Loaʻa iā ʻoe kahi ʻū ʻaʻole e nalowale i loko o kekahi mau lā, a i ʻole nā hōʻailona o ka maʻi mimi e hoʻopilikia nei? Malia paha i kou hele ʻana i ke kauka, ua kākau ʻo ia iā ʻoe i kahi hoʻokolohua i kapa ʻia ʻo 'Gram Stain'. He mea ʻē paha kēia inoa iā ʻoe. Akā he hoʻokolohua koʻikoʻi loa kēia, he wikiwiki e hoʻohana ʻia e ʻike i nā maʻi i loko o ko mākou kino. No laila, e kamaʻilio kākou e pili ana i kēia me ka maʻalahi, ma ke ʻano hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻomaopopo.
He aha ka maʻalahi o Gram Stain?
I ka ʻōlelo maʻalahi, he hoʻāʻo ka Gram stain i hana ʻia ma kahi lab. Ke nānā nei ia i nā bacteria ma kahi o kou kino kahi i loaʻa ai kahi maʻi. E noʻonoʻo he ʻeha kou e kahe ana. A laila hiki ke hoʻouna ʻia kahi hāpana liʻiliʻi mai kēlā ʻeha no kēia hoʻāʻo.
ʻO kekahi o nā pono nui o kēia hoʻāʻo ʻana, ʻo ia ka loaʻa koke ʻana o nā hopena. Hiki i kēia i ke kauka ke hoʻoholo koke inā he maʻi bacteria kou, a inā pēlā, he aha ke ʻano. Kōkua kēia i ke kauka e loaʻa kahi manaʻo maʻamau o ka lāʻau lapaʻau e hāʻawi iā ʻoe.
ʻAʻole maikaʻi ʻole nā bacteria a pau i loko o ko kākou kino. ʻO kekahi he mau bacteria maikaʻi e kōkua iā kākou. Akā, ʻo kekahi mau ʻano bacteria ke kumu o nā maʻi a me nā maʻi. Kōkua ka hoʻāʻo Gram Stain iā kākou e ʻike i nā bacteria ʻino e hoʻoulu ai i kēlā mau maʻi.
He aha kēia moʻolelo e pili ana i ka Gram-positive a me ka Gram-negative?
ʻO kēia ka ʻāpana koʻikoʻi loa o ka hoʻāʻo Gram stain. E noʻonoʻo i nā bacteria e like me nā meaola liʻiliʻi e ʻaʻahu ana i nā ʻano lole like ʻole. ʻO ka hoʻāʻo Gram stain e pili ana i ka hoʻopili ʻana i kekahi mau ʻano o nā stains kūikawā i nā bacteria. A laila, ma muli o nā ʻokoʻa o ka paia cell o ka bacteria, hoʻokaʻawale lākou i ʻelua kala.
1. Nā bacteria Gram-positive: Hana ʻia ko lākou mau paia cell i kahi mea mānoanoa i kapa ʻia ʻo "Peptidoglycan." ʻO ia ke kumu e hoʻololi ai lākou i ke kala poni-uliuli ke hoʻoluʻu ʻia.
2. Nā bacteria Gram-negative: He lahilahi nā paia cell o kēia mau mea, no laila e lilo lākou i kala ʻulaʻula-pink ke hoʻoluʻu ʻia.
ʻO ka mea nui e hoʻomanaʻo ai ma ʻaneʻi, ʻaʻole manaʻo ʻo 'maikaʻi' a me 'maikaʻi ʻole' he 'maikaʻi ʻole' a he 'maikaʻi ʻole'. He hoʻokaʻawale wale nō lākou e pili ana i ke kala o ka bacteria.
I kēia manawa, e nānā kākou i nā ʻano nui o nā bacteria no kēia mau hui ʻelua a me nā maʻi a lākou e hoʻoulu ai.
| ʻO ka bacteria Gram-positive a me nā maʻi pili | |
|---|---|
| ʻAno bacteria | Nā kūlana olakino hiki ke loaʻa |
| Nā ʻano Staphylococcus | Nā maʻi ʻili, ka maʻi niumonia, ka lāʻau make meaʻai, nā maʻi MRSA |
| Nā ʻano Streptococcus | Nā maʻi ʻāʻī (Strep throat), pneumonia, meningitis |
| Nā ʻano Listeria | Ka lāʻau make meaʻai |
| Nā ʻano Clostridium | Ka lāʻau make meaʻai, botulism, tetanus |
| ʻO ka bacteria Gram-negative a me nā maʻi pili | |
|---|---|
| ʻAno bacteria | Nā kūlana olakino hiki ke loaʻa |
| ʻO Escherichia coli (E. coli) | Nā maʻi ʻaʻai mimi (UTI), ka lāʻau make meaʻai |
| ʻO Neisseria gonorrhoeae | ʻO Gonorrhea (kahi maʻi i laha ma ke ʻano moekolohe) |
| Nā ʻano Salmonella | Ka lāʻau make meaʻai, ka maʻi typhoid |
| Nā ʻano Klebsiella | Pneumonia, nā maʻi koko, nā maʻi ʻeha |
He aha ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o kahi Gram stain a me kahi moʻomeheu bacteria?
Hiki i kāu kauka ke ʻōlelo pinepine e hana pū ʻia kēia mau hoʻokolohua ʻelua, akā ʻokoʻa ka ʻike a lākou e hāʻawi ai.
- ʻAno Gram: Ua like kēia me ke kiʻi koke. Hāʻawi koke ia i kahi manaʻo laulā inā loaʻa nā bacteria, inā pēlā, inā he Gram-positive a Gram-negative paha lākou, a pehea ko lākou ʻano (poepoe a ʻano koʻokoʻo paha).
- Ka Hoʻoulu ʻana i ka Bacteria: Pili kēia i ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka bacteria i loko o kāu hāpana i loko o kahi mea hana kūikawā ma kahi keʻena hoʻokolohua. Ua like ia me ka hoʻoulu ʻana i kahi mea kanu. Hiki i kēia ke hala i kekahi mau lā. Ke ulu maikaʻi ka bacteria, hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike iā lākou a ʻike i nā antibiotics e hana maikaʻi loa no lākou.
I ka maʻalahi, hāʻawi ka Gram stain i kahi alakaʻi wikiwiki, ʻoiai ʻo ka moʻomeheu bacteria e hāʻawi i ka hōʻoia paʻa loa .
Pehea e hana ʻia ai ka hoʻāʻo Gram Stain?
Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia kēia kaʻina hana i ʻekolu mau ʻanuʻu nui.
1. Ke hōʻiliʻili ʻana i ka hāpana
E ʻokoʻa ke ʻano o ka lawe ʻana i ka hāpana ma muli o kahi āu e manaʻo ai ua loaʻa iā ʻoe ka maʻi.
- Me kahi swab: Hiki ke lawe ʻia kahi laʻana mai nā wahi e like me ka ʻāʻī, nā ihu, nā ʻeha ʻili, a me nā wahi genital me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka swab pulupulu.
- Ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana i nā mea huna: Hiki iā ʻoe ke hōʻiliʻili i nā mea e like me ka mucus, mimi, a me nā feces i loko o kahi pahu maʻemaʻe.
- ʻO ka huki ʻana i ka nila maikaʻi: Hoʻohana ʻia kēia ʻano hana e loaʻa ai ka wai mai loko mai o ke kino, no ka laʻana, mai nā hono, a puni nā māmā, a puni ka puʻuwai.
2. He aha ka mea e hana ʻia ana ma ka lab
Ke hōʻea kāu hāpana i ka hale hana, e hohola lahilahi kahi ʻepekema hale hana lapaʻau ma luna o kahi paheʻe aniani. A laila, e hoʻohui lākou i ʻehā mau kala kūikawā, i kūkākūkā ʻia ma mua, iā ia a holoi.
3. Ke nānā nei ma o kahi microscope
ʻO ka mea hope loa, ua nānā ʻia kēia slide i hoʻomākaukau ʻia ma lalo o kahi microscope. ʻO kēia ka manawa e nānā ai mākou inā aia nā bacteria, ko lākou kala (poni/polū a poni/ʻulaʻula paha), ko lākou ʻano (poepoe (cocci) a i ʻole ke ʻano o ke koʻokoʻo (bacilli)), a pehea lākou i hui pū ʻia ai (hoʻokahi, ma nā pālua, a i ʻole ma nā hui).
He aha ka ʻōlelo a ka hōʻike noiʻi?
Aia paha ʻelua mau hopena nui i kāu hōʻike hoʻāʻo.
- ʻIke Gram maikaʻi ʻole (ʻAʻohe meaola i ʻike ʻia): ʻO ke ʻano kēia ʻaʻohe bacteria i ʻike ʻia ma ka slide. Eia nō naʻe, i kekahi manawa hiki ke hana ʻia kēia ke kakaikahi loa nā bacteria. No laila pono paha ʻoe e kali no ka hōʻike moʻomeheu.
- ʻO ka pena Gram maikaʻi: ʻO ia hoʻi, aia nā bacteria i loko o kāu hāpana. Hiki i ka hōʻike ke komo pū me nā kikoʻī e like me:
- ʻAno bacteria: Gram-positive a i ʻole Gram-negative?
- Ke ʻano o ka bacteria: `cocci` (poepoe) a i ʻole `bacilli` (koʻokoʻo)?
- Nā pūnaewele ʻē aʻe: Hiki ke hoʻomaopopo ʻia inā aia nā pūnaewele ʻē aʻe, e like me nā keʻena koko keʻokeʻo (he hōʻailona o ka maʻi).
Ma ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana i kēia ʻike āpau a me ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana me kāu mau hōʻailona, e hoʻomaka ke kauka i ka lāʻau lapaʻau kūpono loa nāu.
Leka Lawe-Home
- He hoʻāʻo wikiwiki a maʻalahi hoʻi ka Gram Stain i hoʻohana ʻia no ka ʻike ʻana i nā maʻi bacteria.
- Hoʻokaʻawale kēia i nā bacteria i ʻelua mau pūʻulu nui (Gram-positive - poni/polū a me Gram-negative - poni/ʻulaʻula).
- E kōkua kēia ʻike i kāu kauka e hoʻomaka i ka lāʻau kūpono i ka wā hikiwawe loa .
- No kahi hōʻoia maopopo loa, hana pinepine ʻia kahi hoʻāʻo Gram stain me kahi hoʻāʻo moʻomeheu bacteria .
- Inā he mau hopohopo kou e pili ana i nā hopena o kāu hoʻāʻo, mai makaʻu e kūkākūkā ākea me kāu kauka .
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