Egbea míaƒo nu tso ametakpɔnu sue siwo le míaƒe ŋutilã me ŋu: Polyclonal Antibodies!

Èse nya siwo nye ‘Polyclonal Antibodies’ kpɔa? Ðewohĩ èse ɖɔkta aɖe gblɔe, alo èxlẽe le agbalẽ alo nyadzɔdzɔgbalẽ aɖe me le afi aɖe. Togbɔ be esia adze abe dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya me nya aɖe si gɔme sese sesẽ vie ene hã la, le nyateƒe me la, enye nusi le vevie ŋutɔ, ŋutɔ na míaƒe ŋutilã ƒe lãmesẽ eye wòakpɔ mía ta tso dɔlélewo me. Eyata egbea míaƒo nu tso nusiwo nye polyclonal antibodies siawo, alesi wowɔa dɔ le míaƒe ŋutilã me, alesi woɖea vi na mí, kple nusiwo nye woƒe viɖewo kple kuxiwo, ko, abe ɖe míele egblɔm na xɔlɔ̃ nyui alo ƒometɔ aɖe ene. Le ŋudzᴐ?

Kpuie ko la, nukawoe nye dɔlékuiwutike siawo siwo woyɔna be polyclonal antibodies?

Enyo, gbã la, mina míase nusiwo nye Polyclonal Antibodies siawo gɔme nyuie. Èɖo ŋku edzi be, ne míaƒe ŋutilã dze dɔ, si fia be ne nane abe dɔlékui ene ge ɖe eme la, akpa tɔxɛ aɖewo nɔa míaƒe ŋutilã me siwo wɔa avu kplii. Emae nye nusi míeyɔna be dɔlékuiwutikewo. Amesiawo le abe dzɔla suewo, alo asrafowo ene le míaƒe ŋutilã me. Míaƒe ŋutilãe wɔa protein siawo siwo woyɔna be dɔlékuiwutikewo koŋ be woatsɔ awɔ avu kple dɔlélewo kple dɔlékuiwo ahakpɔ mía ta.

Fifia dɔlékuiwutike siawo tso lãmenugbagbevi ƒomevi aɖe koŋ si woyɔna be `(Plasma B cells)` gbɔ. Nya ``polyclonal'' gɔmee nye ``tso ƒomevi vovovo geɖewo me'' (poly = geɖe, clonal = dzidzime/ƒomevi). Eyae nye be, dɔlékuiwutike siawo siwo woyɔna be polyclonal antibodies menye ƒomevi ɖeka o, wometso aŋɔ ɖeka me o. Wonye dɔlékuiwutikewo ƒe ƒuƒoƒo si tso plasma B lãmenugbagbeviwo ƒe dzidzime vovovowo me (`dzidzimewo`), eye woto vovo vie tso wo nɔewo gbɔ. Bu eŋu abe asrafowo ƒe ƒuƒoƒo aɖe si tso asrafoha vovovowo me le asrafoha ɖeka me ene.

Emegbe dɔlékuiwutike siawo dometɔ ɖesiaɖe, alo asrafo vovovowo, dea dzesi dɔlékuiwutike ɖeka ƒe akpa vovovowo. Fifia èbia be, "Nukae nye antigen?" Bu eŋu be enye ‘dzesi’ alo ‘aflaga’ vi aɖe si le dɔlékui, aŋɔ, alo protein bubu si míenya o si gena ɖe míaƒe ŋutilã me. To ŋkuléle ɖe dzeside sia ŋu me la, míaƒe dɔlélenutsiŋutete, míaƒe ŋutilã ƒe ametakpɔnu, dea dzesii nenye be mía ŋutɔwo ƒe futɔ (`ameɖokui`) alo duta futɔ (`amesi menye mía ɖokui o`) ye. Ele abe futɔ ƒe awu, alo futɔ ƒe aʋakɔ ƒe aflaga ene.

Eyata, polyclonal antibodies siawo nye asrafo vovovo (antibodies) siwo ateŋu ade dzesi dzesi vovovowo, nɔnɔme vovovowo (míeyɔa esiawo le dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya nu be `epitopes` ) le futɔ ɖeka (antigen) ɖeka ƒe awu alo aflaga dzi. Èse egɔmea? Ele abe asrafo bibiwo ƒe ƒuƒoƒo aɖe si ate ŋu adze futɔ ɖeka dzi tso teƒe vovovowo ene.

Ne amegbetɔwo kple lã bubuwo dze dɔ, si fia be ne woxɔ dɔlékui aɖe la, dɔlékuiwutike siawo siwo woyɔna be polyclonal antibodies la dzɔna le woƒe ŋutilã me le dzɔdzɔme nu. Gake zi geɖe la, wokpɔa dɔlékuiwutike siwo woyɔna be polyclonal antibodies siwo wozãna le atikewɔwɔ ŋuti numekukuwo kple atikewɔwɔ aɖewo me tso lã siwo naa no wo viwo abe avugbɔ̃e, alẽwo, kple gbɔ̃wo ene gbɔ. Ɣeaɖewoɣi la, woxɔa wo tso ame siwo haya tso dɔléle aɖewo me ƒe ʋu hã me.

Aleke dɔlékuiwutike siawo siwo woyɔna be polyclonal dɔlékuiwo wɔa dɔ ŋutɔŋutɔe?

Azɔ mina míakpɔ alesi dɔlékuiwutike siawo siwo nye polyclonal dɔlékuiwo wɔa dɔ le míaƒe ŋutilã me, alesi wowɔa avui ɖa. Ne dɔlékui, dɔlékui, alo dɔlékui bubu (dɔlékui) aɖe ge ɖe wò ŋutilã me la, wò dɔlélenutsiŋutete wɔa dɔlékuiwutikewo tsɔ wɔa avu kpli wo.

Dɔlékui siawo ƒe dɔlékuiwutike siwo ŋu míeƒo nu tsoe va yi la le woƒe gota. Dɔlékuiwutikewo (míaƒe asrafowo) dea dzesi dɔlékuiwutike siawo eye woblana ɖe wo ŋu. Dɔlékuiwutike ɖesiaɖe blana ɖe dɔlékuiwutike ɖeka koŋ ŋu. Ne míagblɔe bubui la, gaƒoɖokui ɖeka koŋ koe safui ɖesiaɖe sɔ. Ne dɔlékuiwutike aɖe bla ɖe dɔlékuiwutike aɖe ŋu la, eɖoa dzesi ɖe dɔlélenutsiŋutete susɔea, gblɔna be, "Futɔ aɖee nye esi, azɔ tsrɔ̃e."

Gake, le dɔlékuiwutike ɖeka gɔ̃ hã gome la, teƒe geɖe ate ŋu anɔ anyi siwo dɔlékuiwutikea léna ɖo, abe atiglinyi ƒe safui ene. Míeyɔa teƒe tɔxɛ siawo be `(epitopes)`. Eyata polyclonal antibodies siwo le wò ʋu me, alo le concentrated solutions (`serums`) siwo wona hena atikewɔwɔ me, nye antibodies vovovowo ƒe ƒuƒoƒo. Dɔlékuiwutike siawo dometɔ ɖesiaɖe ateŋu ade dzesi `(epitopes)` (teƒe vovovowo) le dɔlékuiwutike ma dzi eye wòabla ɖe wo ŋu. Ne míagblɔe bubui la, ele abe asrafoha vovovo geɖe siwo le dɔ wɔm le ɣeyiɣi ɖeka me be yewoalé futɔ ɖeka ene.

Bu eŋu kpɔ, futɔ gã aɖe li. Ne menye teƒe ɖeka koe nàte ŋu alé futɔ ma o, ke boŋ le teƒe geɖe zi ɖeka, abe eƒe asi, afɔ, ta, kple kɔla ene la, mɔnukpɔkpɔ si li be nàɖu futɔa dzi ahawɔe be wòagawɔ dɔ o la lolo wu sã. Aleae dɔlékuiwutike siwo nye polyclonal dɔlékuiwo wɔa dɔe. Dɔlékuiwutike ƒomevi vovovowo (`dzidzimewo`) naa mɔnukpɔkpɔ geɖe dɔlélenutsiŋutete be wòade dzesi dɔlékuiwo, adze wo dzi, ahalé wo. Esia nana míaƒe ŋutilã ƒe ametakpɔnu gasẽna ɖe edzi.

Nukae míezãa polyclonal antibodies na?

Wozãa dɔlékuiwutike siawo siwo nye polyclonal antibodies, siwo míewɔna le míaƒe ŋutilã me le dzɔdzɔme nu, hã le atikewɔwɔ me hena taɖodzinu vevi geɖe. Mina míalé ŋku ɖe nusiwo wonye ŋu:

• Dɔléle didi: Nudokpɔƒe ƒe dodokpɔ aɖewo li siwo ŋu ɖewohĩ èse nu tsoe, abe ELISA dodokpɔ kple Immunohistochemistry dodokpɔ ene. Dodokpɔ siawo zãa polyclonal antibodies tsɔ dea dzesi dɔléle vovovo siwo xɔa ame (e.g. HIV, aklãdɔ) kple kansa. Eyae nye be woate ŋu ade dzesii nenye be dɔlékuiwutike aɖe si ku ɖe dɔlélea ŋu koŋ le ʋu aɖe me.

• Dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya me numekuku: Numekulawo zãa dɔlékuiwutike siawo siwo nye polyclonal antibodies tsɔ sea alesi míaƒe ŋutilã wɔa dɔe, alesi lãmenugbagbevi vovovowo wɔa dɔe, alesi dɔlélewo gblẽa nu le mía ŋui, kple alesi wodi atike yeyewoe. Wole abe dɔwɔnu siwo kpena ɖe dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunyalawo ŋu be "wokpɔa" nusiwo womekpɔna o ene.

• Dɔléle siwo xɔa ame me kple lãmesẽkuxi aɖewo dada alo mɔxexe ɖe enu:Dɔlékuiwutike siwo woyɔna be polyclonal antibodies ate ŋu ada atike aɖewo zazã fũ akpa, da ƒe ɖuɖu si me aɖi le, kple dɔléle aɖewo siwo do ƒome kple ʋu eye le go aɖewo me la, woaxe mɔ ɖe enu.

Nukae nye atike siwo wozãna kple dɔlékuiwutike siwo woyɔna be polyclonal antibodies?

Mina míalé ŋku ɖe atikewɔwɔ siwo wozãna tsɔ zãa dɔlékuiwutike siwo woyɔna be polyclonal antibodies la dometɔ aɖewo ŋu nyuie:

• Dɔlékuiwutike siwo woyɔna be polyclonal antibodies le dɔlékuiwutike aɖewo me. Wowɔa esiawo to da ƒe aɖi sue aɖe dodo ɖe lãwo, abe sɔwo ene me, eye emegbe wokɔa dɔlékuiwutike siwo lã mawo wɔna ŋu. Ne da ɖu wò la, dɔlékuiwutike siwo le dɔlékuiwutikea me yia ɖaɖea aɖia ɖa.

• Convalescent plasma: Ðewohĩ èse nya sia le COVID-19 dɔvɔ̃a ƒe ɣeyiɣia me kpɔ. Ne dɔléle sesẽ aɖewo siwo xɔa ame me le dodom la, wotsɔa plasma (ʋua ƒe akpa si nye tsi) si woɖena tso ame siwo haya tso dɔléle ma me ƒe ʋu me la naa dɔnɔwo. Elabena dɔlékuiwutike siwo woyɔna be polyclonal antibodies siwo woƒe ŋutilã wɔ ɖe dɔléle ma ŋu la le plasma ma me. Ne dɔlékuiwutike siawo ge ɖe dɔnɔa ƒe ŋutilã me la, wokpena ɖe ame ŋu wòwɔa avu kple dɔlélea.

• Digoxin immune fab: Esia nye atike si wonana nenye be ame aɖe no dzitodzito me atike si nye digoxin wògbɔ eme. Dɔlékuiwutike siwo woyɔna be polyclonal antibodies siwo wowɔ ɖe digoxin molecule ŋu hã le esia me.

• Rho(D) immune globulin: Wogayɔa esia be `RhIG`, eye àte ŋu akpɔe hã be woŋlɔe be `Rh 0 (D)`. Wotsɔa esia naa vidada funɔ siwo ƒe ʋu ƒe ƒomevi nye `Rh-negative`. Nusitae nye be ne vidadaa ƒe ʋu nye `Rh-negative` eye vidzĩa ƒe ʋu nye `Rh-positive` la, vidadaa ƒe ŋutilã ateŋu awɔ dɔlékuiwutikewo ɖe vidzĩa ƒe ʋu ŋu. Togbɔ be esia mate ŋu akpɔ ŋusẽ ɖe vidzĩ gbãtɔ dzi o hã la, ne wodzi vidzĩ evelia si ŋu `Rh-positive` le la, dɔlékuiwutike mawo ate ŋu agblẽ nu le vidzĩa ŋu. Woyɔa esia be `(Rhesus isoimmunization)` (Rhesus ƒe masɔmasɔ). Esiae nye nusi wona `Rho(D)` ƒe atike la be woatsɔ axe mɔ ɖe enu. Wonae hã abe atike ene na `(Chronic immune thrombocytopenia)` alo `(ITP)`, nɔnɔme si me ʋumenugbagbevi dzĩ siwo le ʋua me dzi ɖena kpɔtɔna.

Vovototo kae le dɔlékuiwutike siwo nye polyclonal kple monoclonal dome?

Enyo, fifia ɖewohĩ nyabiase sue aɖe le asiwò. Ƒomevi aɖe hã li si woyɔna be ‘Monoclonal Antibodies’, vovototo kae le esiawo kple polyclonal antibodies siawo dome? Wo ame evea siaa nye dɔlékuiwutikewo, eye wo ame evea siaa nye dɔlékuiwutikewo. Gake vovototo vevi aɖewo le wo dome.

Kpuie ko la:

• Polyclonal Antibodies: Esiawo tso B lãmenugbagbeviwo ƒe dzidzime vovovowo me. Eyata woateŋu ade dzesi `(epitopes)` (teƒe siwo blaa nu) vovovo geɖe le antigen ɖeka dzi eye woabla wo. Ele abe asrafowo ƒe ƒuƒoƒo aɖe si si dɔ tɔxɛ vovovowo kple aʋawɔnu vovovowo le ene. Wodzea futɔ ɖeka ma ke dzi tso go vovovowo me.

• Monoclonal Antibodies: Esiawo nye ``kɔpi siwo sɔ pɛpɛpɛ`` na dɔlékuiwutike ɖeka. Eyae nye be lãmenugbagbevi B ƒe dzidzime ɖeka koe wɔa wo. Eyata ``epitope`` ɖeka koe wodea dzesii eye woblanɛ ɖe eŋu. Abe asrafo siwo wowɔ woƒe nɔnɔmetatawo siwo zãa aʋawɔnu ɖeka ma ke ene la, dze taɖodzinu ɖeka ko dzi.

Le atikewɔwɔ me la, zi geɖe la, wokpɔa dɔlékuiwutike siwo woyɔna be polyclonal antibodies tso lãwo abe avugbɔ̃e, gbɔ̃, kple alẽ ene ƒe ʋu me. Ɣeaɖewoɣi la, woxɔa wo tso amegbetɔwo hã gbɔ (e.g., dɔnɔ siwo haya ƒe ʋumenugbagbeviɣi). Woxɔa dɔlékuiwutike siwo nye monoclonal antibodies gbã tso lãwo ƒe ʋu me eye emegbe wogbugbɔa wo wɔa le dodokpɔxɔ me. Fifia la, wozãa dɔlékuiwutike siwo nye monoclonal antibodies zi geɖe wu polyclonal antibodies le atikewɔwɔ me, vevietɔ na dɔlélewo abe kansa ene, elabena wozãa wo koŋ le woƒe taɖodzinu me.

Viɖe kawoe le dɔlékuiwutike siwo woyɔna be polyclonal antibodies ŋu?

Eyata viɖe kawoe le dɔlékuiwutike siawo siwo woyɔna be polyclonal antibodies ŋu? Nukatae míegazãa wo kokoko?

• Ga si wozãna ɖe ewɔwɔ ŋu le sue ŋutɔ. Esiawo wɔwɔ ƒe asi bɔbɔ wu be woawɔ dɔlékuiwutike siwo nye monoclonal antibodies.
• Esia ate ŋu ade dzesi dɔlékuiwutikewo le kpɔɖeŋu aɖe me le agbɔsɔsɔ si bɔbɔ ŋutɔ me, ne wole agbɔsɔsɔ si bɔbɔ ŋutɔ me gɔ̃ hã. Esi dɔlékuiwutike vovovowo wɔa dɔ ɖekae ta la, ne ɖeka to wo ŋu gɔ̃ hã la, mɔnukpɔkpɔ gã aɖe li be woalé bubu.
• Ŋutete bliboa si le ame si be wòade dzesi dɔlékuiwutike aɖe la lolo ŋutɔ. Esi wònye be dɔlékuiwutike geɖewo li siwo ateŋu abla ɖe ``epitopes'' vovovowo ŋu ta la, kakaɖedzi si li be woade dzesi dɔlékuiwutike aɖe lolo, ne eƒe nɔnɔme to vovo vie gɔ̃ hã.

Ðe kuxi aɖewo li ɣemaɣia?

Viɖe kple kuxi aɖewo le dɔlékuiwutike siawo siwo woyɔna be polyclonal antibodies ŋu. Enyo be nànya nusiwo wonye.

• Esi wònye be nusiawo tso dzɔdzɔme (amegbetɔ alo lãwo ƒe ʋu) ta la, womewɔa ɖeka le woƒe nyonyome kple woƒe wɔwɔme me tso hatsotso ɖeka me yi bubu me o, to vovo na atike siwo wowɔna le nudokpɔƒe. Esia fia be vovototo sue aɖe ate ŋu anɔ dɔlékuiwutike ƒe tsakatsaka si wowɔ zi ɖeka kple tsakatsaka si wowɔ zi bubu dome. Eyata alesi wòwɔa dɔe hã ate ŋu ato vovo vie.
• Le dɔlékuiwutike siwo nye monoclonal antibodies gome la, afɔku si le cross-reactivity me lolo wu. Eyae nye be mɔnukpɔkpɔ geɖe wu li be dɔlékuiwutike si woɖo taɖodzinu na la nabla ɖe dɔlékuiwutike bubu (si míedi o) ŋu. Esia ate ŋu ahe kuxiwo vɛ le dodokpɔwo alo numekukuwo me. Le kpɔɖeŋu me, alakpanya nyuiwo ate ŋu adzɔ. Eyae nye be ame si si dɔlélea mele o ate ŋu akpɔ emetsonu si adze abe dɔlélea le wo ŋu ene. Eyata ne nu nyui aɖe gadze abe alesi wòle le dɔléle sesẽ siwo xɔa ame me ene la, ɖewohĩ ahiã be ɖɔktawo nawɔ dodokpɔ geɖe wu atsɔ aɖo kpe edzi.
• Ne wozã dɔlékuiwutike siwo nye polyclonal antibodies siwo tso lãwo me tsɔ da dɔe la, afɔku li be nulɔdɔ alo nugbegblẽ le ame ŋu bubuwo nado mo ɖa, elabena lãwo ƒe protein siawo nye amedzro na míaƒe ŋutilã.

Mlɔeba la, nu vevitɔ kekeake siwo dzi wòle be nàɖo ŋkui

Eyata, ɖewohĩ èse egɔme azɔ be dɔlékuiwutike siwo nye polyclonal antibodies nye míaƒe ŋutilã ƒe dɔlélenutsiŋutete ƒe akpa vevi aɖe ŋutɔ, eye wohiã vevie le atikewɔwɔ ŋuti dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya me hena numekuku, dɔlélewo didi, kple atikewɔwɔ tɔxɛ aɖewo.

Zi geɖe la, wozãa esiawo hena numekuku kple dɔlélewo didi ƒe dodokpɔwo. Gake ne èfɔ fu eye ʋu ƒe hatsotso si me Rh mele o le ŋuwò (wò ɖɔkta agblɔ esia na wò), ne dɔléle sesẽ aɖe si xɔa ame me (abe aɖuɖɔtoedɔ ene), ne da ɖu wò, alo ne dɔléle aɖe abe dɔlélenutsiŋutete ƒe ʋumenugbagbeviɣidɔ si nɔa anyi didi (ITP) ene le ŋuwò la, woate ŋu ana atike si me dɔlékuiwutike siwo woyɔna be polyclonal antibodies le na wò.

Ne nyabiase alo dzimaɖitsitsi bubu aɖewo gale asiwò ku ɖe esia ŋu la, mègahe ɖe megbe le wò ɖɔkta alo dɔnɔdzikpɔla biam o. Woaɖe nusiawo me na wò tsitotsito. Elabena be woana nyanya wò tso wò lãmesẽ kple atike siwo wowɔna na wò ŋu nye afɔɖeɖe nyuitɔ kekeake siwo ana nànɔ lãmesẽ me ahakpɔ dzidzɔ la dometɔ ɖeka!

` Polyclonal Antibodies, Antibodies, Dɔlélenutsiŋutete, Antigen, Epitope, Dɔléle, Atikewɔwɔ