Amemene no mu ‘adeɛ tuntum’ (Substantia Nigra) - Momma yensua ɔbran ketewa a ɔhwɛ yɛn kankyee so no ho ade

Nneɛma ahe na yɛyɛ da koro? Yɛnam, yɛtu mmirika, yɛde yɛn nsa fa biribi, yɛfa kuruwa, yɛtwerɛ, yɛhwɛ yɛn ho hyia... Yɛyɛ yei nyinaa a ɛnyɛ den biara, a yennwen ho mpo. Nanso so woasusuw sɛnea ɛsɛ sɛ wodi saa kankyee ahorow yi nyinaa so wɔ ɔkwan a ɛyɛ mmerɛw na ɛyɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ so no ho pɛn? Eyi nyinaa akyi ne yɛn amemene. Amemene no fã ketewaa bi a ɛwɔ tumi kɛse boa yɛn ma yɛyɛ saa kankyee yi nyinaa yiye na emu da hɔ. Ɛnnɛ yɛrebɛka saa ɔbran ketewa no ho asɛm. Ɛno ne Substantia Nigra no.

Enti dɛn na ɛrekɔ so ankasa wɔ Substantia Nigra no ho?

Sɛ yɛbɛka no tiawa a, Substantia Nigra (SN) yɛ yɛn amemene no fã titiriw a ɛboa ma yɛhwɛ yɛn kankyee so. Ɛyɛ nhyehyɛe bi a wɔfrɛ no ``basal ganglia'' a amemene no afã afoforo na ɛyɛ no fã. Ɛte sɛ dwumadibea a ɛho hia wɔ adwumakuw kɛse bi mu. Saa ɔfã yi ho hia esiane nkɛntɛnso a enya wɔ yɛn kankyee so ne mmoa a ɛde ma wɔ nnuru a ɛkɔ so wɔ amemene no mu nti.

Fa no sɛ woreka kar. Ɛsɛ sɛ wode accelerator no di dwuma ma ahoɔhare kɔ soro, breki no ma brɛ ase anaasɛ egyina, na wode stia no dannan. Sɛ wɔyɛ eyinom nyinaa pɛpɛɛpɛ a, ɛno nkutoo na wubetumi adi kar no so yiye. Saa ara na amemene no nso wɔ nhyehyɛe a ɛte saa ara a ɛhwɛ sɛnea yɛn nipadua no keka ne ho so. Dwumadi titiriw biako a substantia nigra yɛ ne sɛ ɛbɛyɛ nnuru bi a wɔfrɛ no dopamine . Saa dopamine yi yɛ ɔbɔfo a ɔho hia yiye a ɔhwɛ yɛn kankyee ne yɛn ntini dwumadi so.

Afã atitiriw abien na ɛwɔ substantia nigra no mu. Ɛsono nea abien no nyinaa yɛ kakra.

1. SN pars reticulata: Saa ɔfa yi fa yɛn aniwa a yɛde keka yɛn ho, adesua tumi ne adwene a yɛde susuw nneɛma ho titiriw. Nkwammoaa a ɛwɔ ɔfã yi mu no kura nnuru bi a wɔfrɛ no gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) . Saa nnuru yi hwɛ amemene mu nkwammoaa dwumadi so kodu baabi, te sɛ breki . Sɛ amemene no si gyinae sɛ sɛnkyerɛnne pɔtee bi nyɛ papa sɛ ɛbɛkɔ ntini bi mu a, wobetumi de saa `GABA` yi asiw saa sɛnkyerɛnne a wɔmpɛ no ano anaasɛ wɔbɛdan akɔ baabi foforo. Eyi nti na yɛn kankyee yɛ mmerɛw, a ɛho nhia no.

2. SN pars compacta: Saa ɔfa yi ho hia yiye. Efisɛ ntini mu nkwammoaa (ntini) a ɛwɔ ha no na ɛyɛ nnuru a wɔfrɛ no dopamine a yɛadi kan aka ho asɛm no. Dopamine nyɛ nea ɛfa kankyee nko ho, na mmom ɛfa nneɛma pii te sɛ yɛn nkate, adesua tumi, akatua, asiane a yɛde to yɛn ho, ne nea ɛkanyan yɛn nso ho. Sɛ yɛyɛ biribi a ɛyɛ anigye a, yɛn ho ye na yɛpɛ sɛ yɛsan yɛ bio esiane dopamine yi nti.

Ɛhe ankasa na eyi wɔ wɔ amemene no mu?

Substantia nigra no wɔ yɛn amemene no mfinimfini, amemene no mfinimfini. Sɛnea edin no kyerɛ no, ɛwɔ amemene no mfinimfini. Ɛwɔ amemene no atifi kakra, baabi a yɛn akyi berɛmo no ne ti nhwi a ɛwɔ kɔn no ase no di nkitaho.

Ɛwom sɛ yɛka "substantia nigra" ho asɛm de, nanso nokwarem no, yɛn amemene no afã abien na ɛwɔ hɔ te sɛ eyi. Baako wɔ amemene no mfinimfini nifa so, na biako nso wɔ benkum so. Eyinom abien nyinaa yɛ adwuma wɔ ɔkwan koro so.

Dɛn ne ne hwɛbea, ne kɔla, ne ne kɛse?

Edin no fi Latin kasa mu ankasa. "Substantia nigra" kyerɛ "ade tuntum." Ɛte saa efisɛ, bere a yɛn amemene no afã dodow no ara yɛ kɔla a ɛyɛ pink-grey a ɛyɛ hann no, saa fã yi da adi sɛ ɛyɛ tuntum a ɛyɛ tuntum sen ntini a aka no.

Nea enti a ɛte saa ne sɛ ntini mu nkwammoaa a ɛwɔ ɔfã yi mu no kura aduru bi a wɔfrɛ no melanin . Melanin yɛ nnuru a ɛwɔ yɛn honam ani nkwammoaa mu nso. Sɛ yɛkɔ owia mu a, yɛn honam ani yɛ bruu na ɛyɛ tan esiane melanin yi nti. Saa aduru koro no ara na ɛma amemene no fã yi nya kɔla tuntum soronko.

Sɛ yɛhwɛ ne kɛse a, eyi yɛ ɔfã ketewaa bi pɛ. Wɔkyerɛ sɛ wobetumi de saa substantia nigra yi afã horow bɛyɛ 25 ahyɛ golf bɔɔl a wɔbɔ daa mu. Seesei wubetumi ate sɛnea adwuma no kɛse te ase, ɛwom mpo sɛ ɛyɛ ketewaa paa de.

Dɛn na wɔde na ɛyɛ ɔfã ketewa yi?

Te sɛ amemene no afã afoforo no, nkwammoaa atitiriw abien na ɛka bom yɛ substantia nigra.

1. Ntini mu nkwammoaa (Neurons): .

Eyinom ne nneɛma atitiriw a ɛwɔ yɛn amemene ne yɛn ntini ahorow mu. Ɛte sɛ telefon nhama nhyehyɛe a ɛde nsɛm kɔ anim ne akyi wɔ yɛn man yi mu. Saa nkwammoaa yi de nsɛm mena wɔ anyinam ahoɔden ne nnuru mu nsɛnkyerɛnne kwan so. Ntini mu nkwammoaa afã atitiriw pii wɔ hɔ:

• Nkwammoaa nipadua: Eyi ne nkwammoaa no fã titiriw, te sɛ baabi a wɔhwɛ so no.
• Axon: Ɔfã tenten bi a ɛte sɛ basa a ɛtrɛw fi nkwammoaa nipadua no mu. Ɛte sɛ waya tenten bi. Wɔde nsɛnkyerɛnne fa eyi so.
• Synapses: Nneɛma a ɛte sɛ nsateaa a ɛwɔ axon bi awiei. Eyi ne baabi a wɔdan anyinam ahoɔden sɛnkyerɛnne bi ma ɛbɛyɛ nnuru sɛnkyerɛnne na wɔde kɔ ntini a edi hɔ no mu.
• Dendrites: Nneɛma nketenkete a ɛte sɛ nkorabata a ɛwɔ nkwammoaa nipadua no so a ɛyɛ adwuma te sɛ antenna de gye nnuru nsɛnkyerɛnne fi ntini mu nkwammoaa afoforo hɔ.
• Myelin: 1.Akorade a ɛbɔ ho ban a atwa nhama pii ho ahyia. Eyi boa ma nsɛnkyerɛnne tu kwan ntɛmntɛm na ɛmma nsu nkɔ mu.

2. Glial nkwammoaa: .

Eyinom ne nkwammoaa a ɛboa a ɛboa ntini mu nkwammoaa no. Ɛte sɛ nnipa a wɔboa wɔn a wɔhyehyɛ asɛnka agua ma agoruyɛfo atitiriw no na wɔboa wɔn. Ɛwom sɛ saa nkwammoaa yi mfa nsɛnkyerɛnne nkɔ de, nanso ɛma ntini mu nkwammoaa no nya aduannuru a wohia, ɛbɔ wɔn ho ban, ɛboa ma wɔbɔ ntini no ho ban fi ɔyare mmoawa ho, na ɛyɛ saa glial nkwammoaa yi na ɛyɛ myelin aduru no. Glial nkwammoaa dɔɔso bɛyɛ mpɛn du sen ntini mu nkwammoaa wɔ yɛn ntini mu.

Tebea bɛn na ɛka Substantia Nigra no?

Sɛ ɔfã ketewaa yi sɛe anaasɛ ne dwumadi asɛe a, ɔhaw ahorow a anibere wom betumi aba. Ayaresa mu tebea atitiriw a ɛka eyi ni:

• Parkinson yareɛ - Wei ne yareɛ titire na wonim no yie.
• Alzheimer yare a ɛma obi nya ɔyare
• Amemene mu akisikuru
• Ti a opira, titiriw akisikuru ne amemene mu opira afoforo a ɛyɛ hu a ɛyɛ hu
• Nneɛma a awuduru wom, sɛ nhwɛso no nnuru te sɛ trichloroethylene (TCE).
• Nyarewa (titiriw nyarewa a ɛka amemene no, te sɛ amemene mu yare) .
• Nyarewa a ɛnam ɔhaw ahorow a ɛwɔ nipadua no mu tumi a ɛko tia nyarewa so, sɛ nhwɛso no, lupus
• Nyarewa a wonya fi awo mu, te sɛ Huntington yare.
• Lewy nipadua mu adwenemhaw
• Nnwodwoɔ

Dɛn ne tebea yi ho sɛnkyerɛnne a ɛtaa ba?

Yare bi a ɛka substantia nigra ho sɛnkyerɛnne betumi ayɛ soronko a egyina yare no so. Nanso, pon a ɛwɔ ase hɔ no kyerɛ sɛnkyerɛnne ahorow bi a ɛtaa ba.

Sɔhwɛ bɛn na wɔyɛ de hu ɔhaw ahorow a ɛtete saa?

Wo duruyɛfo bɛhwɛ wo yare no ho sɛnkyerɛnne no yiye, na sɛ ɛho hia a, obetumi ahyɛ sɛ wɔnyɛ nhwehwɛmu ahorow mfa nhwɛ sɛnea amemene no yɛ adwuma.

• Mogya mu nhwehwɛmu: Eyinom tumi hu nneɛma pii, te sɛ nipadua no mu tumi a ɛko tia nyarewa ne awuduru a ɛwɔ nipadua no mu (titiriw dade te sɛ kɔbere ne mercury).
• CT scan (Computerized tomography scan): Wobetumi atwa amemene no ho mfonini a wɔatwa ho ahyia ahwɛ sɛ ɔhaw bi wɔ hɔ anaa.
• MRI scan (Magnetic resonance imaging): Eyi betumi ama amemene no mu ntini ho mfonini a emu da hɔ yiye na ɛkɔ akyiri.
• PET scan (Positron emission tomography scan): Saa sɔhwɛ yi boa ma wohu sɛnea nnuru dwumadi kɔ so wɔ amemene no mu.
• Awosu mu nhwehwɛmu: Sɛ adwenem naayɛ bi wɔ hɔ sɛ yare no fi awosu mu a, wobetumi ayɛ nhwehwɛmu ahorow yi.

Dɛn ne ayaresa ahorow a wɔde sa tebea horow yi?

Ayaresa a wubetumi apaw no gyina tebea a wowɔ no so koraa. Wobetumi de nnuru adi tebea horow bi so. Sɛ nhwɛso no, wɔ Parkinson yare mu no, wɔma nnuru a ɛma dopamine dodow kɔ soro. Wɔ tebea afoforo mu no, ebia ɛho behia sɛ wɔyɛ oprehyɛn.

Bere a wobetumi asa nyarewa bi no, eyinom mu dodow no ara yɛ tebea horow a enni sabea. Wɔ saa nsɛm no mu no, ayaresa botae titiriw ne sɛ wobedi sɛnkyerɛnne ahorow no so na wɔaboa ɔyarefo no ma watra ase sɛnea ɛte biara sɛnea obetumi. Sɛ wo anaa obi a wunim no rehu saa sɛnkyerɛnne ahorow yi a, ade a eye sen biara a ɛsɛ sɛ woyɛ ne sɛ wobɛkɔ oduruyɛfo a ɔfata nkyɛn ntɛm ara akɔhwehwɛ afotu.

Nneɛma a yebetumi ayɛ na ama yɛn amemene ayɛ yiye

Yɛrentumi nsiw nyarewa bi te sɛ Parkinson a ɛka substantia nigra no ano. Ebetumi aba mpofirim. Nanso, nneɛma pii wɔ hɔ a yebetumi ayɛ de atew asiane a ɛwɔ hɔ sɛ yebenya nyarewa pii a ɛka amemene no, titiriw nneɛma te sɛ akisikuru. Saa nneɛma yi ho hia paa na yɛabɔ yɛn amemene akwahosan ho ban.

• Di aduan a ɛkari pɛ: Aduan a yedi no ka yɛn mogya a ɛkɔ nipadua no mu ne yɛn nipadua mu duru tẽẽ. Eyinom abien nyinaa ho hia paa ma amemene no akwahosan.
• Yɛ apɔw-mu-teɛteɛ: Sɛ woteɛteɛ w’apɔw mu da biara da na wo mu duru a ɛfata ma wo nipadua a, ebetumi aboa kɛse ma woabɔ w’amemene ho ban afi tebea horow te sɛ mogya mmoroso ne ɔyare a ɛma obi hwe ase ho.
• Hyɛ ahobammɔ ho nneɛma: Ɛho hia sɛ wohyɛ ahobammɔ ho nneɛma te sɛ dade kyɛw bere a woreyɛ adwuma wɔ mmeae a wo ti apira, titiriw bere a wote sakre so anaa woreyɛ adansi adwuma no. Ti a wopirapira no betumi ama amemene no asɛe daa.
• Di wo tebea horow a enni sabea ho dwuma: Sɛ wowɔ tebea horow a enni sabea te sɛ asikreyare, mogya mmoroso, anaa srade a ɛwɔ wo mu a, di ho dwuma sɛnea wo duruyɛfo kyerɛ wo. Sɛ wɔanni eyinom so a, hokwan kɛse wɔ hɔ sɛ amemene no bɛsɛe.

Substantia nigra yɛ yɛn amemene no fã ketewaa bi pɛ, nanso afei wubetumi ate dwuma kɛse a edi no ase. Saa ɔfã ketewa yi ho hia na ama yɛadi yɛn kankyee, yɛn anisoadehu, ne nkate so. Esiane sɛ aduruyɛ ho nyansahu renya nkɔso nti, yɛresua ho ade pii. Saa nimdeɛ no bɛboa yɛn ma yɛanya ayaresa a eye ama nyarewa a ɛfa ho daakye.