Mene ne waɗannan ƙwayoyin halitta? (Ƙwayoyin halitta) Bari mu gano daidai!

Shin ka taɓa yin mamakin yadda ake yin jikinmu, da kuma yadda waɗannan ƙwayoyin halitta ke sabunta kansu yayin da muke girma? Jikinmu halitta ce mai ban mamaki. Wani muhimmin ɓangare na wannan halitta shine ƙwayoyin halitta waɗanda za mu yi magana a kansu a yau, ko kuma kamar yadda ka ji, "Ƙwayoyin halitta".

To menene waɗannan ƙwayoyin halitta?

A taƙaice dai, idan jikinka babban gini ne, waɗannan ƙwayoyin halitta kamar harsashin ginin ne. Waɗannan ƙwayoyin halitta su ne kawai nau'in ƙwayoyin halitta a jikinmu, kuma suna iya yin wasu nau'ikan ƙwayoyin halitta waɗanda ke yin takamaiman ayyuka. Kawai ka yi tunani, muna da tiriliyan ƙwayoyin halitta a jikinmu, kuma waɗannan ƙwayoyin halitta na iya yin nau'ikan ƙwayoyin halitta na musamman sama da 200. Misali, abubuwa kamar ƙwayoyin jini, ƙwayoyin ƙashi. Wani nau'in ƙwayoyin halitta na farko yana gina jikinmu gaba ɗaya. Sannan, wani nau'in ƙwayoyin halitta na farko, kamar ƙungiyar kulawa, yana yin gyare-gyare ga sassa daban-daban na jikinmu.

Ta yaya waɗannan ƙwayoyin halitta suke aiki?

Akwai abubuwa biyu da ƙwayoyin halitta ke yi waɗanda babu wani ƙwayar halitta da zai iya yi.

• Abu na farko shi ne cewa za su iya ci gaba da rarrabawa da yin kwafi na kansu. Kwayoyin halitta na yau da kullun suma suna rabuwa, amma suna da iyakataccen tsawon rai. Amma ƙwayoyin tushe ba sa rabuwa, za su iya ci gaba da sabunta kansu.
• Abu na biyu shi ne cewa su ne kawai za su iya ƙirƙirar ƙwayoyin halitta na musamman (masu bambance-bambance). Wato, idan nama ya lalace, za su iya ƙirƙirar sabbin ƙwayoyin halitta don maye gurbinsa. Wannan ƙwarewa ce mai matuƙar muhimmanci. Ga wasu misalai kaɗan:
• Nau'in da ake kira "Ƙwayoyin halittar jini" (wanda ake furtawa kamar "he-ma-to-poy-ee-tik") yana taimakawa wajen samar da ƙwayoyin jininmu (jajayen ƙwayoyin halitta, fararen ƙwayoyin halitta) da ƙwayoyin halitta na tsarin garkuwar jiki.
• Kwayoyin tushe na basal suna taimakawa ƙwayoyin fatarmu , ana buƙatar su don sabunta fata da warkar da rauni .
• Kwayoyin halittar mesenchymal (wanda ake kira 'me-sen-ky-mal') suna taimakawa wajen gina abubuwa kamar ƙashi, guringuntsi, tsoka, da kuma kitse.

Me yasa waɗannan ƙwayoyin halitta suke da mahimmanci haka?

Kwayoyin halitta ba wai kawai suna da mahimmanci don ginawa da kula da jikinmu ba. Bugu da ƙari, suna da mahimmanci ga binciken likita. Masu bincike suna nazarin ƙwayoyin halitta saboda dalilai da yawa masu mahimmanci:

• Fahimci yadda cututtuka ke bunƙasa: Masu bincike suna haɓaka ƙwayoyin halitta daga kyallen jiki da gabobin jiki daban-daban. Ta hanyar kallon yadda waɗannan ƙwayoyin halitta ke canzawa yayin da suke girma, za su iya samun zurfin fahimtar yadda cututtuka kamar su ciwon suga , cututtukan zuciya , da cututtukan jijiyoyi ke farawa da bunƙasa a matakin ƙwayoyin halitta.
• Gano ko za a iya amfani da ƙwayoyin tushe don maye gurbin ƙwayoyin da suka lalace ko marasa lafiya: Wannan yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan fatan da ake da shi ga ƙwayoyin tushe. Masu bincike suna binciken yadda za a iya amfani da ƙwayoyin tushe don bambancewa zuwa nau'ikan ƙwayoyin halitta daban-daban da kuma magance lalacewa ko cututtuka a wani takamaiman ɓangare na jiki. Ka yi tunanin, wata rana, ana iya amfani da ƙwayoyin tushe don maye gurbin fatar da ta lalace sakamakon ƙonewa mai tsanani, gyara raunin kashin baya kaɗan, ko magance yanayi kamar cutar Parkinson .
• Gwada sabbin magunguna da magunguna: Masu bincike suna amfani da ƙwayoyin tushe don nemo magunguna waɗanda za su iya zama mafi tasiri ga wasu cututtuka. Ta amfani da ƙwayoyin tushe da aka gyara musamman (misali, ƙwayoyin halitta waɗanda aka gyara su don samun takamaiman cuta), za su iya gano ko maganin yana aiki, yana da aminci, kuma yana da illa kafin a ba wa mutanen da ke cikin gwaje-gwajen asibiti. Wannan kuma zai iya rage lokaci da kuɗin neman sabbin magunguna.

Waɗanne manyan nau'ikan ƙwayoyin halitta ne?

Likitoci suna rarraba ƙwayoyin halitta bisa ga tushensu ko ayyukansu. Amma yawancin mutane sun ji labarin rarrabuwa bisa ga tushe. Bari mu dubi manyan nau'ikan:

• Kwayoyin halittar mahaifa (pluripotent): Waɗannan ƙwayoyin halitta suna da iko mai ban mamaki na zama kowace irin ƙwayar halitta. Wannan yana nufin ƙwayoyin fata, ƙwayoyin zuciya, ƙwayoyin kwakwalwa, komai! 'Pluri' yana nufin 'da yawa'. 'Mai ƙarfi' ya fito ne daga kalmar Latin ma'ana 'iko'. Masu binciken lafiya suna samun waɗannan ƙwayoyin halittar tayin daga jinin igiyar da aka bayar ko kuma daga tayin da aka bayar don dalilai na bincike ta hanyar hadi a cikin vitro.

Muhimmi: Akwai ra'ayoyi daban-daban da batutuwan ɗabi'a da aka tattauna a duk faɗin duniya game da tattarawa da amfani da waɗannan ƙwayoyin halittar da ke cikin tayi. Saboda haka, ana amfani da su da taka tsantsan kuma bisa ga ƙa'idodi masu tsauri.

• Kwayoyin halitta masu ƙarfi da yawa ko marasa ƙarfi: Waɗannan ƙwayoyin halitta kuma suna iya yin sabbin ƙwayoyin halitta masu ƙarfi, amma kawai ƙwayoyin halitta waɗanda suka keɓance ga kyallen da suke rayuwa a ciki. Wato, sun ɗan ƙware. Misali, ƙwayoyin halitta masu samar da jini a cikin ƙashin ku na iya yin sabbin ƙwayoyin halitta na jini da platelets. Amma ba za su iya yin sabbin ƙwayoyin halitta masu ƙarfi a cikin huhu ko hanta ba. Masu bincike suna samun waɗannan ƙwayoyin ne daga kyallen da manya suka bayar (bayan haihuwa).
• Kwayoyin halittar da ke haifar da ƙwayoyin halitta masu ƙarfi (ƙwayoyin iPS ko iPSCs):Waɗannan su ne wasu daga cikin abubuwan da suka fi ban mamaki a kimiyyar zamani. Waɗannan su ne ƙwayoyin halitta da aka yi a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje. Suna ɗaukar ƙwayoyin halitta na manya na yau da kullun (kamar ƙwayoyin fata) kuma suna canza su ta hanyar halitta don su yi kama da ƙwayoyin halitta na tayi, waɗanda za su iya zama kowace irin ƙwayar halitta. Waɗannan ƙwayoyin halitta na "iPS" sun taimaka wajen guje wa yawancin matsalolin ɗabi'a da suka taso tare da amfani da ƙwayoyin halitta na tayi. Masu binciken lafiya suna amfani da waɗannan ƙwayoyin halitta don nazarin yadda kyallen halitta ke tsiro, yadda cututtuka ke shafar kyallen halitta, da kuma gwada sabbin magunguna da magunguna.

Ta yaya masu bincike ke aiki da waɗannan ƙwayoyin halitta?

Wannan tsari yawanci yana farawa ne da ƙwayoyin halitta na manya da aka bayar da gudummawa. Ko kuma, kamar ƙwayoyin halitta masu ƙarfi da aka haifar da aka yi magana a kansu a baya, tare da ƙwayoyin halitta na yau da kullun. Sannan, masu bincike suna haɓaka miliyoyin waɗannan ƙwayoyin halitta a cikin wani sinadari na musamman a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje. Manufarsu ita ce sanya waɗannan ƙwayoyin halitta na farko su zama ƙwayoyin halitta na musamman da suke so (misali, ƙwayoyin tsoka na zuciya, ƙwayoyin jijiyoyi). Suna amfani da siginar sinadarai daban-daban da abubuwan haɓaka don yin wannan.

Ta yaya likitoci ke amfani da ƙwayoyin halitta don magance cututtuka?

Likitoci sun riga sun yi nasarar amfani da ƙwayoyin halitta don magance wasu matsalolin lafiya.

• Dashen Maƙogwaro na Ƙashi: Wannan ita ce hanyar da ta fi shahara kuma mafi nasara ta maganin ƙwayoyin tushe . Likitoci za su iya amfani da ƙwayoyin tushe na manya don maye gurbin ƙwayoyin tushe na ƙashi da suka lalace ko marasa kyau. Ana amfani da waɗannan don magance cututtuka kamar:
• Nau'ikan ciwon daji na jini: Ciwon daji na jini, ciwon daji na myeloma da yawa, da kuma cutar sankarar bargo wadda ba ta Hodgkin ba. Mutane da ke fama da waɗannan cututtuka galibi suna buƙatar dashen ƙwayoyin halitta bayan sun sami maganin chemotherapy mai yawa ko maganin radiation don kashe ƙwayoyin cutar daji a cikin ƙashinsu.
• Cututtukan jini: Cututtukan gado kamar su sickle cell anemia da thalassemia.
• Rashin Jini Mai Ƙarfi: Yanayi ne da bargon ƙashi ba ya samar da isassun ƙwayoyin jini.
• Karyewar ƙashi da lalacewar guringuntsi: Likitoci wani lokacin suna amfani da dashen ƙashi, wanda aka yi daga ƙwayoyin tushe da aka ɗauko daga nama da aka bayar da gudummawa da sauran kayayyaki, don warkar da karyewar ƙashi. Haka kuma, ana binciken allurar ƙwayoyin tushe don gano lalacewar guringuntsi a gidajen abinci kamar gwiwa.

Shin likitoci za su taɓa amfani da ƙwayoyin halittar tayin?

Haka ne, wani lokacin likitoci suna amfani da ƙwayoyin halitta daga jinin da aka bayar don magance matsalolin jini, musamman a yara. Jinin igiya yana ɗauke da ƙwayoyin halitta waɗanda suke kama da ƙwayoyin halitta na tayin, amma sun fi ƙwarewa. (Jinin igiya shine jinin da ke saura a cikin igiyar cibiya da mahaifa bayan an haifi jariri.) Wannan maganin, wanda ake amfani da shi tare da jinin igiya da aka bayar, shine kawai maganin ƙwayoyin halitta na tayin da Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna ta Amurka (FDA) ta amince da shi.

Ina waɗannan ƙwayoyin halitta suke a jikinmu?

Kana da ƙwayoyin halitta a jikinka, amma kyallen halitta daban-daban suna ɗauke da ƙwayoyin halitta na musamman ga wannan kyallen. Ana samun su galibi a cikin bargon ƙashin ka (wannan shine mafi girman tushen), kwakwalwa, jijiyoyin jini, layin da ke ƙarƙashin fatar jikinka, tsokoki, hanta, da zuciya . Duk da haka, yayin da kake tsufa, adadin ƙwayoyin halitta na halitta da aikinsu na iya raguwa.

Waɗanne cututtuka ne ake yawan samu waɗanda ke shafar ƙwayoyin halitta?

Bargon ƙashin ku - nama mai laushi da laushi a cikin wasu ƙasusuwa - shine inda ake samar da ƙwayoyin tushe waɗanda suka zama ƙwayoyin jini (ƙwayoyin halitta ja, fararen ƙwayoyin halitta) da platelets. Kwayoyin jini ja suna ɗauke da iskar oxygen a cikin jiki. Farin ƙwayoyin jini suna yaƙi da kamuwa da cuta. Platelets suna sarrafa zubar jini. Don haka, duk wani abu da ya shafi bargon ƙashin ku zai iya shafar waɗannan ƙwayoyin halitta masu samar da jini kai tsaye. Wasu yanayi na yau da kullun waɗanda ke shafar ƙwayoyin halitta sun haɗa da:

• Rashin Jini Mai Ƙarfi
• Cututtukan Myeloproliferative (waɗannan yanayi ne da ƙwayoyin halitta a cikin bargon ƙashi ke samarwa da yawa)
• Lymphoma (ciwon daji na tsarin lymphatic, amma kuma yana iya shafar ƙashi)
• Ciwon daji na jini (ciwon daji na jini wanda ke farawa kai tsaye daga ƙwayoyin tushe a cikin ƙashi)

Ta yaya zan kiyaye lafiyar ƙwayoyin halitta na?

Babu wata hanyar da aka tabbatar da cewa za a iya ƙirƙirar da kuma kula da ƙwayoyin halitta masu lafiya, domin aikinsu galibi yana da alaƙa da kwayoyin halitta da kuma shekaru. Duk da haka, bin kyawawan halaye na lafiya gabaɗaya na iya amfanar da dukkan ƙwayoyin halittarmu kai tsaye, gami da ƙwayoyin halitta:

• Ku ci abinci mai kyau: Ku haɗa da furotin marasa kitse, kayan lambu da yawa, 'ya'yan itatuwa, da hatsi gaba ɗaya. Abincin da ke ɗauke da sinadarin antioxidants (blueberries, strawberries, kayan lambu masu duhu kore) na iya taimakawa wajen kare ƙwayoyin halitta daga lalacewa.
• A guji shan taba da shan taba gaba ɗaya: Taba babbar maƙiyi ce da ke lalata ƙwayoyin halitta, ƙara haɗarin kamuwa da cutar kansa, da kuma lalata DNA.
• Idan kana shan giya, ka rage yawanta:Jagororin Ƙungiyar Ciwon Daji ta Amurka sun bayyana cewa idan mutum yana shan barasa, bai kamata maza su sha fiye da abin sha biyu a rana ba, yayin da mata kuma ba za su sha fiye da abin sha ɗaya a rana ba.
• Kare fatar jikinka daga hasken ultraviolet, ko daga rana ko daga gadajen yin tanning: Hasken ultraviolet na iya lalata ƙwayoyin fata kuma yana haifar da ciwon daji.
• Yi magana da likitanka game da alluran rigakafi don kare kai daga ƙwayoyin cuta. Wasu cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta (misali hepatitis) na iya haifar da lalacewar ƙwayoyin halitta na dogon lokaci.
• Sarrafa damuwarka: Tsawon lokaci damuwa tana da illa ga ƙwayoyin jiki. Za ka iya rage damuwa ta hanyar motsa jiki, bimbini, da kuma shakatawa.
• Samun isasshen barci: A lokacin barci ne ƙwayoyin jiki ke gyara kansu.

Zan iya ƙara yawan ƙwayoyin halitta na ta halitta?

Wataƙila ka karanta cewa shan wasu bitamin (kamar bitamin D da B12) ko shan wasu kari na iya inganta lafiyar ƙwayoyin tushe ko ƙara yawan ƙwayoyin tushe. Masu bincike har yanzu suna nazarin alaƙar da ke tsakanin wasu bitamin da lafiyar ƙwayoyin tushe. Duk da haka, har yanzu ba a fayyace ko shan bitamin kaɗai ko cin takamaiman abinci na iya ƙara yawan ƙwayoyin tushe ba. Abu mafi kyau da za a yi shi ne cin abinci mai kyau da kuma kula da salon rayuwa mai kyau.

To, menene saƙon da za mu mayar gida daga wannan labarin?

To, daga abin da muka yi magana a kai, a bayyane yake yadda ƙwayoyin halitta masu ban mamaki da mahimmanci suke a jikinmu. Kawai ka yi tunani, akwai tiriliyan ƙwayoyin halitta a jikinmu. Daga cikinsu, ƙwayoyin halitta masu tushe suna da mahimmanci domin su ne kawai nau'in ƙwayoyin halitta da za su iya yin kwafin kansu har abada kuma su ƙirƙiri ƙwayoyin halitta na musamman waɗanda za su iya gyara ƙwayoyin halitta da suka lalace.

Likitoci sun riga sun yi amfani da maganin ƙwayoyin halitta don magance cututtuka kamar su kansar jini da cututtukan jini. Masu binciken lafiya sun yi imanin cewa waɗannan ƙwayoyin halitta suna da damar magancewa da kuma warkar da wasu cututtuka masu tsanani da yawa (misali, cututtukan zuciya, ciwon suga, cutar Parkinson, gurguwar jini). Don haka bincike a wannan fanni ya ci gaba, kuma cikin sauri.

Don haka, ina fatan kun fahimci ainihin ƙwayoyin halitta. Sanin kimiyyar likitanci kamar wannan yana taimaka mana mu yi tunani sosai game da lafiyarmu, ko ba haka ba? Domin kuwa, ilimi shine mafi kyawun kariya!