Yɛn nyinaa hyia ɔhaw ne nsɛmnsɛm ahorow wɔ yɛn asetra mu, ɛnte saa? Ɛtɔ mmere bi a, yetumi di ɔhaw ahorow yi ho dwuma wɔ akwan a na yensusuw da so. Nyansahu kwan no yɛ ɔkwan a ɛho hia yiye, a wɔahyehyɛ no yiye a wɔfa so yɛ eyi. Ɛwom sɛ edin no te sɛ ade kɛse a ɛyɛ den de, nanso eyi yɛ biribi a yɛde di dwuma wɔ yɛn da biara da asetra mu a yennim mpo. Enti, momma yɛnka eyi ho asɛm kakra nnɛ.
Dɛn ankasa ne Nyansahu kwan no?
Sɛ yɛbɛka no tiawa a, nyansahu kwan no yɛ anammɔn ahorow a wɔahyehyɛ no nnidiso nnidiso a yɛfa so hwehwɛ nneɛma a yehu a atwa yɛn ho ahyia no mu na yenya nsɛmmisa a ɛfa ho no ho mmuae. Ɛtɔ mmere bi a wɔfrɛ eyi ‘hypothetico-deductive kwan,’ nanso mma saa din no nnnaadaa wo.
Yɛn botae titiriw bere a yɛde saa kwan yi redi dwuma no ne:
- Biribi a yehu ho asɛm a yebebisa na yɛabɔ mmɔden sɛ yebehu abusuabɔ a ɛda nea ɛde ba ne nea efi mu ba ntam .
- Adanse pii a yɛbɛboaboa ano sɛnea yebetumi afa nea yɛahu no ho. Saa adanse yi bɛboa yɛn ma yɛanya yɛn asɛmmisa no ho mmuae.
- Awiei koraa no, yɛde adanse a yɛaboaboa ano yi nyinaa bom hwɛ sɛ yebetumi anya yɛn asɛmmisa no ho mmuae a ntease wom anaa.
Wɔkyerɛ sɛ nyansapɛfo Francis Bacon ne Rene Descartes na wɔde saa kwan yi sii hɔ wɔ afeha a ɛto so 16 ne 17 mu. Wɔkyerɛe sɛ ɛnsɛ sɛ wogyina nsusuwii ahorow a wɔadi kan anya so na ɛyɛ nhwehwɛmu, na mmom ɛnsɛ sɛ wɔhwehwɛ nokwasɛm ahorow mu wɔ ntease mu.
Dɛn ne nyansahu kwan no anammɔn ahorow?
Nyansahu kwan no yɛ anammɔn biara a wɔfa so di ɔhaw ahorow ho dwuma. Anamɔn atitiriw bi wɔ hɔ a yedi akyi wɔ eyi mu. Momma yɛnhwɛ wɔn wɔ ɔkwan a ɛnyɛ den sɛ wɔbɛte ase so.
| Anamɔn a wɔfa so yɛ | Sɛ yɛbɛka no tiawa a... |
|---|---|
| 1. Nneɛma a wɔhwɛ | Wiase a atwa wo ho ahyia no a wobɛma w’ani aku so. Ɛha na ɔhaw bi sɔre ma wo. Ebia wowɔ ɔhaw bi wɔ w’adwene mu dedaw. Ɛsɛ sɛ wokenkan ho nhoma pii, bisa afoforo, na wunya nimdeɛ. |
| 2. Asɛmmisa bi a wobɛbisa | Nsɛm a wobisa fa nea wohyɛɛ no nsow ho, te sɛ "Dɛn nti na eyi rekɔ so?" "Ɔkwan bɛn so na eyi rekɔ so?" Ɛsɛ sɛ asɛmmisa yi ka ho asɛm pɔtee paa. Afei nso, ɛsɛ sɛ wunya biribi a wubetumi asesa wɔ sɔhwɛ no mu (nsakrae) ne biribi a wubetumi asusuw. |
| 3. Hypothesis a wɔbɛkyekyere | Adwene a wɔasua a ɛbua w'asɛmmisa no denam ka a ɛka sɛ, "Ɛbɛyɛ sɛ eyi nti na eyi sii no." Yɛfrɛ eyi sɛ nsusuwii hunu. Hypothesis pa ne nea, sɛ ɛyɛ mfomso a, wobetumi ada no adi sɛ ɛyɛ mfomso. |
| 4. Nhwehwɛmu a wɔyɛ | Sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wobɛsɔ ahwɛ sɛ ebia wo nsusuwii hunu no teɛ anaasɛ ɛnteɛ. Ɛtɔ da bi a, sɛ wuntumi nsɔ nhwɛ a, ɛsɛ sɛ wohwɛ na woboaboa data ano. Esiane sɛ nea efi sɔhwɛ biako mu ba no betumi ayɛ nea ɛbae ara kwa nti, eye sɛ wobɛsɔ ahwɛ mpɛn pii . |
| 5. Sɛ yɛba awiei a | Nsɛm a efi sɔhwɛ no mu a wobɛhwehwɛ mu na woasi gyinae sɛ ebia wo nsusuwii hunu no teɛ anaasɛ ɛnteɛ. Sɛ wo nsusuwii hunu no nyɛ nokware a, wubetumi de ayɛ nsusuwii foforo. |
| 6. Nea efi mu ba a wɔbɛkyɛ | Nyansahu mu nhwehwɛmu nyɛ biribi a wo nkutoo woyɛ. Ɛsɛ sɛ woka nea woahu no kyerɛ afoforo. Wubetumi ayɛ eyi denam wɔn a wubetintim wɔ nyansahu nsɛmma nhoma mu anaasɛ wode bɛma wɔ nhyiam ahorow ase no so. Afei, sɛ sintɔ bi wɔ w’adwene mu a, wubetumi akyerɛ afoforo. |
So yɛbɛhwɛ nhwɛso bi a efi da biara da asetra mu?
Fa no sɛ wode paanoo asinasin abien guu toaster no mu de toast paanoo anɔpa na womia bɔtn no so, nanso biribiara ansi. Toaster no ntumi nyɛ adwuma! Afei momma yɛmfa nyansahu kwan no nni dwuma mfa nni ɔhaw yi ho dwuma.
- Hwɛ: Me toaster no ntumi nyɛ adwuma.
- Asɛmmisa: Dɛn nti na toaster yi ntumi nyɛ adwuma?
- Hypothesis: Ebia na biribi asɛe wɔ anyinam ahoɔden afiri a mede toaster no guu mu no ho.
- Nkɔmhyɛ: Enti, sɛ wode hyɛ plug point foforo mu a, ɛsɛ sɛ toaster no yɛ adwuma.
- Sɔhwɛ: Woyi toaster no fi plug no mu na wode hyɛ plug point foforo mu wɔ kitchen no mu.
- Awiei: Fa no sɛ toaster no yɛɛ adwuma bere a wode hyɛɛ saa plug point no mu no. Afei wɔfoa wo nsusuwii hunu no so . Ɛno kyerɛ sɛ hokwan pa wɔ hɔ sɛ ɛteɛ. Nanso sɛ toaster no da so ara ntumi nyɛ adwuma a, ɛnde wo nsusuwii hunu no yɛ mfomso .
- Anamɔn a edi hɔ: Sɛ toaster no ntumi nyɛ adwuma a, ɛsɛ sɛ wode adwene foforo ba. Sɛ nhwɛso no, "Ebia biribi asɛe wɔ toaster no wiring no ho." Afei wubetumi ama mfiridwumayɛfo bi ahwɛ mu.
- Nea afi mu aba a wobɛkyɛ: Sɛ mpo ɛho nhia sɛ wokyerɛw nhwehwɛmu krataa ma biribi ketewaa te sɛ eyi a, wubetumi aka ho asɛm akyerɛ w'abusua sɛ, "Saa plug point no nyɛ adwuma, mfa biribiara nhyɛ mu." Ɛno nso yɛ nimdeɛ a wɔkyɛ.
Hwɛ? Nyansahu nyɛ nea ɛwɔ afiri a wɔde yɛ nhwehwɛmu mu nkutoo. Ɛyɛ ɔkwan a yɛfa so siesie ɔhaw ahorow.
Dɛn nti na nyansahu kwan no ho hia yɛn?
Nyansahu kwan no yɛ adwinnade a mfaso wɔ so yiye a ɛboa yɛn ma yesusuw nneɛma ho yiye na yegyina adanse so siesie ɔhaw ahorow bere nyinaa. Ma yɛnhwɛ nea enti a eyi ho hia.
1. Ɛboa ma yedi ɔhaw ahorow ho dwuma wɔ nhyehyɛe kwan so: Saa kwan yi boa yɛn ma yesusuw nneɛma ho wɔ nhyehyɛe kwan so. Sɛ yɛde yɛn ho hyɛ ɔhaw bi mu a, nhyehyɛe a yɛyɛ yi boa yɛn ma yehu baabi a yɛadi mfomso.
2. Ɛtew ankorankoro animhwɛ so: Yɛn nyinaa ani gye ho sɛ yebesusuw sɛ nea yesusuw sɛ ɛteɛ. Wɔfrɛ eyi sɛ animhwɛ. Wɔ nyansahu kwan so no, yɛsan nso hwɛ nea nnipa afoforo ahu, ka nea yɛahu kyerɛ afoforo, na yɛma wɔn kwan ma wobisa nsɛm. Enti, eyi boa yɛn ma yesusuw nneɛma ho kɔ akyiri, na ɛnyɛ yɛn ankasa adwene nkutoo so .
3. Ɛma Nsusuwii a Ɛyɛ Katee: Sɛ yɛde sua nsɛm bisa, hwehwɛ adanse, na yesusuw nneɛma ho wɔ ɔkwan a ntease wom so a, yɛn nsusuwii a ɛyɛ katee no nya nkɔso. Eyi nso ho hia yiye ma gyinaesi ahorow wɔ da biara da asetra mu.
4. Wɔbɔ nimdeɛ foforo: Nnuru, mfiridwuma, ne nneɛma foforo ba wiase esiane nhwehwɛmu a wɔnam nyansahu kwan yi so yɛ nti. Yesua nneɛma foforo fi nsusuwii a ɛnteɛ mpo mu.
Nkrasɛm a Wɔde Kɔ Fie
- Nyansahu kwan no yɛ nhyehyɛe a wɔde di ɔhaw ahorow ho dwuma anammɔn biara.
- Eyi nyɛ labs nkutoo, na mmom ɛyɛ adwinnade a tumi wom a yebetumi nso de adi ɔhaw ahorow ho dwuma wɔ yɛn da biara da asetra mu.
- N’anammɔn atitiriw ne: (1) hwɛ, (2) nsɛmmisa, (3) nsusuwii hunu, (4) sɔhwɛ, (5) ba awiei, ne (6) nea efi mu ba a wɔbɛkyɛ.
- Saa kwan yi boa yɛn ma yesusuw nneɛma ho yiye, yede yɛn ho fi yɛn ankasa animhwɛ ho, na yegyina nokwasɛm ahorow so sisi gyinae.
- Nsuro sɛ wobɛyɛ mfomso sɛ wo nsusuwii ahorow no yɛ mfomso a. Ɛno yɛ adesua nhyehyɛe no fã titiriw.
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