So woahyɛ no nsow pɛn sɛ akisikuru bi a ɛwɔ wo honam ani ayɛ kɛse na ne kɔla asesa? Anaasɛ mpofirim ara woahu baabi foforo a ɛyɛ sum a na enni hɔ da? Mpɛn pii no, eyinom yɛ mmeae a ɛfata ara kwa. Nanso, wɔ nsɛm a ɛntaa nsi mu no, nsakrae nketenkete yi betumi ayɛ yare a ɛyɛ hu a ɛnsɛ sɛ yebu yɛn ani gu so ho sɛnkyerɛnne a edi kan. Ɛno nti na ɛnnɛ yɛrebɛka asɛmti bi a ɛho hia paa ho asɛm. Ɛno ne melanoma, honam ani kokoram bi. Nsuro sɛ wote saa din yi a. Sɛ wɔka eyi ho asɛm kyerɛ yɛn yiye a, yebetumi abɔ yɛn ho ban afi ho na yɛahu no ntɛm na yɛadi ho dwuma.
Sɛ yɛbɛka no tiawa a, dɛn ne melanoma?
Wobu melanoma sɛ honam ani kokoram a ɛyɛ hu na emu yɛ den sen biara . Ɛkyerɛ "akisikuru tuntum." Saa kokoram yi fi nkwammoaa a wɔfrɛ no melanocytes, a ɛno ne nkwammoaa a ɛma yɛn honam ani kɔla kɔla no mu. Saa nkwammoaa yi yɛ aduru bi a wɔfrɛ no melanin. Ɛyɛ saa melanin aduru yi na ɛkyerɛ yɛn honam ani, yɛn ti nhwi, ne yɛn aniwa kɔla.
Melanoma taa yɛ tuntum anaa bruu, nanso ɛtɔ mmere bi a ebetumi ayɛ pink, kɔkɔɔ, kɔkɔɔ, anaa mpo honam ani kɔla.
Susuw ho hwɛ, bɛyɛ 30% melanoma fi awo agyiraehyɛde bi a yɛwɔ dedaw wɔ yɛn nipadua so. Ɛno kyerɛ sɛ awo agyiraehyɛde dan kokoram. Nanso nea ɛyɛ hu kɛse mpo ne sɛ melanoma 70% fi mole foforo a ɛwɔ honam ani a ɛteɛ a enni awo agyiraehyɛde biara da mu. Ɛno nti na ɛsɛ sɛ yɛhwɛ yiye kɛse wɔ nwansena foforo a ɛwɔ yɛn nipadua so no ho.
Saa kokoram yi tumi nyin ntɛmntɛm yiye na ɛtrɛw kɔ nipadua no afã afoforo (metastasis). Enti, sɛ wohu ntɛm a, ebetumi ayɛ nsonsonoe a ɛda nkwa ne owu ntam. Nanso asɛmpa no ne sɛ sɛ wohu ntɛm a, wobetumi asa no yare wɔ 99% mu .
Melanoma abu so dɛn? Hena na ɔwɔ asiane mu kɛse?
Ɛwom sɛ melanoma yɛ honam ani kokoram a wɔbɔ ho amanneɛ wɔ wiase nyinaa no mu 1% pɛ de, nanso ɛno na ɛma nnipa dodow a wowuwu wɔ honam ani kokoram mu sen biara. Ɛtaa ba mmerante ne mmabaa a wonnii mfe 30 mu titiriw, na ɛtaa ba mmabaa mu .
Nnipa dodow a wɔanya melanoma no akɔ soro kɛse wɔ wiase nyinaa wɔ mfe 30 a atwam no mu. Wɔahu nea enti titiriw a ɛte saa ne mframa a ano yɛ den (UV) a efi owia mu a ɛkɔ soro. Esiane sɛ yɛte ɔman a owia hann a ano yɛ den te sɛ yɛn de no mu nti, ɛsɛ sɛ yesusuw eyi ho mprenu.
Melanoma betumi aba wo nipadua no baabiara. Ebetumi anya nkɔso wɔ aniwa no mu anaasɛ akwaa a ɛwɔ nipadua no mu mpo so. Mmarima taa nya bi wɔ wɔn moma so, wɔn yafunu, ne wɔn akyi atifi (akyi), bere a mmea taa nya bi wɔ wɔn nan so.
Ɔkwan bɛn so na wobetumi ahu melanoma? Kae "ABCDE" mmara no!
Sɛnea yɛadi kan aka no, ɛho hia yiye sɛ wuhu eyi ntɛm. Ɔkwan a ɛyɛ mmerɛw yiye wɔ hɔ a wobɛfa so aboa yɛn wɔ saa asɛm no mu. Wɔfrɛ no "ABCDE" mmara . Hwɛ bere nyinaa sɛ ebia akisikuru anaa awo agyiraehyɛde biara a ɛwɔ wo honam ani no da saa su ahorow yi adi anaa.
| Lɛtɛ | Kyerɛ | Nea ɛsɛ sɛ wohwɛ yiye wɔ ho |
|---|---|---|
| A - a woagye atom | Asymmetry a ɛnyɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ | Sɛ wokyekyɛ beae no mu abien a, ɔfã biako ne ɔfã foforo no nyɛ pɛ. Nsusuwii no yɛ nwonwa. |
| B - Ɔhyeɛ | Ntweaso | Mole no ano nyɛ nea ɛda adi pefee. Ɛyɛ den, ɛyɛ abon, anaasɛ ɛte sɛ nea ɛkɔ mu wɔ mmeae bi. |
| C - Kɔla | Ahosuo | Nsõ no nyɛ kɔla koro wɔ ne nyinaa mu. Ɛte sɛ kɔla ahorow te sɛ bruu, tuntum, fitaa, kɔkɔɔ, ne fitaa a wɔadi afra. |
| D - Nkyem | Ntrɛwmu | Beae no trɛw boro milimita 6 (bɛyɛ sɛ nea wɔde popa nneɛma a ɛwɔ pɛnsere fã foforo no kɛse). |
| E - a edane | Sesa | Bere kɔ so no, mole no kɛse, ne nsusuwii, anaa ne kɔla sesa. Eyi fa nwansena a wɔpue foforo nso ho. |
Nea ɛho hia sen biara no, melanoma ahorow bi mfata "ABCDE" mmara yi. Enti, sɛ wuhu kuru bi a ɛnsa, akisikuru bi a ɛyɛ soronko, anaa nsakrae biara a ɛba wo honam ani anaa awo agyiraehyɛde bi a, ka kyerɛ wo duruyɛfo ntɛm ara.
Ade foforo nso ne "Ugly Duckling Sign." Ɛne sɛ, sɛ wowɔ nsensanee bi wɔ wo nipadua so a ɛyɛ soronko wɔ nsensanee afoforo a ɛwɔ wo nipadua so nyinaa ho, ɛte sɛ nea wɔatwa, na ɛma wususuw sɛ, "Eyi yɛ soronko wɔ afoforo no ho a," ɛho hia yiye sɛ wobɛkyerɛ saa akyerɛ oduruyɛfo.
Dɛn nti na melanoma nya nkɔso? Dɛn ne nneɛma a ɛde asiane ba?
Abenfo dodow no ara gye tom sɛ ade titiriw a ɛde melanoma ba ne owia a wɔde di dwuma dodo , titiriw wɔ abofra mu, kosii sɛ owia bɛhyew ne akisikuru. Amanneɛbɔ kyerɛ no, melanoma 86% fi owia UV mframa.
Sɛ yɛbɛka no tiawa a, UV mframa betumi asɛe DNA a ɛwɔ yɛn honam ani nkwammoaa mu no. Kokoram ba bere a nkwammoaa a DNA asɛe yi fi ase mu paapae no. Wiase Nyinaa Akwahosan Ahyehyɛde no nso akyerɛ sɛ UV mframa a efi mpa a wɔde yɛ honam ani hwɛbea mu no yɛ ade a ɛde kokoram ba.
Ɛwom sɛ obiara betumi anya melanoma de, nanso nnipa a wodi so yi wɔ asiane kɛse mu:
- Wɔn a wɔadi kan anya melanoma no fam.
- Sɛ obi a ɔwɔ abusua no mu (ɛna, agya, anuanom) anya melanoma a.
- Wɔn a wɔn honam ani yɛ fitaa yiye, wɔn ti nhwi yɛ bruu anaa kɔkɔɔ, na wɔn aniwa yɛ bruu no fam no .
- Wɔn a wɔde wɔn ho hyɛ owia mu dodo, titiriw wɔn a owia hyew wɔn no fam.
- Wɔn a wɔte bɛn equator anaa mmeae a ɛkorɔn (wɔde wɔn ho hyɛ UV mframa mu kɛse) fam.
- Wɔ nnipa a awo agyiraehyɛde pii wɔ wɔn nipadua so fam, titiriw wɔn a wɔn nsusuwii yɛ soronko (atypical).
- Wɔ wɔn a wɔn nipadua mu tumi a ɛko tia nyarewa no ayɛ mmerɛw (e.g., wɔn a wɔde wɔn akwaa foforo ama wɔn).
Nea ɛho hia: Melanoma taa ba nnipa a wɔn honam ani yɛ fitaa so, nanso ebetumi aba nnipa a wɔn honam ani yɛ tuntum nso so. Melanoma taa ba nnipa a wɔn honam ani yɛ tuntum wɔ wɔn nsateaa, wɔn nan ase, ne wɔn nnadewa so no so. Enti hwɛ yiye wɔ mmeae yi nso.
Ɔkwan bɛn so na oduruyɛfo hu sɛ obi anya melanoma?
Sɛ wowɔ akisikuru a ɛyɛ adwenem naayɛ a, wo duruyɛfo bedi kan ahwɛ mu yiye. Afei, sɛ ɛho hia sɛ wosi adwenem naayɛ no so dua bio a, wɔbɛfa oprehyɛn ketewaa bi so ayi akisikuru no fã bi anaa ne nyinaa na wɔde akɔma afiri a wɔde yɛ nhwehwɛmu akɔyɛ nhwehwɛmu. Wɔfrɛ eyi biopsy . Eyi ne ɔkwan a wɔfa so hwɛ no wɔ afiri a wɔde hwɛ nneɛma nketenkete mu hwɛ sɛ ebia kokoram nkwammoaa wɔ mu anaa.
Sɛ biopsy no si so dua sɛ ɛyɛ melanoma a, ade a edi hɔ a ɛsɛ sɛ wɔyɛ ne sɛ wobehu baabi a kokoram no atrɛw akodu ne baabi a akɔ akyiri. Wɔfrɛ eyi sɛ staging . Eyi ho hia yiye ma ayaresa ho nhyehyɛe. Kokoram no mu duru ne ade a ɛho hia sen biara a ɛbɛma wɔahu nea ebefi mu aba.
Wɔakyekyɛ melanoma afã atitiriw no mu sɛnea edidi so yi:
| Kokoram Tebea | Nkyerɛkyerɛmu a ɛnyɛ den |
|---|---|
| Ɔfã 0 | Kokoram no wɔ honam ani fã a ɛwɔ soro (epidermis) nkutoo. Ɛntrɛwee. |
| Ɔfã I | Kokoram a asiane nnim. Adanse biara nni hɔ a ɛkyerɛ sɛ ɛtrɛwee. Wobetumi de oprehyɛn asa no yare koraa. |
| Ɔfã II | Asiane a ɛwɔ hɔ sɛ ɛbɛsan aba bio no yɛ kɛse kakra, nanso adanse biara nni hɔ a ɛkyerɛ sɛ ɛtrɛw de besi nnɛ. |
| Ɔfã III | Kokoram no atrɛw akɔ ntini a ɛbɛn anaa honam ani a atwa ho ahyia no mu. |
| Ɔfã IV | Kokoram no atrɛw akɔ ntini a ɛwɔ akyirikyiri, honam ani, anaa akwaa a ɛwɔ nipadua no mu (ahurututu, mmerɛbo, amemene). |
Sɔhwɛ ahorow bɛn na wɔyɛ de hu hokwan a ɛwɔ hɔ?
Ebia nnuruyɛfo bɛkamfo akyerɛ sɛ wɔnyɛ nhwehwɛmu pii bio na ama wɔahu sɛ ebia kokoram no atrɛw anaa.
- Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy: Sɔhwɛ titiriw bi a wɔde hwɛ sɛ kokoram no atrɛw akɔ ntini a ɛma mogya tu no mu anaa.
- CT scan (Kɔmputa so Tomography - CT mfonini): .Hwɛ sɛ kokoram wɔ nipadua no mu akwaa ahorow mu anaa.
- MRI scan (Magnetic Resonance Imaging - MRI scan): Sɛ wɔbɛhwɛ sɛ kokoram akisikuru wɔ amemene anaa akyi berɛmo mu anaa.
- PET scan (Positron Emission Tomography - PET scan): Sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wobɛhwɛ sɛ kokoram no atrɛw akɔ nipadua no afã horow a ɛwɔ akyirikyiri anaa.
- Mogya mu nhwehwɛmu: Sɛ wosusuw nneɛma bi a ɛwɔ mogya no mu (e.g. LDH - Lactate Dehydrogenase) a, ebetumi ama woanya adwene wɔ kokoram no tebea ho.
Dɛn ne ayaresa ahorow a wɔde sa melanoma?
Ayaresa a wubenya no begyina baabi a wo kokoram no wɔ ne w’akwahosan nyinaa so.
Ayaresa titiriw a wɔyɛ wɔ mfiase no ne sɛ wobeyi kokoram no afi hɔ koraa denam oprehyɛn so. Eyi hwehwɛ sɛ wotwitwa baabi a kokoram wɔ no ne honam ani fã ketewaa bi a ahoɔden wom a atwa ho ahyia no. Mpɛn pii no, eyi yɛ adeyɛ a ɛnyɛ den a wobetumi ayɛ wɔ honam ani yare ho oduruyɛfo adwumayɛbea wɔ aduru a wɔde kum nipadua no mu.
Wɔ nsɛm a emu yɛ den a kokoram no atrɛw mu no, ebia ayaresa afoforo ho behia de aka oprehyɛn ho.
- Lymphadenectomy: Sɛ kokoram no atrɛw akɔ ntini a ɛma mogya tu no mu a, wɔyɛ oprehyɛn yi saa ntini ahorow no fi hɔ.
- Kokoram ayaresa a wɔde wɔn ani asi so: Nnuru titiriw a wɔde di dwuma a ɛtow hyɛ kokoram nkwammoaa nkutoo so. Eyinom nsɛe nkwammoaa a wɔwɔ apɔwmuden.
- Radiation Therapy: Wɔde mframa a ahoɔden kɛse wom sɛe kokoram nkwammoaa.
- Nkwammoaa a ɛko tia nyarewa: Yɛn nipadua no ankasa nipadua mu ahoɔden a ɛko tia nyarewa a ɛkanyan ma ɛko tia kokoram.
Ɔkwan bɛn so na wobɛbɔ wo ho ban afi melanoma ho?
Eyi ne ɔfã a ɛho hia sen biara. Nneɛma pii wɔ hɔ a yebetumi ayɛ de abɔ yɛn ho ban afi kokoram a ɛyɛ hu yi ho.
- Kwati owia hann a ano yɛ den, titiriw wɔ anɔpa 10 kosi awia 4 ntam, na tra sunsuma mu sɛnea wubetumi.
- Fa aduru a ɛbɔ wo ho ban fi owia ho gu so. Fa aduru a ɛbɔ wo ho ban fi owia ho a ɛtrɛw (ɛbɔ ho ban fi UVA ne UVB nyinaa ho) a SPF yɛ 30 anaa nea ɛboro saa di dwuma bere biara a wobɛkɔ abɔnten, da a mununkum wɔ hɔ mpo. San fa gu so nnɔnhwerew 1.5 biara. Sɛ wo ho fifiri anaasɛ woreguare a, san fa gu so mpɛn pii mpo.
- Hyɛ ntade a ɛbɔ wo ho ban. Hyɛ kyɛw a ɛtrɛw, ahwehwɛ a wɔde hwɛ owia, ntade a nsa tenten, ne pantalon atenten.
- Kwati mpa a wobɛma wo honam ani hwɛbea koraa.
- Fa anofafa aduru a ɛwɔ aduru a ɛbɔ wo ho ban fi owia ho di dwuma ma w’ano nso.
- Fa aduru a wɔde siw owia ano gu mmofra a wɔadi boro asram 6 so.
Nkrasɛm a Wɔde Kɔ Fie
- Melanoma yɛ honam ani kokoram a ɛyɛ hu sen biara, nanso sɛ wohu ntɛm a, wotumi sa no 99%.
- Hwɛ wo honam ani daa. Hu nsakrae biara a ɛbɛba wɔ mole anaa mole foforo kɛse, ne nsusuwii, anaa ne kɔla mu . Kae "ABCDE" mmara no.
- Ɔkwan a eye sen biara a wobɛfa so asiw melanoma ano ne sɛ wobɛbɔ wo ho ban afi owia hann a ano yɛ den no ho. Fa aduru a ɛbɔ wo ho ban fi owia ho di dwuma da biara.
- Sɛ wuhu nsakrae bi a ɛyɛ adwenem naayɛ wɔ wo honam ani a, mmu w’ani ngu so. Mma wo ho nnyɛ wo hu. Hwɛ w’abusua oduruyɛfo ntɛm ara sɛnea wubetumi na kɔhwɛ hɔ. Sɛ wohu ntɛm a, ɛno ne ahobammɔ a eye sen biara.
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