Ɛnnɛ yɛbɛka nkwammoaa soronko (photoreceptors) a ɛboa wo ma wode w’ani hu wiase no ho asɛm!

So woasusuw sɛnea yehu nneɛma a ɛyɛ fɛ wɔ wiase yi mu, kɔla ahorow, nneɛma nketenkete a ɛyɛ fɛ no ho pɛn? Yɛn ani te sɛ mfoninitwa mfiri abien a ɛyɛ nwonwa ankasa. Wɔ saa "mfoninitwa mfiri" yi mu no, nkwammoaa nketewa a ɛyɛ soronko koraa wɔ hɔ. Yɛfrɛ saa nkwammoaa no `(Photoreceptors)`. Sɛ yɛbɛka no tiawa a, eyinom ne nea ``ɛkyere'' hann na ɛde nkra kɔ yɛn amemene no mu, sɛ, "Nea mihu ni." Enti, ɛnnɛ yɛbɛka saa `(Photoreceptors)` nwonwasoɔ yi ho asɛm akɔ akyiri kakra, nanso ɛnyɛ den koraa.

Dɛn ne eyinom (Photoreceptors)?

Sɛ yɛbɛka no tiawa a, wo ``Photoreceptors`` yɛ nkwammoaa soronko bi a ɛte hann nka a ɛwɔ ntini a ɛyɛ tratraa paa a wɔfrɛ no ``Retina`` wɔ w'ani akyi no mu. Wɔnya wɔn din firi nokwasɛm a ɛyɛ sɛ wɔkyerɛ ``hann-gyefoɔ.`` Saa nkwammoaa yi adwuma titire ne sɛ wɔbɛfa hann a ɛkɔ w'aniwa mu no na wɔadan no ayɛ no electrochemical sɛnkyerɛnne a w'amemene no bɛtumi ate aseɛ. Ɛno ne bere a wunya nea wofrɛ no ``hu.`` no mu osuahu

So wunim sɛ yɛn ntini nhyehyɛe nyinaa nam nkwammoaa titiriw bi a wɔfrɛ no ntini ahorow so na ɛyɛ adwuma ? Saa ntini ahorow yi de anyinam ahoɔden ne nnuru nsɛnkyerɛnne di dwuma de nsɛm fi yɛn nipadua no afã horow nyinaa kɔ amemene no mu, na ɛsan fi amemene no mu bio. Ntini mu ntini titiriw a ɛte saa no biako ne photoreceptors a ɛwɔ yɛn retina no mu. Esiane ɔkwan a yɛn retina fa so nyin bere a nkwaboaa no nyin nti, saa photoreceptors yi yɛ yɛn mfinimfini ntini nhyehyɛe no fã wɔ mfiridwuma mu – nhyehyɛe koro no ara a amemene ne akyi berɛmo ka ho. So ɛno nyɛ nwonwa?

Dɛn na ɛto abaa ne kɔne?

Saa photoreceptors abien yi ne adeyɛ a w’ani de hu hann na ɛdan no biribi a w’amemene betumi ate ase no mu abran baanu . Sɛ yɛdwene yɛn aniwa ho a, yɛtaa susuw ho sɛ mfoninitwa mfiri. Nokwarem no, wɔyɛ nnɛyi dijitaal mfoninitwa mfiri no sɛnea onipa aniwa yɛ no.

Fa no sɛ woanya dijitaal mfoninitwa afiri foforo koraa. Wɔ mu no, sensor titiriw bi wɔ hɔ. Saa sensor yi yɛ adwuma te sɛ retina a ɛwɔ yɛn aniwa mu no pɛpɛɛpɛ. Ɛhu hann na ɛdan no dijitaal mmara. Afei, kɔmputa chip ketewaa bi a ɛwɔ mfoninitwa afiri no mu di saa mmara no ho dwuma ma ɛyɛ mfonini anaa video fɛfɛ a yehu no.

Eyi yɛ adeyɛ koro no ara pɛpɛɛpɛ a ɛba bere a w’aniwa ne w’amemene bom yɛ adwuma de kyerɛ wo wiase a atwa wo ho ahyia no. Nneɛma a wo retina hu no dan ntini mu nsɛnkyerɛnne a wɔakyerɛw so, na ɛnam aniwa ntini no so de kɔ w’amemene no mu . Amemene no "kenkan" na ɛkyerɛ saa nsɛnkyerɛnne no ase, "ɛbɔ" nea wuhu no. Wɔfrɛ nkwammoaa titiriw a ɛwɔ wo retina a efi adeyɛ yi nyinaa ase no photoreceptors. Afei, so ɛno mu da hɔ?

Nneɛma ahorow bɛn na ɛwɔ photoreceptors?

``Photoreceptors`` ahorow titiriw abien na ɛwɔ onipa aniwa mu. Wɔde wɔn nsɛso na ɛtoo wɔn din. Wɔne:

1. Poma nkwammoaa `(Poma)`

2. Cone nkwammoaa `(Cones)`

Afei momma yɛnhwɛ saa ahorow yi mu biara wɔ ɔkwan soronko so.

Momma yensua poma nkwammoaa ho ade.

Saa photoreceptors yi yɛ atenten na ɛyɛ kurukuruwa, te sɛ abaa nketewa. Ɛno nti na wɔfrɛ wɔn "poma nkwammoaa." Wɔn ho yɛ den yiye wɔ hann ketewaa bi mpo ho. Susuw ho hwɛ, photoreceptors a ɛwɔ w’ani so no mu bɛyɛ 95% (ɛno yɛ ɔpepem 100 kosi 125 a ɛyɛ hu!) yɛ poma nkwammoaa.

• Eyinom yɛ kɛse ma boa a ɛboa wo ma wuhu ade wɔ tebea horow a hann kakraa bi na ɛwɔ mu mu, te sɛ bere a wonam abɔnten anadwo no.
• Nanso, eyinom mma nsɛm a ɛyɛ fɛ no nna adi pefee.
• Ade a ɛho hia sen biara ne sɛ poma nkwammoaa ntumi nhu nsonsonoe a ɛda kɔla ahorow ntam. Wohu tuntum, fitaa, ne fitaa nkutoo.

Rod photoreceptors titiriw na ɛma wohu hann kakraa bi na wohu ade anadwo. Wɔboa wo ma wuhu ade wɔ hann a ano nyɛ den mu, a wɔfrɛ no aduruyɛ mu sɛ scotopic vision .

Nsɛm a ɛfa cone nkwammoaa ho

Cone nkwammoaa no te sɛ cone, a ɛkyerɛ sɛ ɛyɛ kurukuruwa wɔ ase na ɛkyerɛ soro (photoreceptors).

• Saa nkwammoaa yi hia hann pii na ama wɔatumi ayɛ adwuma sen poma nkwammoaa, a ɛkyerɛ sɛ wɔyɛ adwuma kɛse wɔ mmeae a hann wɔ yiye.
• Nanso, sɛ wɔde eyinom yɛ adwuma a, wubetumi ahu kɔla ahorow! Yiw, saa cone nkwammoaa yi ne nea ɛboa wo ma wuhu kɔla ahorow a ɛwɔ wiase a wuhu no nyinaa.
• Wohu cone nkwammoaa dodow no ara wɔ wo retina no mfinimfini, wɔ beae titiriw bi a wɔfrɛ no macula . Eyi nti na w’anisoadehu no fã titiriw no tumi hu kɔla ne nsɛm afoforo a ɛyɛ fɛ (e.g., nkyerɛwde a ɛwɔ nhoma mu akenkan) pefee no.

Adeyɛ a Ɛyɛ Nwonwa a Ɛma Wohu Kɔla (Kɔla Anisoadehu) .

Nkwammoaa a wɔfrɛ no cone ahorow abiɛsa na ɛwɔ yɛn ani so. Yenya tumi a ɛyɛ nwonwa a wɔfrɛ no kɔla anisoadehu efisɛ ahorow abiɛsa no nyinaa bom yɛ adwuma. Nea ɛyɛ nwonwa ne sɛ, saa cone nkwammoaa yi "nhu" kɔla ahorow ankasa. Mmom no, hann asorɔkye tenten ahorow nkutoo na wohu. Afei wɔka saa asorɔkye tenten no ho asɛm kyerɛ amemene no. W’amemene no hwehwɛ saa nsɛm no mu na ɛma wutumi hu kɔla ahorow.

Sɛ wohwɛ nyankontɔn a, nea worehu ankasa no yɛ nhwɛso pa a ɛkyerɛ sɛnea wote hann a wotumi hu no ase. Hann kɔkɔɔ wɔ asorɔkye tenten a ɛware sen biara, ɛno nti na ɛwɔ akyi — ne tenten sen biara — nyankontɔn no fã. Violet wɔ asorɔkye tenten tiawa, ɛno nti na ɛwɔ mu — ne tiawa sen biara — nyankontɔn no fã.

Nnipa dodow no ara wɔ cone photoreceptors ahorow abiɛsa. Sɛ wunya cone ahorow abiɛsa no nyinaa a, wɔfrɛ no trichromacy . Ahorow abiɛsa no ne:

• Ɛte nka sɛ asorɔkye tenten ntiantiaa (S-cones): Eyinom te nka titiriw wɔ bruu ho.
• Medium wavelength sensitive (M-cones): Eyinom te nka titiriw wɔ ahabammono ho.
• Ɛte nka sɛ asorɔkye tenten (L-cones): Eyinom te nka titiriw wɔ kɔkɔɔ ho.

Ɛwom sɛ cone nkwammoaa ahorow abiɛsa no nyinaa te nka kɛse wɔ kɔla pɔtee bi ho de, nanso nkate a ɛka bom bi wɔ ahorow abiɛsa no ntam. W’amemene no betumi ahu nsonsonoe a ɛda kɔla ahorow ne ne nsunsuanso ahorow mu denam nsonsonoe a ɛwɔ nsɛnkyerɛnne a efi cone nkwammoaa ahorow abiɛsa no nyinaa mu ba no ahoɔden mu a ɛde toto ho no so. Ɛno nti na sɛ wɔkyekyem pɛpɛɛpɛ a, onipa aniwa a ɔwɔ apɔwmuden tumi hu kɔla bɛyɛ ɔpepem biako mu nsonsonoe no!

Tetrachromacy: Nkwammoaa anan a ɛyɛ cone!

Eyi yɛ tebea a ɛntaa nsi koraa. Awosu mu nsakrae a ɛka mmea nkutoo ma nnipa binom nya cone nkwammoaa ahorow anan. Wɔfrɛ eyi tetrachromacy (tetra kyerɛ "anan" wɔ tete Hela kasa mu).

Saa tebea yi a ɛne `(Tetrachromacy)` betumi ayɛ mmerɛw anaasɛ emu yɛ den. Obi a ɔwɔ `(Tetrachromacy)` a emu yɛ den, a ɛkyerɛ sɛ amemene no di nsɛm a efi cone cell a ɛto so anan no mu ho dwuma yiye no tumi hu kɔla bɛyɛ ɔpepem 100 na ohu! Nanso eyi ho yɛ na yiye, enti wɔda so ara reyɛ ho nhwehwɛmu.

Nyarewa ne tebea horow a ɛtaa ba a ɛka photoreceptors

Nea ɛyɛ awerɛhow no, tebea horow pii wɔ hɔ a ebetumi aka wo poma ne wo nnuadewa. Ebinom yɛ tebea horow a atrɛw a ɛka retina no afã afoforo ne ntini a atwa aniwa no ho ahyia no. Nanso tebea horow bi wɔ hɔ a ɛka wo photoreceptors pɔtee. Momma yɛnhwɛ emu atitiriw no bi:

• Kɔla anifurae: Eyi wɔ ɔfã bi ne nea edi mũ (e.g., achromatopsia - a wontumi nhu kɔla biara) nsusuwii.
• Cone-rod dystrophy: Wɔ eyi mu no, cone nkwammoaa ne rod nkwammoaa nyinaa sɛe nkakrankakra.
• Macular degeneration: Macula a ɛsɛe, titiriw bere a obi nyin no, ka mfinimfini anisoadehu.
• Refsum yare: Awosu mu tebea a ɛntaa nsi.
• Retinitis pigmentosa: Awosu mu yare a edi kan ka poma nkwammoaa na afei ɛka cone nkwammoaa.
• Solar retinopathy: Ɔsɛe a ɛba retina no so esiane sɛ ɔhwɛ owia no tẽẽ nti, te sɛ bere a owia retɔ.
• Usher syndrome: Awosu mu tebea a ɛka aniwa ne aso nyinaa.

Dɛn ne nyarewa a ɛfa photoreceptor ho a ɛtaa ba?

Sɛ wowɔ tebea bi a ɛka wo photoreceptors a, sɛnkyerɛnne titiriw no ne sɛ ɛyɛ kusuu anaasɛ wunhu ade yiye. Nanso sɛnea obi ntumi nhu ade yiye no betumi ayɛ soronko. Egyina photoreceptors ko a ɛka (poma, cones, anaa n’abien nyinaa) so.

Tebea horow a ɛfa abaa ho no su

• Nsɛnkyerɛnne titiriw a wodi kan hu wɔ tebea horow a ɛtete saa mu ne anifurae anadwo (Nyctalopia), a ɛkyerɛ sɛ obi nhu ade yiye wɔ hann a ano nyɛ den mu.
• Tebea horow bi te sɛ retinitis pigmentosa betumi asɛe bere tenten na awiei koraa no aka cone photoreceptors no, na aka awiabere a wohu ade ne kɔla a wohu nyinaa.

Tebea horow a ɛfa cone nkwammoaa ho no su

• Mpɛn pii no, nea ɛka eyinom ho ne kɔla anifurae (a wontumi nhu nsonsonoe a ɛda kɔla ahorow ntam) anaasɛ bere kɔ so no, kɔla ahorow a wontumi nhu ade yiye.
• Wobetumi aka sɛnea wutumi hu nneɛma nketenkete yiye nso, na ɛno betumi ama woahu ade a ɛyɛ mununkum anaasɛ ɛnyɛ nea ɛda adi pefee.
• Saa tebea horow yi bi betumi asɛe na akyiri yi ɛde sɛnkyerɛnne ahorow a ɛfa poma ho aba (te sɛ anadwo anifurae).

Nea ɛho hia no, tebea horow pii a ɛfa photoreceptor ho no ka cone ne rod nkwammoaa nyinaa bere koro mu. Eyi taa ba titiriw wɔ tebea horow a retina ntini no sɛe anaasɛ ɛsakra no mu. Macular degeneration yɛ nhwɛso titiriw.

Mɛyɛ dɛn ahwɛ sɛnea me poma ne cone nkwammoaa no akwahosan te?

Sɔhwɛ ahorow pii wɔ hɔ a wubetumi ayɛ de ahu sɛnea wo photoreceptors no akwahosan te.

• Aniwa mu nhwehwɛmu a wɔyɛ no daa: Eyi te sɛ afe afe akwahosan ho nhwehwɛmu a edi mũ ma w’ani. Aniwa ho oduruyɛfo anaa aniwa ho ɔyaresafo betumi ahwehwɛ w’ani (retina) mu ne akyi.
• Mydriasis ne slit lamp nhwehwɛmu : Saa akwan yi ma wotumi hu retina no yiye bere a wɔreyɛ aniwa mu nhwehwɛmu no. Eyi betumi aboa ma wɔahu tebea horow a anka wontumi nhu na ebia ɛrenna sɛnkyerɛnne ahorow adi wɔ mfiase no.
• Nhwehwɛmu titiriw: Ɛtɔ mmere bi a, ebia wo duruyɛfo bɛkamfo akyerɛ sɛ wɔnyɛ nhwehwɛmu titiriw pii. Nhwɛso ahorow:
• Electroretinography (ERG): Eyi susuw anyinam ahoɔden a ɛwɔ wo retina no mu, na ɛhwɛ sɛnea ɛyɛ n’ade wɔ hann ho.
• Visual evoked potentials (VEP): Eyi yɛ amemene mu sɔhwɛ ankasa, nanso ebetumi ahu sɛ ebia w’amemene no regye nsɛnkyerɛnne a efi wo retina no mu no yiye anaa.
• Mfonini a wɔde yɛ nhwehwɛmu: Saa nhwehwɛmu ahorow yi boa ma wohu retina no fã ahorow a mogya ntini ka ho no pefee. Wotumi hu mogya ntini foforo a ɛrenyin (a ebetumi aba wɔ tebea horow te sɛ asikreyare mu) anaasɛ ntini mu nsakrae afoforo a ebetumi asɛe retina no.

W’ani ho ɔbenfo no besi nhwehwɛmu ahorow a ɛfata wo ho gyinae na wakyerɛkyerɛ mu akyerɛ wo.

Mɛyɛ dɛn ahwɛ me photoreceptors no so?

Wo ``(Photoreceptors)`` yɛ wo retina no fã a ɛho hia yiye. Enti, wo retina ne w’ani akwahosan nyinaa a wobɛhwɛ so yiye no ne ɔkwan a eye sen biara a wobɛfa so abɔ w’aniwa ho ban. Nneɛma a ɛho hia a wubetumi ayɛ ni:

• Yɛ aniwa mu nhwehwɛmu daa: Eyinom nyɛ nhwehwɛmu a wɔyɛ de hwɛ nnuru a wɔakyerɛw ama wo kɛkɛ. Wotumi hu aniwa mu tebea horow a emu yɛ den bere tenten ansa na yare no ho sɛnkyerɛnne afi ase. Sɛ́ ebia wohyɛ ahwehwɛ anaa ahwehwɛ a wɔde hwɛ ade anaasɛ wonhyɛ no, ɛho hia sɛ obiara yɛ n’ani mu nhwehwɛmu anyɛ yiye koraa no mfe abien biara (anaasɛ sɛ wo duruyɛfo kamfo kyerɛ ntɛm a).
• Yɛ nipadua mu nhwehwɛmu daa: W’ani yɛ ahwehwɛ a ɛda wo nipadua nyinaa akwahosan adi. Nyarewa a enni sabea, titiriw mogya mmoroso ne asikreyare a ɛto so abien betumi aka w’ani tẽẽ. Saa afe afe nipadua mu nhwehwɛmu ahorow yi betumi ahu tebea horow yi pii bere tenten ansa na ɛde sɛnkyerɛnne ahorow aba w’ani so anaasɛ asɛe w’ani.
• Kwati Nicotine koraa: Sigaretnom, vaping, ne tawa afoforo pira wo mogya a ɛkɔ wo mogya mu no kɛse. Mogya ntini a ɛyɛ mmerɛw a ɛde mogya kɔ wo retina no, ɛda adi sɛ nicotine a wode bedi dwuma no bɛsɛe.
• Di aduan pa a ɛfata di kan: Vitamin A titiriw yɛ aduannuru a ɛho hia ma hann a ɛma hann no yɛ adwuma. Aduan a ɛkari pɛ na ahoɔden wom ho hia ma w’akwahosan nyinaa, ne w’ani akwahosan nso.
• Kura mu duru a ɛfata mu: Kɔ w’abusua oduruyɛfo nkyɛn wɔ sɛnea wobɛyɛ eyi ho.

Ɔkwan bɛn so na photoreceptors yɛ wɔn ade wɔ hann ho?

Sɛ yɛbɛka no tiawa a, sɛ hann bɔ wo poma ne wo kɔn mu a, nnuru ne anyinam ahoɔden nkɔnsɔnkɔnsɔn a ɛyɛ den na ɛyɛ adwuma wɔ saa nkwammoaa no ne nkwammoaa afoforo a ɛwɔ retina no mu a ɛne wɔn wɔ abusuabɔ no mu. Ɛnam saa akwan yi so na photoreceptors ne retina cells no dan hann ahoɔden ma ɛbɛyɛ electrochemical signals a w’amemene no betumi ate ase.

Poma ne nhama yɛ w’anisoadehu no afã horow a ɛho hia, a ɛho hia yiye. Sɛ ɛnyɛ wɔn a, anka w'amemene no rennya nsɛnkyerɛnne a ehia na ama "abɔ" nea wuhu no. Na wɔde anifere ayɛ wɔn ama nnwuma pɔtee bi. Bere a ebinom boa wo ma wuhu ade wɔ sum mu no, afoforo boa wo ma w’ani sɔ kɔla biara, nneɛma nketenkete biara, wɔ wiase a atwa wo ho ahyia no mu.

Sɛ wote sɛnea wɔyɛ adwuma ase a, ɛnyɛ sɛ wobɛkyerɛ wɔn dwumadi a ɛyɛ nwonwa no ho anisɔ nko, na mmom w’ani begye ho kɛse nso sɛ wobɛkɔ so akura w’ani akwahosan mu. Sɛ wowɔ nsɛmmisa bi fa wo `(Photoreceptors)`, retina, anaa ɔhaw foforo biara a ɛfa aniwa ho a, ntwentwɛn wo nan ase sɛ wobɛkɔ aniwa ho oduruyɛfo nkyɛn. Saa kwan no so no, wubetumi akora w’anisoadehu no so akyɛ na woanya so mfaso kɛse.

Ade a ɛho hia sen biara a ɛsɛ sɛ wokae fi asɛm yi mu (Take-Home Message) .

Enti, nkrasɛm titiriw a ɛsɛ sɛ wode bɛkɔ fie afi biribiara a yɛaka ho asɛm nnɛ no mu ne sɛ:

Saa photoreceptors nketewa a ɛwɔ yɛn aniwa mu yi – abaa ne cone – ne "adwumayɛfo" atitiriw a wɔboa yɛn ma yehu wiase fɛfɛ a ɛyɛ kɔla ahorow yi ne nsɛm nketenkete a ɛwɔ mu no pefee. Nkwammoaa yi a yɛbɛma anya apɔwmuden no ho hia yiye, yiye na ama yɛn aniwa a ɛsom bo no akura mu!

Enti, hwɛ w’ani yiye. Yɛ w’ani mu nhwehwɛmu daa na bɔ bra pa. Efisɛ w’ani yɛ agyapade a ɛsom bo a wowɔ!

` Photoreceptors, Rod nkwammoaa, Cone nkwammoaa, Aniwa akwahosan, Kɔla anisoadehu, Retina