So wowɔ ɔfe a ɛnkɔ nna kakraa bi mu, anaasɛ wowɔ nsu mu yare ho sɛnkyerɛnne a ɛhaw wo? Ebia bere a wokɔɔ oduruyɛfo nkyɛn no, ɔkyerɛw wo sɔhwɛ bi a wɔfrɛ no ‘Gram Stain’. Ebia saa din yi bɛyɛ te sɛ nea ɛyɛ nwonwa kakra ma wo. Nanso nokwarem no, eyi yɛ sɔhwɛ a ɛho hia yiye, a wɔyɛ no ntɛmntɛm a wɔde hu ɔyare mmoawa a ɛwɔ yɛn nipadua mu. Enti, momma yɛnka eyi ho asɛm tiawa koraa, wɔ ɔkwan a wubetumi ate ase so.
Dɛn ne Gram Stain kɛkɛ?
Sɛ yɛbɛka no tiawa a, Gram stain yɛ sɔhwɛ a wɔyɛ wɔ lab. Ne titiriw no, ɛhwehwɛ mmoawa wɔ wo nipadua no fã bi a ɔyare mmoawa bi wɔ hɔ. Fa no sɛ wowɔ kuru bi a ɛretu. Afei wobetumi de saa kuru no mu nhwɛsode ketewaa bi amena ama wɔayɛ sɔhwɛ yi.
Mfaso kɛse biako a ɛwɔ sɔhwɛ yi so ne sɛ nea efi mu ba no yɛ nea wotumi hu ntɛmntɛm. Eyi ma oduruyɛfo no tumi hu ntɛm ara sɛ ebia wowɔ ɔyare mmoawa bi, na sɛ ɛte saa a, ɛyɛ ko a ɛyɛ. Eyi boa oduruyɛfo no ma onya nnuru a ɔde bɛma wo ho adwene titiriw.
Ɛnyɛ mmoawa a wɔwɔ yɛn nipadua mu nyinaa na wɔyɛ bɔne. Ebi yɛ mmoawa pa a wɔboa yɛn. Nanso mmoawa ahorow bi de nyarewa ne nyarewa ba yɛn so. Gram Stain sɔhwɛ no boa yɛn ma yehu mmoawa a wopira a wɔde saa nyarewa no ba no.
Dɛn ne saa asɛm yi a ɛfa Gram-positive ne Gram-negative ho?
Eyi ne Gram stain sɔhwɛ no fã a ɛho hia sen biara. Susuw mmoawa ho sɛ mmoawa nketenkete a wɔhyɛ ntade ahorow. Gram stain sɔhwɛ no hwehwɛ sɛ wɔde stain soronko ahorow pii gu mmoawa no so. Afei, egyina nsonsonoe a ɛwɔ mmoawa no nkwammoaa fasu mu so no, wɔpaapae kɔla abien.
1. Gram-positive bacteria: Wɔde ade a ɛyɛ den a wɔfrɛ no ``Peptidoglycan'' na ɛyɛ wɔn nkwammoaa afasu. Eyi nti na wɔdan kɔla kɔkɔɔ-blue bere a wɔde nkekae ayɛ wɔn no.
2. Gram-negative mmoawa: Eyinom wɔ nkwammoaa afasu a ɛyɛ tratraa, enti sɛ wɔde nkekae gu so a, ɛdan kɔla pink-kɔkɔɔ .
Adeɛ a ɛho hia sɛ yɛkae wɔ ha ne sɛ ‘papa’ ne ‘negative’ nkyerɛ ‘papa’ ne ‘bɔne’. Wɔyɛ nkyekyɛmu a egyina mmoawa no kɔla so ara kwa.
Afei ma yɛnhwɛ mmoawa ahorow titiriw a ɛka akuw abien yi ho ne nyarewa a wɔde ba no.
| Gram-positive mmoawa ne nyarewa a ɛfa ho | |
|---|---|
| Mmoawa ahorow | Ayaresa mu tebea horow a ebetumi aba |
| Staphylococcus ahorow a wɔfrɛ no Staphylococcus | Honam ani yare, ahurututu mu yare, aduan mu awuduru, MRSA yare |
| Streptococcus ahorow a wɔfrɛ no Streptococcus | Menewa mu nyarewa (Strep throat), ahurututu mu yare, meningitis |
| Listteria ahorow a wɔyɛ | Aduan mu awuduru |
| Clostridium ahorow a wɔfrɛ no Clostridium | Aduan mu awuduru, botulism, tetanus |
| Gram-negative mmoawa ne nyarewa a ɛbata ho | |
|---|---|
| Mmoawa ahorow | Ayaresa mu tebea horow a ebetumi aba |
| Escherichia coli (E. coli) a wɔfrɛ no aduru a wɔfrɛ no Escherichia coli (E. coli) . | Nsuo mu yareɛ (UTIs), aduane mu awuduru |
| Neisseria a ɛyɛ akisikuru | Gonorrhea (yare a wonya fi nna mu) . |
| Salmonella ahorow a wɔfrɛ no Salmonella | Aduan mu awuduru, typhoid atiridiinini |
| Klebsiella ahorow a wɔyɛ | Ahurututu mu yare, mogya mu yare, kuru mu yare |
Nsonsonoe bɛn na ɛda Gram stain ne bacteria culture ntam?
Ebia wo duruyɛfo taa kamfo kyerɛ sɛ monyɛ nhwehwɛmu abien yi nyinaa bom, nanso ɛsono nsɛm a wɔde ma no.
- Gram Stain: Eyi te sɛ mfonini a wotwa ntɛm ara. Ɛma wonya adwene a ɛkɔ akyiri ntɛm ara sɛ ebia mmoawa wɔ hɔ, sɛ ɛte saa a, sɛ ebia wɔyɛ Gram-positive anaa Gram-negative, ne sɛnea wɔn nsusuwii te (kurukuruwa anaasɛ ɛte sɛ poma).
- Mmoawa Amammerɛ: Eyi hwehwɛ sɛ wubenyin mmoawa a wɔwɔ wo nhwɛsode no mu wɔ ade titiriw bi mu wɔ aduruyɛdan mu. Ɛte sɛ nea worenyin afifide bi. Eyi betumi agye nna kakraa bi. Sɛ mmoawa no nyin yiye wie a, wubetumi ahu wɔn na woahu nnuru a ekum ɔyare mmoawa a ɛyɛ adwuma yiye ma wɔn.
Sɛ yɛbɛka no tiawa a, Gram stain ma yenya akwankyerɛ ntɛm, bere a mmoawa amammerɛ ma wonya si so dua a edi mũ sen biara .
Ɔkwan bɛn so na wɔyɛ Gram Stain sɔhwɛ no?
Wobetumi akyekyɛ saa adeyɛ yi mu ayɛ no anammɔn atitiriw abiɛsa.
1. Nhwɛsode no a wɔbɛboaboa ano
Ɔkwan a wobɛfa so agye nhwɛsode no bɛsono a egyina baabi a wususuw sɛ wowɔ ɔyare no so.
- Sɛ wɔde aduru a wɔde hyɛ nipadua mu di dwuma: Wobetumi de kotoku afi mmeae te sɛ menewa, hwene mu ntokuru, honam ani akuru, ne awotwaa mu mmeae a wɔde kotoku ayɛ.
- Nsuo a wɔboaboa ano: Wubetumi aboaboa nsuo te sɛ nsuo, nsuo, ne nsuo ano wɔ ade a ɛho tew mu.
- Fine-needle aspiration: Wɔde saa kwan yi di dwuma de nya nsu fi nipadua no mu, sɛ nhwɛso no, efi nkwaa mu, ahurututu no ho, anaa koma no ho.
2. Nea ɛkɔ so wɔ lab no mu
Sɛ wo nhwɛsode no du aduruyɛdan mu a, aduruyɛdan mu nyansahufo bi bɛtrɛw mu teateaa wɔ ahwehwɛ a wɔde twetwe nneɛma so. Afei, wɔde nnuru soronko anan a yɛadi kan aka ho asɛm no bɛka ho na wɔahohoro ho.
3. Sɛ wode afiri a wɔde hwɛ nneɛma nketenkete hwɛ
Awiei koraa no, wɔde afiri a wɔde hwɛ nneɛma nketenkete hwehwɛ saa slide a wɔasiesie yi mu. Eyi ne bere a yɛhwɛ sɛ ebia mmoawa wɔ hɔ, wɔn kɔla (kɔla kɔkɔɔ/blue anaa pink/kɔkɔɔ), wɔn nsusuwii (kurukuruwa (cocci) anaasɛ poma (bacilli)), ne sɛnea wɔaboaboa wɔn ano (wɔn nkutoo, abien abien, anaasɛ akuwakuw).
Dɛn na nhwehwɛmu amanneɛbɔ no ka?
Ebia nneɛma atitiriw abien na ebefi mu aba wɔ wo sɔhwɛ amanneɛbɔ no mu.
- Negative Gram stain (No organism seen): Eyi kyerɛ sɛ wɔanhu mmoawa biara wɔ slide no so. Nanso, ɛtɔ mmere bi a eyi betumi aba bere a mmoawa kakraa bi pɛ na wɔwɔ hɔ no. Enti ebia ɛsɛ sɛ wotwɛn amammerɛ ho amanneɛbɔ no.
- Positive Gram stain: Eyi kyerɛ sɛ na mmoawa wɔ wo nhwɛsode no mu. Amanneɛbɔ no betumi de nsɛm a ɛkɔ akyiri te sɛ:
- Mmoawa su: Gram-positive anaa Gram-negative?
- Mmoawa no nsusuwii: `cocci` (kurukuruwa) anaa `bacilli` (abaa)?
- Nkwammoaa afoforo: Wobetumi ahyɛ no nsow nso sɛ ebia nkwammoaa afoforo wɔ hɔ, te sɛ mogya mu nkwammoaa fitaa (a ɛyɛ ɔyare mmoawa ho sɛnkyerɛnne).
Sɛ oduruyɛfo no boaboa nsɛm yi nyinaa ano na ɔde toto wo yare no ho sɛnkyerɛnne ho a, obefi ayaresa a etu mpɔn sen biara ase ama wo.
Nkrasɛm a Wɔde Kɔ Fie
- Gram Stain yɛ sɔhwɛ a wɔyɛ no ntɛm na ɛyɛ mfitiasede a wɔde hu ɔyare mmoawa a wɔde nyarewa ba.
- Eyi tetew mmoawa mu yɛ wɔn akuw atitiriw abien (Gram-positive - purple/blue ne Gram-negative - pink/red).
- Saa nsɛm yi bɛboa wo duruyɛfo no ma wafi ase ayɛ ayaresa a ɛfata ntɛm ara sɛnea obetumi .
- Sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ na wɔahu yare no yiye no, wɔtaa yɛ Gram stain nhwehwɛmu ka bacterial culture test ho .
- Sɛ wowɔ nea ɛhaw wo wɔ wo nhwehwɛmu no mu aba ho a, nsuro da sɛ wo ne wo duruyɛfo besusuw ho pefee .
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