Wataƙila kun san cewa jikinmu yana da tsarin tsaro mai ban mamaki, kamar rundunar sojoji, don yaƙi da cututtuka. Muna kiran wannan tsarin garkuwar jiki. Akwai nau'ikan sojoji daban-daban a cikin wannan rundunar. Wasu 'yan leƙen asiri, wasu suna yin makamai, wasu kuma suna shiga yaƙi kai tsaye. A yau za mu yi magana game da ƙungiyar kwamando ta musamman, wacce ta ɗan bambanta, kuma ƙwararriya a cikin wannan rundunar. Waɗannan su ne 'ƙwayoyin kisa na halitta' ko kuma kamar yadda muka san su, ƙwayoyin kisa na halitta (NK Cells) . Sunan yana da ɗan ban tsoro, ko ba haka ba? Amma waɗannan a zahiri wasu daga cikin abokanmu ne mafi kyau a jikinmu.
Su waye waɗannan ƙwayoyin halittar kisa na halitta (NK cells)?
A taƙaice dai, ƙwayoyin halittar kisa na halitta (NK cells) nau'in ƙwayoyin jinin fararen jini ne a jikinmu. A taƙaice dai, suna cikin ƙungiyar ƙwayoyin halitta da ake kira lymphocytes, waɗanda su ne manyan nau'in ƙwayoyin halitta a cikin tsarin garkuwar jiki. Wataƙila kun ji labarin ƙwayoyin B da ƙwayoyin T. Wannan shine abin da ƙwayoyin NK ke nufi.
Amma akwai dalilin da yasa ake kiransu masu kisan "na halitta". Sauran ƙwayoyin yaƙi a cikin tsarin garkuwar jikinmu, kamar ƙwayoyin T masu guba, suna buƙatar sanin abokin gaba (kamar ƙwayar cuta ko ƙwayoyin cuta) domin su lalata shi. Wannan yana nufin suna buƙatar samun horo da tunawa game da wannan abokin gaba.
Amma lasifikanmu, 'Kwayoyin NK', ba sa buƙatar wani horo ko ganewa a baya. Suna iya lalata kowace ƙwayar halitta da za ta iya zama barazana a gare su da zarar sun gan ta, ba tare da wata gogewa ba a baya. Suna kama da kare mai wayo wanda ke gane ɓarawo a hankali kuma yana tsalle a kansa lokacin da ɓarawo ya shigo gida.
Me ke faruwa da waɗannan ƙwayoyin NK daidai?
Babban aikin ƙwayoyin 'NK' shine lalata ƙwayoyin da a da suke da lafiya amma yanzu suna barazana ga jikinmu. Wannan ya haɗa da:
- Kwayoyin da ke ɗauke da ƙwayoyin cuta: Idan kwayar cuta ta shiga jiki, tana shiga cikin ƙwayoyin halittarmu masu lafiya kuma tana sarrafa su. Kwayoyin 'NK' za su iya gane waɗannan masana'antun ƙwayoyin cuta kuma su lalata su kafin kwayar cutar ta yaɗu sosai.
- Kwayoyin cutar kansa: Kwayoyin NK suna da ikon gane da kuma lalata wasu ƙwayoyin cutar kansa da ke tasowa a jikinmu tun da wuri. Saboda haka, waɗannan ƙwayoyin suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen hana yaɗuwar cutar kansa.
Waɗannan ƙwayoyin halittar 'NK' suna da matuƙar muhimmanci a cikin tsarin garkuwar jikinmu. Wannan tsarin garkuwar jiki na asali shine layin farko na kariya ga jikinmu. Ka yi tunanin jikinmu a matsayin sansanin soja. Bangon wannan sansanin soja (fatarmu) da kuma magudanar ruwa (membrane na mucous) su ne abubuwan farko da ke hana ƙwayoyin cuta shiga. Amma idan wani maƙiyi ya wuce waɗannan shingen ya shiga, rukunin sojoji na farko da ke shiga yaƙi shine wannan tsarin garkuwar jiki na asali. Mafi kyawun sojoji a cikin wannan ƙungiyar sune ƙwayoyin 'NK'.
Duk da cewa babban aikinsu shine kashewa, ƙwayoyin NK suna da wani muhimmin aiki. Wannan shine sadarwa. Suna fitar da sunadaran musamman da ake kira cytokines. Waɗannan kamar saƙonni ne. Waɗannan saƙonni suna gaya wa sauran ƙwayoyin halitta a cikin tsarin garkuwar jiki, "Akwai maƙiyi a nan, zo ku taimaka."
To, ta yaya waɗannan ƙwayoyin NK ke aiki?
Wannan tsari ne mai ban sha'awa sosai. Kwayoyin 'NK' suna ci gaba da sintiri a jikinmu. Yayin da suke yin haka, suna "scan" kowace ƙwayar halitta da suka ci karo da ita, suna tambaya, "Shin wannan ƙwayar halitta ce mai lafiya tamu ko ƙwayar halitta ce mai haɗari?" Shawarar ko ƙwayar 'NK' za ta lalata ƙwayar halitta ko a'a ta dogara ne akan siginar da take karɓa ko ba ta karɓa daga ƙwayar da take dubawa ba (bari mu kira ta 'ƙwayar da aka yi niyya').
A saman kwayar halittar NK, akwai masu karɓa da yawa waɗanda ke kunnawa da kuma hana lalata kwayar halitta.
Ta yaya za mu gane ƙwayoyin halitta masu lafiya kuma mu guji lalata su? (Hanawa)
Kusan kowace ƙwayar halitta mai lafiya a jikinmu tana da katin shaida a samanta wanda ke cewa, "Ni ƙwayar halitta ce mai lafiya wadda take cikin wannan jikin." Ana kiran wannan MHC-1 . Lokacin da ƙwayar halitta ta NK ta yi sintiri, idan ta haɗu da ƙwayar halitta, tana duba wannan katin shaida na MHC-1.
Idan ID ɗin daidai ne, ma'ana ƙwayar tana da lafiya, MHC-1 zai haɗu da mai karɓar hanawa akan ƙwayar NK. Kamar mai gadi ne ke kallon ID ɗin yana cewa, "To, za ku iya tafiya." A wannan lokacin, tsarin kashe ƙwayoyin NK kawai yana kashewa. Don haka ƙwayar NK za ta je ta duba ƙwayar ta gaba ba tare da cutar da ƙwayar ta lafiya ba.
Ta yaya kuke yanke shawarar lalata ƙwayoyin cuta masu haɗari? (Kunnawa)
Wata ƙungiyar 'NK' ta shiga faɗan a cikin irin waɗannan yanayi:
- Idan aka rasa katin shaida (MHC-1): Kwayoyin da suka kamu da kwayar cuta da kuma wasu kwayoyin cutar kansa suna ɓoye wannan katin shaida mai suna `MHC-1`. Wannan don guje wa tsarin garkuwar jiki. Amma ƙwayoyin `NK` suna da wayo sosai. Da zarar sun ga ƙwayar halitta ba tare da katin shaida ba, sai su yanke shawarar cewa abin zargi ne kuma su kai mata hari.
- Lokacin da katin shaidar (MHC-1) ya ragu: Wani lokaci 'MHC-1' na tantanin halitta ba ya ɓace gaba ɗaya, amma adadin yana raguwa. Wannan kuma siginar gargaɗi ne ga ƙwayoyin 'NK'.
- Lokacin karɓar siginar kunnawa:Wasu ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin cutar kansa suna fitar da wasu sigina na musamman a saman su waɗanda ke cewa "Ina da haɗari." Lokacin da 'masu karɓar amsawa' suka ɗauki waɗannan sigina a kan ƙwayoyin NK, tsarin kashewa zai fara.
Bayan yanke shawarar lalata wani tantanin halitta, tantanin NK yana amfani da makamai masu guba guda biyu masu ƙarfi.
1. Perforin: Wannan yana haifar da rami a wajen ƙwayar da aka nufa.
2. Granzymes: Waɗannan enzymes da ake kira 'granzymes' ana aika su ta cikin ramin da aka yi. Da zarar sun shiga, ƙwayar da aka nufa za ta lalace daga ciki.
Bayan kammala wannan aikin, ƙwayar NK tana aika saƙonni (ta hanyar cytokines) ga wasu don su zo su tsaftace su gani ko akwai wasu maƙiya.
Ina waɗannan ƙwayoyin NK suke a jikinmu?
Kwayoyin NK suna fara girma a cikin bargon ƙashinmu. Wannan shine ɓangaren da ke da laushi a cikin manyan ƙasusuwanmu. Bayan sun girma a can, wasu ƙwayoyin NK suna zama a cikin bargon ƙashi. Wasu kuma suna tafiya zuwa gaɓoɓi daban-daban da ke da alaƙa da tsarin lymphatic ɗinmu. Misali:
- Ƙunƙolin Lymph
- ƙashi
- Tonsils
- Thymus
Da zarar waɗannan suka girma suka zama ƙwayoyin NK, ana sake su cikin jini. Shi ya sa ake samun waɗannan ƙwayoyin a cikin jininmu da yawa. Bugu da ƙari, ana iya samun waɗannan ƙwayoyin NK a cikin gabobin jiki kamar hanta da huhu. Yawanci, akwai ƙwayoyin NK sama da biliyan 2 a jikin babba a kowane lokaci. Duk da haka, tsawon rayuwarsu kaɗan ne, kimanin makonni biyu.
Menene bambanci tsakanin ƙwayoyin NK da ƙwayoyin T-cell na Cytotoxic?
Duk da cewa duka ƙwayoyin cuta ne masu kisa a cikin tsarin garkuwar jiki, aikinsu da aikinsu sun bambanta. Don fahimtar wannan bambanci a sarari, duba teburin da ke ƙasa.
| Fasali | Kwayoyin Kisa na Halitta (NK) | Kwayoyin T masu guba |
|---|---|---|
| Tsarin garkuwar jiki na kansa | Tsarin garkuwar jiki na asali - ƙungiyar farko da ke ba da amsa nan take. | Tsarin garkuwar jiki mai daidaitawa -An horar da ƙungiyar don takamaiman maƙiya. |
| Gano maƙiya | Ba a buƙatar wani gogewa na baya don halaka maƙiyi. Duk wani tantanin halitta da ake zargi za a kai masa hari. | Jikin yana kai hari ne kawai ga wani abokin gaba da aka riga aka gano, takamaiman. |
| Saurin amsawa | Yana aiki cikin sauri. Yana aiki cikin kwana 3 bayan kamuwa da cuta. | Yana da jinkiri kaɗan. Yana ɗaukar kimanin mako guda don gane maƙiyi da kuma yin ƙwayoyin T na musamman. |
| Yanayin harin | Kamar dai sintirin da aka saba yi. Fuskantar kowace barazana . | Hari da aka yi niyya. Yana kai hari ga maƙiyi da aka sani kawai. |
Wadanne cututtuka ne ke haifar da matsalolin ƙwayoyin NK?
Rashin isassun ƙwayoyin NK a jikinmu, ko kuma samun ƙwayoyin da ba mu da su, babbar barazana ce ga lafiyarmu, domin yana rage mana ƙarfinmu na yaƙi da cututtuka da kuma ciwon daji.
Bincike ya gano cewa canje-canje a cikin aikin ƙwayoyin NK na iya haifar da cututtuka daban-daban.
- Cututtukan garkuwar jiki: A cikin waɗannan cututtuka, tsarin garkuwar jikinmu yana kai hari ga ƙwayoyin halittarmu masu lafiya. Ana kyautata zaton cewa rashin aikin ƙwayoyin 'NK' na iya haifar da wannan yanayin.
- Asma: Kwayoyin NK suna taimakawa wajen sarrafa ko ƙara kumburi a cikin hanyoyin iska a cikin asma.
- Cutar Kumburi ta hanji (IBD): Kwayoyin NK suna da hannu a cikin martanin kumburin jiki ga kamuwa da ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin hanyar narkewar abinci.
Bugu da ƙari, akwai lahani guda biyu na kwayoyin halitta waɗanda suka shafi ƙwayoyin NK.
1. Rashin Kwayoyin Halitta na Kisa (NKD): Mutanen da ke da wannan yanayin suna da ƙarancin ƙwayoyin NK ko babu su a cikin jininsu.
2. Rashin Tsarin Kwayoyin Halitta Mai Kisa (NKD):Ko da yake akwai isassun ƙwayoyin 'NK' a nan, aikin waɗannan ƙwayoyin, wato, ikonsu na lalata ƙwayoyin halitta, yana da rauni sosai.
Mutane masu fama da waɗannan cututtuka guda biyu suna cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta akai-akai, musamman ma ƙwayoyin cuta. Misali, HPV, herpes, cytomegalovirus (CMV), da kuma ƙwayar cutar da ke haifar da cutar kyanda na iya yin tasiri sosai.
Abu mafi mahimmanci shine idan kuna da wata shakka game da ko kuna da irin waɗannan yanayi masu wuya, likitanku ya kamata ya yanke shawara. Idan kuna fuskantar cututtukan da ba a saba gani ba akai-akai, ya fi kyau ku yi magana da likita game da shi.
Saƙon Ɗauka Gida
- Kwayoyin Halittar Killer (NK) rukuni ne na musamman na kwamandoji a cikin tsarin garkuwar jikinmu waɗanda ke yaƙi da ƙwayoyin cutar kansa da ƙwayoyin da ke kamuwa da ƙwayoyin cuta.
- Waɗannan su ne muhimman abubuwan da ke cikin layin farko na kariya daga jikinmu, wato tsarin garkuwar jiki na asali.
- Ba kamar sauran ƙwayoyin garkuwar jiki ba, ƙwayoyin NK ba sa buƙatar ƙwarewa ta farko don lalata abokin gaba, don haka suna iya yin aiki da sauri.
- Samun isassun ƙwayoyin NK masu lafiya da aiki a jiki yana da matuƙar muhimmanci don karewa daga cututtuka masu tsanani.
- Idan wani yana fama da cututtuka masu tsanani da suka ɗore, yana da muhimmanci a sanar da likita domin likita ya iya duba yadda garkuwar jiki ke aiki, idan ya cancanta.
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