Bari mu koyi game da Magungunan Antibody-Drug Conjugates (ADCs) - 'wani sihiri mai harbi' wanda ke gano ƙwayoyin cutar kansa kuma yana isar da magani?

Idan muka ce "ciwon daji", ɗaya daga cikin kalmomin da ke zuwa nan take a zuciya shine "chemotherapy". Mutane da yawa suna tsoron wannan maganin saboda yana haifar da asarar gashi kuma yana da wahala ga jiki. Duk da haka, tare da ci gaban kimiyyar likitanci, an gabatar da sabbin hanyoyi ga duniya waɗanda za su iya kai hari ga ƙwayoyin cutar kansa kawai kuma su rage lalacewar ƙwayoyin lafiya sosai. A yau, za mu yi magana game da hanyar magani wadda ta yi babban ci gaba a duniyar maganin ciwon daji, kuma tana aiki kamar 'bullet mai sihiri'. Wato Antibody-Drug Conjugates, ko ADCs kamar yadda muke kiransu a takaice.

A taƙaice dai, menene wannan maganin hana garkuwar jiki (ADC)?

Ka yi tunanin, kana buƙatar kai wa mutum ɗaya kunshin a wuri mai cunkoso. Yaya zai fi sauƙi a sami mutumin a kai kayan maimakon a raba wa kowa? Wannan shine abin da wannan ADC ke yi.

ADC haɗakar sassa uku ce. A takaice dai, kamar 'bam mai wayo' ne da aka yi da fasaha.

1. Maganin Kariya: Wannan shine 'wakilin gano mu'. Akwai sunadarai na musamman (muna kiran waɗannan "antigens na ƙari") waɗanda ke kan saman ƙwayoyin cutar kansa kawai. An ƙera wannan maganin rigakafi don ya je ya manne wa sunadarai da ke kan waɗannan ƙwayoyin cutar kansa. Yana kama da maɓalli wanda ya dace da makullinsa. Tunda ƙwayoyin lafiya ba su da waɗannan sunadarai, wannan maganin rigakafi ba ya manne musu. Saboda waɗannan an ƙera su musamman a dakunan gwaje-gwaje, muna kuma kiransu "Monoclonal Antibody".

2. Maganin Chemotherapy: Wannan shine abin da ke cikin wannan kunshin. Yana amfani da maganin hana ciwon daji mafi ƙarfi fiye da wanda ake bayarwa a cikin maganin chemotherapy na yau da kullun. Domin yana shiga kai tsaye cikin ƙwayar cutar kansa, yana iya ba da magani mai ƙarfi ba tare da cutar da ƙwayoyin lafiya na waje ba.

3. Linker: Wannan shine 'danko' da ke haɗa ɗan leƙen asiri (Antibody) da bam (Chemo drug) tare. Aikin wannan linker shine hana fitar maganin har sai antibody ya sami ƙwayar cutar kansa ya shiga. Sai bayan ƙwayar cutar kansa ta shiga ne wannan linker ɗin ya karye, yana sakin maganin.

Ta yaya wannan 'makami mai linzami na halitta' yake aiki?

Wannan tsari yana da ban sha'awa sosai. Bari mu ga abin da zai faru mataki-mataki.

• Mataki na 1: Ana allurar maganin ADC a cikin jijiyar majiyyaci ta hanyar ruwan gishiri.
• Mataki na 2: Wannan magani yana yawo a cikin jiki ta cikin jini. Duk da haka, yayin da yake tafiya, sashin rigakafi yana aiki kamar GPS, yana gano inda ƙwayoyin cutar kansa suke.
• Mataki na 3: Da zarar an gano ƙwayar cutar kansa, antibody zai tafi ya 'kulle' wani takamaiman furotin (antigen) a saman wannan ƙwayar.
• Mataki na 4: Da zarar an kulle shi haka, ƙwayar cutar kansar tana tunanin wannan abu ne da take so. Don haka tana jawo wannan kunshin ADC gaba ɗaya a cikin kanta.
• Mataki na 5: Da zarar sun shiga cikin ƙwayar cutar kansa, enzymes ɗin da ke ciki suna wargaza wannan 'mahaɗin'.
• Mataki na 6: Yayin da mahaɗin ya karye, maganin chemotherapy mai ƙarfi wanda aka ɗaure shi yana fitowa a cikin ƙwayar cutar kansa.
• Mataki na 7: Saboda ƙarfin wannan maganin, ƙwayar cutar kansa tana lalacewa daga ciki.

Waɗanne nau'ikan ciwon daji ne ake yi wa magani da ADC?

ADC ba magani bane ga dukkan nau'ikan ciwon daji. A halin yanzu, likitoci suna la'akari da wannan maganin ga wasu nau'ikan ciwon daji, musamman lokacin da wasu jiyya suka gaza (`(ciwon daji mai hana narkewa)`), ciwon daji ya dawo (`(maimaituwa)`), ko kuma ya bazu zuwa wasu sassan jiki (`(metastasize)`).

Bari mu ƙara bayani game da wannan a cikin teburin da ke ƙasa.

Magungunan ADC da dama da ake amfani da su a duniya

Akwai magunguna sama da goma sha biyu na ADC da hukumomi kamar FDA suka amince da su a Amurka. Wasu misalai sune:

• Brentuximab vedotin (Adcetris®): Ana amfani da shi don cututtukan daji na jini kamar lymphoma na Hodgkin.
• Trastuzumab emtansine (Kadcyla®): Ana amfani da shi don ciwon nono mai kama da HER2 wanda ya bazu ko'ina cikin jiki.
• Sacituzumab govitecan (Trodelvy®): Ana amfani da shi don ciwon nono mai dauke da cutar kansar mafitsara mai dauke da cutar kansar ...

Shin babu wata illa da wannan maganin zai haifar?

Ko da yake an ce "lalacewar ƙwayoyin lafiya ba ta da yawa", wannan ba yana nufin babu wata illa da wannan magani zai iya haifarwa ba. Duk da haka, idan aka kwatanta da maganin chemotherapy na yau da kullun, sau da yawa ana iya shawo kan waɗannan. Illolin da ke faruwa na iya bambanta daga majiyyaci zuwa majiyyaci, ya danganta da nau'in ciwon daji, matakinsa, da kuma lafiyar majiyyaci gaba ɗaya.

Ƙungiyar kula da cututtukan daji za ta sa ido sosai a kan ku a duk lokacin da kuke jinyar. Idan wani sakamako ya faru, za su ba ku magani nan take.

Illolin da aka saba gani:

• Gajiya
• Tashin zuciya da amai
• Rashin jini
• Leukopenia (ƙarancin ƙwayoyin jini masu farin jini)
• Ƙarancin adadin platelets a jini (`(Thrombocytopenia)`)
• Rashin isasshen abinci mai gina jiki
• Maƙarƙashiya ko gudawa
• Ciwon kai, zazzabi
• Ciwon jijiyoyi na gefe - jin kasala da tingling a cikin gaɓoɓi
• Kurajen fata

Yana da matuƙar muhimmanci a sanar da likitanka nan take game da duk wani abu daga cikin waɗannan abubuwan, koda kuwa ƙananan abubuwa ne.

Za mu iya samun bege ga wannan maganin?

Eh, hakika. ADC magani ne da ya kawo sabon bege ga yawancin masu fama da cutar kansa. Bincike ya nuna cewa marasa lafiya da suka sami maganin ADC suna rayuwa tsawon rai fiye da waɗanda suka sami maganin chemotherapy na yau da kullun.

Kuma wannan fanni yana ci gaba da bunƙasa cikin sauri. A halin yanzu, ana gudanar da gwaje-gwajen asibiti sama da 100 a duk faɗin duniya. Masana kimiyya suna ƙoƙarin ƙirƙirar ADCs waɗanda suka fi tasiri kuma ba su da illa ga ƙarin nau'ikan ciwon daji. Saboda haka, muna fatan nan gaba, za mu iya samun wannan maganin 'sihiri harsashi' don ƙarin nau'ikan ciwon daji da yawa.