Aia kekahi pilikia me nā chromosomes o kāu pēpē? E kamaʻilio kākou e pili ana i ka Aneuploidy ma nā huaʻōlelo maʻalahi!

He mea maʻamau loa ia no ʻoe, ka poʻe e manaʻo ana e lilo i makuahine, ke loaʻa ka nui o nā hopohopo a me nā makaʻu e pili ana i nā mea i kēia manawa. ʻOi loa aku i ka wā e noʻonoʻo ai ʻoe i ke olakino o ka mea liʻiliʻi i loko o kou ʻōpū. I kekahi manawa ke nīnau nei mākou i nā kauka, a i ʻole nā ​​​​​​kānaka ma lalo o mākou, e pili ana i nā "maʻi genetic" a i ʻole "nā pilikia chromosomal." ʻO ia ka mea a mākou e kamaʻilio ai i kēia lā, kahi kūlana i kapa ʻia ʻo Aneuploidy . He mea nui paha ka inoa, akā mai hopohopo. E kamaʻilio mākou e pili ana i kēia me ka maʻalahi, ma ke ʻano hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻomaopopo.

He aha nā chromosomes? E hoʻomaopopo maʻalahi kākou.

E noʻonoʻo, aia i loko o kēlā me kēia ʻāpana liʻiliʻi o ko kākou kino nā pōpō liʻiliʻi o ke kaula. ʻO ia ka mea a kākou e kapa nei he mau chromosomes . Aia i loko o kēia mau chromosomes ko kākou DNA, he mea nui loa ia. E like me kahi polokalamu i loko o kahi kamepiula, aia i loko o kēia DNA nā kuhikuhi a me nā ʻike a pau e pono ai ko kākou kino e ulu, e hoʻomohala, a e hana i nā mea āpau. Loaʻa iā kākou kēia mau kuhikuhi mai ko kākou makuahine a me ko kākou makuakāne. ʻO ia ke kumu i kekahi manawa e like ai kākou me ko kākou makuahine, i kekahi manawa e like me ko kākou makuakāne, a i kekahi manawa he hui pū ʻana o nā mea ʻelua.

ʻO ʻoe a me aʻu, ua loaʻa iā kākou a pau he 23 chromosomes mai ko kākou makuahine a he 23 mai ko kākou makuakāne, no ka huina o 46 chromosomes . Hoʻonohonoho ʻia kēia mau mea ma nā pālua i loko o ko kākou mau cell; ʻo ia hoʻi, he 23 mau pālua. No kēia mau mea, he 22 mau pālua like no nā mea a pau. ʻO ka pālua hope loa e hoʻoholo ai inā he wahine a he kāne paha kākou. ʻO ka maʻamau, inā he kaikamahine, ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia ʻo XX , a inā he keikikāne, ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia ʻo XY .

Ke hoʻololi mau ʻia nei ko kākou mau ʻāpana kino. Ke make nā ʻāpana kahiko, hoʻokumu ʻia nā ʻāpana hou. Kāhea mākou i kēia mahele ʻāpana . He hana maʻalahi ia, e like me ke 'kope' a me ke 'hoʻopili' ʻana ma kahi kamepiula. Ke mahele ʻia nā ʻāpana ma kēia ʻano, ua like like nā chromosomes a mākou i kamaʻilio ai, a komo lākou i loko o nā ʻāpana hou ʻelua i hoʻokumu ʻia. Hana ʻia kēia i loko o ko kākou ola. Eia kekahi, i ka wā e pono ai nā ʻāpana kumu e hana i kahi pēpē hou, ʻo ia hoʻi, ka hua manu o ka makuahine a me ka sperm o ka makuakāne, hana ʻia kēia mahele ʻāpana. Eia naʻe, i kekahi manawa hiki ke loaʻa nā hewa liʻiliʻi a me nā hemahema i kēia mahele ʻana o nā chromosomes. ʻAʻole like paha ka helu pololei o nā chromosomes e pono e mahele ʻia. Inā hana ʻia kēlā, ʻaʻole loaʻa i kekahi mau ʻāpana ka helu pololei o nā chromosomes e pono e mahele ʻia. ʻO ia ke kumu nui no nā kūlana genetic e like me (Turner syndrome) a i ʻole (Down syndrome) .

No laila, he aha kēia (aneuploidy)?

I ka ʻōlelo maʻalahi, ʻo ka aneuploidy ka nele o ka helu kūpono o nā chromosomes i loko o kā mākou mau cell, ʻo ia hoʻi he 46. ʻO ka hapa nui o ka manawa, hiki mai kēia kūlana ma muli o kahi hewa liʻiliʻi e kū mai ana i ka wā e hoʻokumu ʻia ai ka hua manu o ka makuahine a i ʻole ka sperm o ka makuakāne. A laila, i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka pēpē e ulu, hoʻomaka ia me kahi loli i ka helu o nā chromosomes.

ʻElua mau mea e hiki ke hana ma kēia:

1.Trisomy: ʻO ke ʻano kēia aia kekahi kope keu o kekahi o nā chromosomes, e hopena ana i ka huina o 47 mau chromosomes.

2. Monosomy: ʻO ke ʻano kēia ua nalowale kekahi chromosome, e hopena ana i ka huina o 45 mau chromosome.

Ke hāpai ʻia kahi pēpē me kēia ʻano ʻano chromosome ʻē, ʻaʻole i pau pono ka hāpai ʻana. Nui ka pilikia o ka hāʻule ʻana o ka pēpē . ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ua ʻike ʻia nā noiʻi ʻo kēia kūlana (aneuploidy) ke kuleana no ka hapalua o nā hāʻule ʻana o ka pēpē i hana ʻia i ka trimester mua.

He aha nā ʻano nui o ka aneuploidy?

E like me kā mākou i ʻōlelo ai ma mua, ʻelua mau ʻano nui o ka aneuploidy: Trisomy a me Monosomy.

Trisomy

ʻO ke ʻano o ka trisomy he chromosome keu ko ka pēpē. Lawe kēia i ka huina o nā chromosome i 47. Aia kekahi mau kūlana nui e hiki ke hopena mai kēia:

• ʻO Down syndrome: ʻO kēia ke kūlana a mākou e lohe pinepine ai. ʻO ka mea e hana ʻia ma ʻaneʻi, aia kekahi kope keu o ka chromosome 21. ʻO ia hoʻi, aia ʻekolu kope o ka chromosome 21. Ua kapa ʻia hoʻi kēia ʻo (Trisomy 21) .
• (Trisomy 18) Trisomy 18: ʻO kēia kahi i loaʻa ai kahi kope keu o ka chromosome 18. I ʻike mua ʻia ʻo Edwards syndrome , hiki i kēia ʻano ke hana i nā pilikia olakino he nui i nā pēpē i hānau ʻia me kēia ʻano.
• (Trisomy 13) Trisomy 13: ʻO kēia kahi i loaʻa ai kahi kope keu o ka chromosome 13. ʻIke mua ʻia ʻo Patau syndrome , he ʻano kēia e hoʻoulu ai i nā pilikia olakino koʻikoʻi.

Monosomy

ʻO ke ʻano o ka monosomy, ua emi iho ka chromosome o ka pēpē. ʻO ka hopena, he 45 mau chromosome ka nui. ʻO nā kūlana nui e loaʻa mai ana mai kēia:

• ʻO ka maʻi Turner: He maʻi chromosome sex kēia. ʻO ka maʻamau, loaʻa i ke keiki wahine ʻelua mau chromosome X (XX). Hoʻokahi wale nō chromosome X o ke keiki wahine me ka maʻi Turner. Ua kapa ʻia kēia ʻo (Monosomy X) . No ka mea, ʻaʻohe chromosome Y, hānau ʻia kēia mau pēpē he mau kaikamahine.

ʻO wai ka mea i ʻoi aku ka pilikia o kēia kūlana?

ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo, hiki i kahi maʻi i kapa ʻia ʻo aneuploidy ke hoʻopilikia i kekahi pēpē . Hiki ke hana ʻia me ka manaʻo ʻole. Eia nō naʻe, ua ʻike ʻia kekahi mau noiʻi e piʻi iki ana ka pilikia i ka wā e ʻelemakule ai ka makuahine . No ka laʻana, he hoʻokahi i loko o 1,480 ka manawa o ka makuahine he 20 makahiki e loaʻa ai kahi pēpē me kahi ʻano chromosomal, ʻoiai he hoʻokahi i loko o 65 ka manawa o ka makuahine he 40 makahiki. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole kēia manaʻo ʻaʻole i pilikia nā makuahine ʻōpio. I ke ʻano o ka maʻi Turner, ua ʻōlelo ʻia ʻaʻole i pā ka makahiki i kahi kuleana koʻikoʻi.

ʻO ia ke kumu, inā ʻoe e noʻonoʻo ana e loaʻa kahi pēpē, e kamaʻilio me ke kauka a loaʻa i ke aʻoaʻo genetic.He mea nui loa ia e loaʻa. A laila hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike i kēia mau kūlana ma mua, e hoʻomaopopo i kāu mau pilikia, a e kamaʻilio pū e pili ana i nā hoʻokolohua e pono ai.

Pehea ka maʻamau o ka aneuploidy? Aia kekahi pilina me nā hāʻule keiki?

ʻOi aku ka maʻamau o nā aneuploidy a me nā ʻano chromosomal ma mua o ko mākou manaʻo. Loaʻa lākou ma kahi o hoʻokahi i kēlā me kēia 150 mau hāpai ʻana . ʻO Aneuploidy kekahi kuleana no kahi kokoke i 50% o nā hāʻule mua . ʻO ke ʻano kēia, i ka hapanui o nā hihia, e hoʻopau ke kūlohelohe i ka hāpai ʻana me kahi ʻano chromosomal ma mua o ka hoʻomau ʻana.

Pehea e hiki ai i ka aneuploidy ke hoʻopilikia i ka hāpai ʻana?

ʻO ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi chromosome keu (Trisomy) a i ʻole ka nele o nā chromosomes (Monosomy) hiki ke hoʻopilikia i ka hāpai ʻana ma nā ʻano like ʻole.

Trisomy:

ʻO ka hapa nui o nā hāpai ʻana me ka trisomy e pau i ka hāʻule ʻana o ka hāpai keiki . Hōʻike nā haʻawina ma kahi o 35% o nā hāʻule ʻana o ka hāpai keiki ma muli o ka trisomy. Eia nō naʻe, he mea kākaʻikahi loa, ma kahi o 1% o nā pēpē i hānau ʻia me nā kūlana trisomy. I waena o lākou, ʻo ka mea maʻamau ka pēpē me (Trisomy 21) a i ʻole (Down syndrome). Inā hānau ʻia kahi pēpē me ia ʻano trisomy, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka helu ola o ka pēpē ma mua o kahi pēpē maʻamau. ʻO kēia ma muli o nā pilikia like ʻole a me nā kīnā hānau e kū mai ana i ka wā hānau.

Monosomy:

ʻOi aku ka kakaikahi o nā kūlana monosomy ma mua o nā trisomies. Ma kahi i ʻike ʻia, ʻo Monosomy X wale nō, a i ʻole Turner syndrome, ka hopena i ka hānau ola. Loaʻa ka Turner syndrome i ka wā hoʻokahi wale nō chromosome X. No ka mea, ʻaʻohe chromosome Y, hānau ʻia kēia mau pēpē he mau kaikamahine.

He aha nā hōʻailona o ka aneuploidy?

ʻO ka hōʻailona maʻamau o ka aneuploidy ka hāʻule ʻana o ka hāpai keiki . ʻO kēia ka wā e pau ai ka hāpai keiki i ka wā waena. Hana pinepine kēia i ka wā o ka trimester mua, akā hiki ke hana ma hope. ʻO nā hōʻailona o ka hāʻule ʻana o ka hāpai keiki:

• Loaʻa ka ʻeha ma ka ʻōpū lalo a me ke kua.
• Nā ʻōpū e like me ka wā menstruation.
• He wahi liʻiliʻi paha, he nui paha ke kahe ʻana o ke koko.

Mea nui: Inā manaʻo ʻoe he mau hōʻailona kēia, pono ʻoe e ʻike koke i ke kauka.

Eia nō naʻe, ʻoiai ma kahi o 50% o nā hāʻule ʻana ma muli o nā kumu genetic e like me ka aneuploidy, hiki i nā pēpē ke hānau ʻia me kēia ʻano. ʻOi aku ka nui o ka loaʻa ʻana o kēlā mau pēpē i nā kīnā hānau , a me nā lohi o ka ulu ʻana a me nā kīnā noʻonoʻo .

No ke aha e hana ai kēia (aneuploidy)? He aha nā kumu?

He kīnā hoʻoilina ka Aneuploidy. ʻO ka hapa pinepine, hiki mai kēia kīnā ma mua o ka hui ʻana o ka hua o ka makuahine a me ka sperm o ka makuakāne, ʻo ia hoʻi, i ka wā o ke kaʻina hana o ka hua a me ka sperm. Ua kamaʻilio mua mākou e pili ana i ka mahele ʻana o ke kelepona. Hoʻokumu ʻia nā hua a me ka sperm e kahi kaʻina hana mahele kelepona kūikawā i kapa ʻia ʻo meiosis . Maanei, māhele ʻelua kahi kelepona me 46 mau chromosome, e hana ana i ʻehā mau kelepona (hua a sperm paha) me 23 mau chromosome. Hana ʻia ka Aneuploidy i ka wā ʻaʻole hoʻokaʻawale pono nā hui chromosome i ka wā o kēia meiosis, a he nui a liʻiliʻi paha nā chromosome o kekahi mau hua a sperm paha.

He mea kēia e hana wale ʻia me ka manaʻo ʻole ʻia . E like me ka pau ʻana o ka hana a ka mīkini paʻi ma ke keʻena i kekahi manawa, a i ʻole e paʻi ʻia kahi ʻāpana pepa ma kahi ʻole, hiki i kā mākou DNA ke loaʻa i kēia ʻano hewa. ʻAʻohe mea hiki ke ʻōlelo i ka wā a pehea paha e hana ai. Inā makemake ʻoe e ʻike hou aku e pili ana i kēia, he manaʻo maikaʻi ke kamaʻilio me ke kauka a loaʻa ka ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo genetic.

Aia kekahi mau hoʻokolohua e hiki ai ke ʻike i ka aneuploidy i ka wā hāpai?

ʻAe, aia kekahi mau hoʻokolohua e hiki ke hana ʻia i ka wā hāpai e ʻike ai inā he maʻi ko kahi pēpē i kapa ʻia ʻo aneuploidy. ʻO kekahi o kēia mau mea he mau hoʻokolohua nānā, aʻo kekahi he mau hoʻokolohua diagnostic.

• ʻO ka Noninvasive Prenatal Testing (NIPT) / Noninvasive Prenatal Screening (NIPS): He hoʻāʻo koko maʻalahi kēia e hiki ke hana ma hope o 10 mau pule o ka hāpai ʻana. Lawe ia i kahi hāpana o ke koko o ka makuahine a nānā i ka DNA o ke pēpē i loko e ʻike ai pehea ka nui o kona loaʻa ʻana i nā maʻi e like me Down syndrome, Trisomy 18, a me Trisomy 13. Hōʻike wale kēia iā ʻoe i ka pilikia, ʻaʻole ke kumu pololei.
• ʻO ka Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS): He hoʻāʻo kēia i hana ʻia ma waena o 10 a me 13 mau pule o ka hāpai ʻana. Maanei, lawe ke kauka i kahi laʻana liʻiliʻi loa o nā cell mai ka placenta a hoʻāʻo iā ia no nā kūlana genetic. Hiki i kēia ke ʻike pololei i nā kūlana e like me ka aneuploidy. Eia nō naʻe, he liʻiliʻi loa ka pilikia o ka hāʻule ʻana o ka hāpai keiki.
• ʻAmniocentesis: He hoʻāʻo kēia e hana pinepine ʻia ma waena o 15 a me 20 mau pule o ka hāpai ʻana. Maanei, lawe ke kauka i kahi laʻana liʻiliʻi o ka wai amniotic e hoʻopuni ana i ka pēpē a nānā i nā ʻāpana o ka pēpē i loko. Hiki i kēia ke ʻike pololei i nā kūlana e like me ka aneuploidy a me kekahi mau kīnā hānau ʻē aʻe. Aia kekahi pilikia liʻiliʻi loa o ka hāʻule ʻana.

Ma mua o ka hoʻoholo ʻana e pili ana i kēia mau hoʻokolohua, he mea nui loa e kamaʻilio pono me kāu kauka a hoʻomaopopo i nā pono a me nā pōʻino.

Pehea e mālama ʻia ai ka Aneuploidy?

ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻohe lāʻau lapaʻau kūikawā no ke ʻano (Aneuploidy).He nui nā kūlana aneuploidy e make ai ka pēpē, a i ʻole e hoʻoulu i nā pilikia koʻikoʻi e like me ke kīnā noʻonoʻo a me nā kīnā kino. No laila, ua kuhikuhi ʻia ka mālama ʻana i nā hōʻailona a me nā pilikia o kēlā me kēia keiki. ʻO ia hoʻi ka hana ʻana i kahi hoʻolālā lapaʻau i hana kūikawā ʻia no kēlā me kēia keiki a mālama iā lākou i ke olakino.

Inā hāpai ʻoe, aia kahi pilikia o ka hāʻule ʻana ma muli o (aneuploidy). He ʻike paʻakikī loa ka hāʻule ʻana no ka wahine, ma ke kino a me ka naʻau. Inā hana ʻia kēia, pono ʻoe e hāʻawi iā ʻoe iho i ka manawa e ho'ōla ai.

Inā ʻoe e noʻonoʻo ana e hoʻomaka i kahi ʻohana, e kamaʻilio me ke kauka e pili ana i ka hoʻāʻo genetic a me nā ala e hoʻonui ai i kou kūlana o ka hāpai ʻana.

Aia kekahi mea hiki iā mākou ke hana e hōʻemi i ka pilikia o ka aneuploidy?

ʻAʻole hiki ke pale loa ʻia ka Aneuploidy no ka mea he kīnā genetic ia. Eia nō naʻe, aia kekahi mau mea hiki iā mākou ke hana e hōʻemi i ka pilikia o ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi pēpē i kahi kīnā hānau:

• ʻAi ʻana i ka meaʻai kaulike: He mea nui loa ka ʻai ʻana i ka meaʻai momona i ka wā hāpai.
• E kiʻi i ka hoʻāʻo genetic ma mua o ka hoʻolālā ʻana e hāpai: ʻOi loa inā loaʻa i kekahi o kou ʻohana kahi maʻi genetic, a inā ʻoe ma luna o 35 mau makahiki.
• E hōʻole loa i ka puhipaka a me ka inu ʻana i ka waiʻona.
• ʻO ka lawe ʻana i nā huaora prenatal i ʻōlelo ʻia e kāu kauka me ke pololei: ʻoiai nā huaora i loaʻa ka folic acid.

Inā he hāʻule kāu ma muli o ka aneuploidy, hiki iā ʻoe ke hāpai hou?

ʻAe, i ka hapa nui o ka manawa hiki ke hana ʻia . He haʻahaʻa loa ka manawa e hiki hou mai ai kahi hāʻule ma muli o ka aneuploidy. No ka mea, e like me kā mākou i ʻōlelo ai ma mua, he hanana maʻamau kēia. Ua loaʻa i nā wahine he nui nā pēpē olakino ma hope o ka hāʻule ʻana ma muli o ka aneuploidy. Eia nō naʻe, he manaʻo maikaʻi e kamaʻilio me kāu kauka e pili ana i kou mau pilikia a me nā hoʻokolohua hiki ke hana ʻia ma mua o ka hoʻāʻo ʻana e hāpai hou.

He aha kāu e manaʻo ai inā loaʻa iā ʻoe kahi keiki me ka aneuploidy?

I ka manawa pinepine, ke ʻike ʻia kahi maʻi (aneuploidy), pono nā mākua e kū i kahi hāʻule ʻana o ka ʻōpū. He ʻike kaumaha loa kēia. Akā, ʻo ka mea nui e hoʻomaopopo ai, ua hana ʻia kēia ma muli o kahi kīnā genetic i hana ʻia i ka wā hāpai, ʻaʻole ma muli o kekahi mea a ka makuahine i hana ai i ka wā hāpai. E kōkua kāu kauka iā ʻoe e hoʻōla kino a me ka naʻau ma hope o kahi hāʻule ʻana o ka ʻōpū.

Inā hānau ʻia ke keiki me ka aneuploidy, hiki i kēlā keiki ke kū i nā lohi o ka ulu ʻana , ke kino pōkole, nā kīnā hānau, a me nā kīnā noʻonoʻo i ko lākou ola a pau. No laila, he mea nui loa ia e nānā mau i ke olakino o ke keiki me ke kauka a hāʻawi i ka lāʻau a me ke kākoʻo e pono ai. ʻAʻohe lāʻau lapaʻau piha no ka aneuploidy.

Āhea ʻoe e ʻike ai i ke kauka?

• Loaʻa iā ʻoe nā hōʻailona o ka hāʻule ʻana o kahi keiki.Inā loaʻa iā ʻoe kekahi mau hōʻailona (ʻeha ʻōpū, ʻeha kua, kahe koko), e ʻike koke i ke kauka. E haʻi aku ʻo ia iā ʻoe inā pono ʻoe e hele i ka haukapila a i ʻole.
• Ma hope o ka hāʻule ʻana o ka ʻōpū, inā ʻike ʻoe i kekahi o kēia mau hōʻailona, ​​e ʻike koke i ke kauka, no ka mea, he hōʻailona paha ia o kahi maʻi:
• Inā he anu a me ke kuni kou (Chills, Fever)
• Inā ʻoe e kahe nui ana ke koko (Heavy bleeding)
• Inā loaʻa iā ʻoe ka ʻeha pinepine a me ke kaumaha

He aha nā nīnau koʻikoʻi e nīnau aku ai i kāu kauka?

Ke kamaʻilio ʻoe me ke kauka e pili ana i kēia, mai poina e nīnau i kēia mau nīnau:

• Aia anei iaʻu ka pilikia o ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi keiki me kahi maʻi hoʻoilina?
• Ma hope o ka hāʻule ʻana o ka maʻi ma muli o ka aneuploidy, ua lawa anei koʻu kino e loaʻa ai kahi pēpē ʻē aʻe?
• Inā pilikia wau i ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi keiki me kahi maʻi hoʻoilina, ke paipai nei ʻoe i nā hoʻokolohua prenatal hou aʻe?

He aha ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o (Aneuploidy) a me (Polyploidy)?

ʻO Aneuploidy a me polyploidy nā kūlana genetic i loaʻa mai ka loli ʻana o ka helu o nā chromosomes i loko o ka DNA o kahi pēpē. Akā aia kahi ʻokoʻa iki.

• ʻO Aneuploidy ka loaʻa ʻana o hoʻokahi chromosome keu (e.g. 47) a i ʻole hoʻokahi chromosome emi (e.g. 45). I kekahi manawa, hiki ke nalowale/hoʻohui ʻia nā chromosome he nui.
• ʻO ka Polyploidy ke ʻano o ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi hoʻonohonoho keu o nā chromosomes (ʻo ia hoʻi he 23 chromosomes). No ka laʻana, inā loaʻa iā ʻoe he 23 chromosomes mai kou makuahine a me 46 chromosomes mai kou makuakāne (ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻelua ka helu maʻamau), ua kapa ʻia ʻo Triploidy. He mau kūlana kakaikahi loa kēia a he pinepine ka make.

ʻO ka mea hope loa, nā mea e hoʻomanaʻo ai (Leka Lawe-Home)

Hiki i ka aneuploidy ke hopohopo ke lohe ʻoe e pili ana i ia mea. Akā e hoʻomanaʻo, he hanana maʻamau pinepine ia, ʻaʻole naʻe ma muli o kou hewa ponoʻī. E like me ke kamepiula a mākou e hoʻohana nei e oki koke i ka hana, ʻoiai ke māhele ʻia kā mākou mau cell, hiki i nā hewa liʻiliʻi ke hana i kekahi manawa.

ʻO ka mea nui loa, ʻo ia ka ʻike ʻaʻole ʻoe hoʻokahi. Aia nā kauka, ʻohana, a me nā hoaaloha e hiki ke kamaʻilio e pili ana i kēia, hāʻawi iā ʻoe i ka ʻōlelo aʻo, a kōkua iā ʻoe. Inā ʻoe e hoʻolālā ana e hāpai, a ua hāpai mua paha, e kamaʻilio ākea e pili ana i kēia me kāu kauka. E kiʻi i ka ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo genetic. E kōkua kēia iā ʻoe e hoʻomaopopo i nā kūlana e like me ka aneuploidy, kou mau pilikia, a me nā hoʻokolohua hiki ke hana ʻia. Eia kekahi, inā pono ʻoe e kū i kahi ʻike traumatic e like me ka hāʻule ʻana o ka hāpai keiki, mai kānalua e kiʻi i ke kākoʻo āu e pono ai e hoʻōla kino a me ka naʻau mai ia mea.

Ke lana nei ko mākou manaʻo e holo pono nā mea a pau!

ʻO nā Chromosomes, aneuploidy, nā genes, hāpai keiki, hāʻule keiki, Down syndrome, Turner syndrome, trisomy, monosomy, hoʻāʻo genetic, kīnā hānau, DNA, mahele cell