So yebesua kokoam nhyehyɛe (opsonization) a ɛkyere nipadua no atamfo no ho ade?

So woasusuw sɛnea ɔko kɛse rekɔ so wɔ yɛn nipadua mu bere nyinaa no ho pɛn? Mmoawa a efi abɔnten, ɔyare mmoawa te sɛ mmoawa, kokoram nkwammoaa a ɛkɔ nipadua no mu, anaa yɛn ankasa nkwammoaa a ɛbɔ akwakoraa ne mmerewa na ewuwu... Yɛn nyinaa wɔ ahobammɔ nhyehyɛe kɛse bi a ɛbɔ yɛn nipadua ho ban fi eyinom nyinaa ho. Yɛfrɛ eyi sɛ nipadua no mu tumi a ɛko tia nyarewa. Ɛte sɛ asraafo dɔm a wɔbɔ yɛn man ho ban. Nanso ɛbɛyɛ dɛn na asraafo dɔm yi ahu onii a ɔyɛ ɔtamfo ne nea ɔyɛ adamfo? Ɛnnɛ yɛrebɛka adeyɛ bi a ɛyɛ nwonwa paa, ɛyɛ den kakra, nanso ɛho hia paa a ɛboa wɔ saa asɛm no mu ho asɛm.

Dɛn ne Opsonization? Momma yɛnte ase tiawa.

Ebia asɛmfua yi bɛyɛ te sɛ nea ɛyɛ den kakra, nanso adwene no yɛ mmerɛw koraa. Sɛ yɛbɛka no tiawa a, opsonization yɛ adeyɛ a yɛn nipadua mu tumi a ɛko tia nyarewa no "hyɛ agyirae" na ɛkyere nneɛma a epira yɛn, te sɛ mmoawa anaa nkwammoaa a asɛe.

Wo de susuw eyi ho hwɛ. Owifo bi aguan na ɔde ne ho ahintaw wo fie. Polisifo no ba bɛhwehwɛ no, nanso ɛyɛ den sɛ wobehu no. Nanso sɛ obi ba bɛbɔ sticker a ɛhyerɛn bɔ owifo no ntade so nso ɛ? Afei ɛnyɛ den sɛ polisifo betumi ahu owifo no na wɔakyere no wɔ sum mu mpo. Saa na ɛba wɔ saa adeyɛ a wɔfrɛ no opsonization yi mu. Protein soronko bi bata mmoawa ne nkwammoaa a yɛmpɛ a yɛn nipadua mu nkwammoaa a ɛbɔ yɛn ho ban no ntumi nhu ntɛm no ho. Te sɛ saa sticker a ɛhyerɛn no ara pɛ. Afei yɛn defense cells no ba bɛhwɛ saa nneɛma a "wɔahyɛ no agyirae" yi, kyere na wɔsɛe wɔn.

Asɛmfua no fi Hela asɛmfua a ɛkyerɛ "sɛ wɔbɛma ayɛ dɛ" mu. Sɛnea yɛma aduan yɛ dɛ na yɛpɛ sɛ yedi no, saa ara na saa adeyɛ yi hyɛ yɛn nipadua mu nkwammoaa a ɛko tia nyarewa no agyirae wɔ ɔkwan bi so a ɛma wɔpɛ sɛ "wodi" mmoawa.

Enti henanom ne saa "markers" a wɔfrɛ wɔn Opsonins yi?

Wokae saa "shiny stickers" a yɛdii kan kaa ho asɛm no? Saa sticker ahorow no ne nea yɛfrɛ no opsonins wɔ nnuruyɛ mu. Eyinom yɛ protein soronko a ɛsensɛn yɛn mogya ne yɛn ntini mu a ɛnyɛ hwee. Sɛ nipadua no mu tumi a ɛko tia nyarewa no yɛ adwuma a, ɛyɛ adwuma na ɛbata saa mmoawa anaa nkwammoaa a wɔmpɛ no ani.

Wɔsan frɛ saa opsonins yi "bridging molecules" efisɛ ɛyɛ bridge wɔ ɔyare mmoawa no ne nipadua mu nkwammoaa a ɛko tia nyarewa a ɛba sɛe no ntam. Saa bridge yi ma ɛnyɛ den sɛ nipadua no mu nkwammoaa a ɛko tia nyarewa no tumi kyere ɔyare mmoawa no na ɛkata so.

Dɛn na asɛmfua kɛse Phagocytosis kyerɛ?

Phagocytosis yɛ asɛmfua a wɔde kyerɛ "nkwaboaa mene biribi na wɔsɛe no." Sɛ yɛbɛka no tiawa a, ɛyɛ "nkwaboaa a ɛkata so." Nkwammoaa a ɛbɔ yɛn ho ban wɔ yɛn nipadua mu no bi te sɛ lɔre a wɔde nwura gu mu no kata nneɛma a yɛmpɛ, meme, ɛyam, na ɛsɛe. Yɛfrɛ eyinom "mene" nkwammoaaWɔfrɛ no phagocytes.

Dɛn na saa phagocytic nkwammoaa yi we?

• Mmoawa: Ɔba biara a ofi abɔnten, te sɛ mmoawa, mmoawa, fungi.
• Nkwammoaa a wɔanya ɔyare no: Yɛn ankasa nkwammoaa a ɔyare mmoawa bi asɛe no.
• Nkwammoaa a awuwu anaasɛ anyin: Nkwammoaa a adu wɔn nkwa nna awiei na mfaso nni so bio.
• Kokoram nkwammoaa: Nkwammoaa a enyin wɔ ɔkwan a ɛnteɛ so na ɛsɛe nipadua no.
• Nkwammoaa asinasin: Afã nketenkete a ɛka bere a nkwammoaa wuwu no.

Nsɛm pii wɔ hɔ a "agyiraehyɛde" a wɔfrɛ no opsonization ho hia na ama saa aduan a wɔde di dwuma yi atumi akɔ so yiye.

Ɔkwan bɛn so na saa phagocytes yi yɛ adwuma?

Saa nkwammoaa a ɛma aduan yi te sɛ robɔt nketewa. Wɔwɔ nsɛnkyerɛnne nhyehyɛe ahorow wɔ yɛn nipadua mu a ɛkyerɛ wɔn nea wɔpɛ sɛ wɔmene ne nea ɛnsɛ sɛ wɔmene. Momma yɛnte saa nsɛnkyerɛnne ahorow yi ase kɛkɛ wɔ pon te sɛ eyi so.

Opsonin ahorow bɛn na ɛwɔ hɔ?

Yɛn nipadua de opsonin ahorow di dwuma de hu atamfo ahorow. Nhwɛso atitiriw no bi ni:

• Nkwammoaa a ɛko tia nyarewa: Eyinom ne yɛn nipadua mu tumi a ɛko tia nyarewa no asraafo a wɔyɛ asraafo titiriw. Sɛ ɔyare mmoawa (antigen) bi a na wɔadi kan ahu no san ba a, wɔde wɔn ho bata ɔyare mmoawa no ho, te sɛ nea safe bi hyɛ ɔpon mu. Sɛ ɛbata ho wie a, antibody no nso yɛ adwuma sɛ opsonin. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) ne Immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies titiriw yɛ adwuma yi yiye.
• Nneɛma a ɛka ho: Eyi yɛ protein ahorow a wɔaboaboa ano a ɛboa yɛn nipadua mu tumi a ɛko tia nyarewa no ma ɛyɛ adwuma bom. Sɛ wɔma nhyehyɛe yi yɛ adwuma a, protein ahorow a ɛyɛ no bi (sɛ nhwɛso no, C3b ne C4b ) kɔ na ɛbata mmoawa no ani. Eyinom yɛ adwuma sɛ opsonin ahorow a tumi wom yiye.
• Opsonins a ɛkyekyere phosphatidylserine: Saa din yi yɛ nea ɛyɛ den kakra. Sɛ yɛbɛka no tiawa a, ɛte sɛ eyi. Sɛ nkwammoaa bi reyɛ awu (apoptosis) a, molecule bi a ɛwɔ ne nkwammoaa mu ntini mu no fi adi. Eyi ne "di-me" sɛnkyerɛnne a yɛadi kan aka ho asɛm no. Eyi yɛ opsonin soronko bi a ɛkyekyere saa sɛnkyerɛnne no.
• Opsonin afoforo: Eyinom akyi no, protein afoforo dodow bi wɔ hɔ a ɛyɛ adwuma sɛ opsonin. Sɛ nhwɛso no, fibronectin ne lectin a ɛkyekyere mannose.

Dɛn nti na opsonization ho hia?

Saa adeyɛ yi ho hia yiye ma yɛn nkwa. Nneɛma atitiriw abien nti na ɛte saa.

1. Kye mmoawa a wɔyɛ anifere: Mmoawa binom yɛ ade a ɛyɛ den a ɛte sɛ aduru a wɔde kata wɔn ho. Eyi ma ɛyɛ den ma yɛn phagocytes sɛ wɔbɛkyere na wɔamene. Wɔtwetwe kɔ te sɛ samina a wɔde ahyɛ mu. Nanso sɛ opsonins (titiriw C3b ne antibodies) ba na ɛbata saa capsule yi ani a, phagocytes no nya "nsa" a wobetumi agye. Afei ɛnyɛ den sɛ wɔbɛmene wɔn na wɔasɛe wɔn.

2. Ma wo nipadua ho ntew: Nkwammoaa ɔpepepem pii wuwu na foforo ba yɛn nipadua mu da biara. Sɛ saa nkwammoaa a awu yi kɔ so te saa a, ebetumi aporɔw na ayɛ awuduru ama nipadua no, na ɛde nyarewa ahorow aba. Esiane opsonization nhyehyɛe nti, saa nkwammoaa a ɛrewuwu yi "wɔhyɛ no agyirae", na phagocytic nkwammoaa ba na woyi fi hɔ ntɛmntɛm. Enti, eyi boa kɛse ma yɛn nipadua no nya apɔwmuden na ɛho tew.

Sɛ biribi ankɔ yiye wɔ saa adeyɛ yi mu a, dɛn na ɛba?

Sɛnea ɛte wɔ nhyehyɛe biara ho no, saa opsonization nhyehyɛe yi betumi asɛe. Awosu mu nyarewa, nea nnuru bi de ba, anaa nneɛma afoforo betumi asɛe nhyehyɛe yi dwumadi. Afei ɔhaw ahorow atitiriw abien betumi asɔre.

• Nneɛma a epira a wontumi nsɛe no: Sɛ wɔantumi anyɛ opsonins yiye, anaasɛ phagocytes ntumi nhu a, mmoawa, nkwammoaa a asɛe, ne kokoram nkwammoaa fi ase boaboa wɔn ho ano wɔ nipadua no mu. Eyi betumi ama obi anya nyarewa a wɔtaa nya, a emu yɛ den na asiane a ɛwɔ hɔ sɛ obenya kokoram no akɔ soro .

• Nneɛma a ɛnsɛ sɛ wɔsɛe no: Ɛtɔ mmere bi a, esiane mfomso bi a ɛwɔ nhyehyɛe yi mu nti, opsonins fi ase bata yɛn ankasa nkwammoaa a ɛte apɔw no ani. Afei, phagocytic nkwammoaa ba bɛsɛe saa nkwammoaa a ɛte apɔw no, a wosusuw sɛ wɔyɛ “atamfo.” Yɛfrɛ tebea yi sɛ autoimmune disorders . Sɛ nhwɛso no, nyarewa te sɛ lupus . Nhwehwɛmu ada no adi sɛ mfomso a ɛba wɔ saa adeyɛ yi mu nso betumi aboa ma ntini mu nyarewa te sɛ Alzheimer .

Sɛ w’adwene mu yɛ wo naa wɔ tebea a ɛte sɛɛ ho a, ɛbɛyɛ papa sɛ wobɛkɔ wo duruyɛfo nkyɛn ampa na woahwehwɛ afotu.

So opsonization betumi asa nyarewa?

Eyi yɛ aduruyɛ mu ade a ɛyɛ anigye yiye mprempren. Nyansahufo reyɛ nhwehwɛmu sɛ ebia wobetumi adi saa opsonization kwan yi so na wɔasa nyarewa anaa.

• Wɔ kokoram ho: Kokoram nkwammoaa yɛ nkwammoaa bi a ɛyɛ anifere yiye a ebetumi akwati nipadua no mu tumi a ɛko tia nyarewa no. Yɛreyɛ nhwehwɛmu sɛ ebia yebetumi ayɛ opsonin ahorow a wɔde ayɛ a ɛbata kokoram nkwammoaa no ani nkutoo na aboa nipadua no mu tumi a ɛko tia nyarewa no ma asɛe no anaa.
• Wɔ nyarewa ho: Wɔreyɛ nhwehwɛmu de ayɛ akwan a wɔbɛfa so "ade wɔn ani asi" so na wɔakum mmoawa, titiriw wɔn a nnuru a ekum ɔyare mmoawa ntumi wɔn.
• Wɔ nyarewa a nipadua no tumi ko tia nyarewa ho: Wɔrebɔ mmɔden sɛ wɔbɛyɛ nnuru a esiw nkwammoaa a ɛte apɔw no opsonization ano.

Afei nso, opsonophagocytic killing assays (OPKA) yɛ sɔhwɛ ahorow a wɔde kyerɛ sɛnea aduru bi a wɔde bɔ nkurɔfo ho ban no yɛ adwuma yiye. Wɔsusu tumi a antibodies a vaccine no yɛ no tumi "tag" ɔyare mmoawa bi na ɛma phagocytes sɛe no.

Enti, opsonization yɛ adeyɛ a tumi wom yiye a ɛkɔ so komm, a wontumi nhu, wɔ yɛn nipadua mu, nanso ɛbɔ yɛn nkwa ho ban. Ɛte sɛ amansɛmdi dwumadibea a ɛkyerɛ yɛn asraafo a wɔbɔ wɔn ho ban no botae ahorow a ɛfata.