ wɔn mmɔdenbɔ ho anisɔ a, ɛbɛboa kɛse ma wɔanya wɔn ho mu ahotoso.
• Hwehwɛ animdefo mmoa. Wubetumi asua akwan ne apɔw-mu-teɛteɛ a ɛfata wo ba no ho ade afi nnipa te sɛ adwuma mu ayaresa ho animdefo ne nhomasua ho abenfo hɔ.
• Wo ne sukuu no nyɛ adwuma yiye. Fa `IEP` so ma abofra no nneɛma a ɛho hia ne mmoa wɔ sukuu mu.

Ɛwom sɛ dysgraphia yɛ tebea a emu yɛ den de, nanso sɛ abofra boa ne akwan a ɛfata a, obetumi anya daakye a edi mu. Nea ɛho hia paa ne sɛ abofra no bɛte nka sɛ wowɔ hɔ ma wɔn.

` Dysgraphia, akyerɛw a ɛyɛ den, adesua mu dɛmdi, mmofra nhomasua, ntini mu nkɔso, nsaano nkyerɛwee, nhomasua mu mmoa