He aha ka gene? E kamaʻilio maʻalahi kākou e pili ana i ia mea!

Ua noʻonoʻo paha ʻoe i kahi i loaʻa ai kou ʻano kūikawā, kou minoʻaka, kou kala lauoho, a i ʻole ke ʻano o kāu kamaʻilio ʻana? I kekahi manawa ua lohe mākou, "E Māmā, ua like ʻoe me kou makuakāne!" ​​a i ʻole "He mau maka kou me kou makuahine!" ʻO ia no kēia mau mea liʻiliʻi akā ikaika loa a mākou e kamaʻilio ai i kēia lā, i kapa ʻia he mau genes . ʻO kēia nā mea e hana ai iā kākou ʻo wai kākou, ko kākou helehelena, a me ko kākou ʻano.

He aha maoli ka gene?

I ka ʻōlelo maʻalahi, he ʻeke liʻiliʻi o ka ʻike nā genes āu e loaʻa ai mai kou mau mākua. Aia i loko o kēia ʻeke ʻike nā ʻike āpau e hoʻoholo ai i kou 'ʻano' , inā pololei a ʻōwili paha kou lauoho, inā he kiʻekiʻe a pōkole paha ʻoe, he aha ke kala o kou mau maka, a pehea ʻoe e minoʻaka ai. Hoʻoili ʻia kēia mau ʻano mai kēlā hanauna a i kēia hanauna ma o kēia mau genes.

E noʻonoʻo, inā he mau maka polū ko kou makuahine a me kou makuakāne, ʻoi aku ka nui o kou mau maka polū. Eia kekahi, inā he mau freckles ko kou makuahine, hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻoilina i kēlā ʻano. ʻAʻole wale nā ​​kānaka i loaʻa kēia mau genes, nā holoholona, ​​​​nā lāʻau, aia nā genes i kēia mau mea ola a pau. Ua ʻōlelo ʻia he hoʻokahi wale nō cell i loko o ko kākou kino e loaʻa ma waena o 25,000 a me 35,000 mau genes. ʻAʻole anei he mea kupaianaha kēlā?

Ua ʻike anei ʻoe i kahi o kēia mau ʻōuli liʻiliʻi?

He liʻiliʻi loa kēia mau genes a ʻaʻole hiki iā mākou ke ʻike iā lākou. Aia lākou i loko o nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi i kapa ʻia he mau cell e hana ana i ko mākou kino. Ua hana ʻia kou kino me nā piliona o kēia mau cell. He liʻiliʻi loa kēia mau cell a pono ʻoe i kahi microscope e ʻike iā lākou.

I loko o kēia mau pūnaewele, aia nā ʻano i kapa ʻia he chromosomes e like me nā pōpō o ke kaula, a i ʻole e like me ka ʻōlelo a kekahi, macaroni. Mālama ʻia kēia mau genes i loko o kēlā mau chromosomes. Hiki ke loaʻa nā haneli, a i ʻole nā ​​tausani, o nā genes i loko o hoʻokahi chromosome. Hana ʻia kēia mau chromosomes a me nā genes i kahi kemika i kapa ʻia ʻo DNA . ʻO ke ʻano piha o ka DNA ʻo Deoxyribonucleic acid . He inoa lōʻihi iki ia, ʻeā? Akā, maʻalahi ia ke maʻa ʻoe iā ia.

ʻO ka hale mana liʻiliʻi i loko o nā pūnaewele: ka nucleus

Ma waenakonu o ka hapa nui o nā pūnaewele, aia kahi ʻāpana liʻiliʻi e like me ka hua manu i kapa ʻia ʻo ka nucleus . ʻO kēia ka lolo o ke kelepona. ʻO ia ka nucleus e haʻi i nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe o ke kelepona i ka mea e hana ai. No laila, pehea lā i ʻike nui ai ka nucleus? ʻO ke kumu, aia nā chromosomes a me nā genes a pau i loko o kēia nucleus. Nui aʻe ka ʻike ma mua o kou manaʻo ma kēia nucleus liʻiliʻi - ʻoi aku paha ma mua o ka puke wehewehe ʻōlelo nui loa āu i ʻike ai!

Ka moʻolelo o kā mākou mau chromosomes

He 46 chromosomes ko kēlā me kēia cell kanaka. Akā hele mai kēia mau mea ma nā pālua. ʻO ia hoʻi, he 23 mau pālua o nā chromosomes . E hoʻomanaʻo, loaʻa iā kākou ka hapalua o kēia mau pālua, ʻo ia hoʻi, ka chromosome 23, mai ko kākou makuahine mai, a ʻo kekahi hapalua, ka chromosome 23, mai ko kākou makuakāne mai.

Ke nānā ʻia ma lalo o kahi microscope, ʻike ʻia kēia mau chromosome he ʻokoʻa ka lōʻihi a me nā ʻano kaha like ʻole. Ke hoʻonohonoho ʻia ma ke ʻano o ka nui a me ke ʻano, ua kapa ʻia nā hui mua he 22 he autosomes . ʻO ka hui hope loa nā chromosome sex , ʻo ia hoʻi nā chromosome X a me Y. Hoʻoholo kēia mau chromosome sex inā he kaikamahine a he keikikāne paha ʻoe. Loaʻa i nā kaikamahine ʻelua chromosome X (XX), a loaʻa i nā keikikāne hoʻokahi chromosome X a me hoʻokahi chromosome Y (XY).

Akā, ʻaʻole nā ​​mea ola a pau he 46 mau chromosome i loko o ko lākou mau cell. Eia kekahi laʻana, ʻehā wale nō chromosome o kahi cell lele hua!

Pehea e hana ai nā genes?

He hana kūikawā ko kēlā me kēia gene. Aia i loko o ka DNA i loko o kahi gene, e like me ke ʻano hana, kahi hoʻonohonoho o nā kuhikuhi kikoʻī. Hoʻohana ʻia kēia mau kuhikuhi e hana i nā protein i loko o nā cell. ʻO nā protein nā poloka kūkulu o nā mea āpau i loko o ko mākou kino. Hana ʻia ko mākou mau iwi, niho, lauoho, pepeiao, ʻiʻo, a me ke koko i nā protein. Kōkua kēia mau protein i ko mākou kino e ulu a noho olakino. Manaʻo nā kānaka ʻepekema i kēia manawa hiki i kahi gene hoʻokahi ke hana i kahi 10 mau ʻano protein like ʻole! ʻOi aku ia ma mua o 300,000 mau protein!

Pehea e hoʻoholo ai nā genes i ko mākou mau ʻano

E like me nā chromosomes, hele mai nā genes ma nā pālua. Loaʻa i kou mau mākua ʻelua ʻelua kope o kēlā me kēia o kā lāua mau genes. Akā hoʻokahi wale nō kope āu e loaʻa ai o kēlā me kēia. Hana ʻia kāu mau genes mai hoʻokahi mai kou makuahine a hoʻokahi mai kou makuakāne. ʻO nā genes āu e loaʻa ai ma kēia ʻano e hoʻoholo i nā ʻano he nui o kou mau ʻano, e like me ke kala o kou lauoho a me ke kala o ka ʻili.

E noʻonoʻo he gene ko ka makuahine o Sandani no ka lauoho ʻeleʻele a he gene no ka lauoho ʻulaʻula. Ua hāʻawi ʻo ia iā Sandani i ka gene no ka lauoho ʻulaʻula. Inā he ʻelua genes no ka lauoho ʻulaʻula ko ka makuakāne o Sandani, hiki iā Sandani ke loaʻa i kahi gene no ka lauoho ʻulaʻula mai ona aku. A laila loaʻa iā Sandani ka gene no ka lauoho ʻulaʻula mai nā mākua ʻelua, a e ʻulaʻula kona lauoho. Maopopo iā ʻoe?

Eia kekahi laʻana, aia nā ʻano ʻīlio like ʻole. Loaʻa iā lākou āpau nā genes e hoʻolilo iā lākou i ʻīlio, ʻaʻole nā ​​pōpoki, nā iʻa, a i ʻole nā ​​​​kānaka. Akā ʻo nā genes e hoʻolilo iā lākou i ʻīlio e hoʻoholo i ko lākou ʻano pilikino. ʻO ia ke kumu he liʻiliʻi kekahi mau ʻīlio, he nui kekahi. He lauoho lōʻihi ko kekahi, he lauoho pōkole ko kekahi. Loaʻa i nā Dalmatians nā genes no ka lauoho keʻokeʻo a me nā kiko ʻeleʻele. Loaʻa i nā poodle toy nā genes no ka lauoho ʻōwili. Manaʻo wau ua maopopo iā ʻoe kēia i kēia manawa.

A pehea inā he mau pilikia me nā genes?

Ke hoʻomau nei nā kānaka ʻepekema i ke aʻo ʻana i kēia mau genes. Makemake lākou e ʻike i nā protein a kēlā me kēia gene e hana ai, a me nā mea e hana ʻia i kēlā mau protein. Makemake pū lākou e ʻike i nā maʻi i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā genes i hana pono ʻole. Kāhea mākou i nā genes i loli ma kekahi ʻano he mutations . Manaʻo nā kānaka noiʻi ʻo kēia mau mutations gene kekahi kuleana no nā maʻi māmā, ka maʻi ʻaʻai, a me nā maʻi ʻē aʻe he nui. Loaʻa kekahi mau maʻi a me nā pilikia olakino ke nalowale nā ​​​​genes a i ʻole aia nā ʻāpana keu o nā genes a i ʻole nā ​​​​chromosomes.

Hiki ke hoʻoili ʻia kekahi o kēia mau pilikia gene mai nā mākua a i nā keiki. Eia kekahi laʻana, e lawe kākou i ka gene e kōkua ana i ko kākou kino e hana i ka hemoglobin . He protein koʻikoʻi loa ka Hemoglobin e kōkua ana i nā hunaola koko ʻulaʻula e lawe i ka oxygen ma ke kino holoʻokoʻa. Inā hoʻoili ke keiki i kahi gene hemoglobin ʻokoʻa mai kahi makua, hiki i kēlā keiki ke hana i kahi ʻano hemoglobin i hana pono ʻole. Hiki i kēia ke hana i kahi maʻi i kapa ʻia ʻo anemia . ʻO ka anemia ka emi ʻana o ka helu o nā hunaola koko ʻulaʻula olakino. ʻO ka anemia cell sickle kahi ʻano anemia i hoʻoili ʻia mai nā mākua a i nā keiki ma o nā genes ma kēia ʻano.

ʻO Cystic fibrosis, a i ʻole CF, kekahi maʻi hoʻoilina i hoʻoilina ʻia e kekahi mau keiki. Hiki i nā mākua i loaʻa kahi gene CF i hoʻololi ʻia ke hoʻoili iā ia i kā lākou mau keiki. He pilikia ka poʻe me CF i ka hanu ʻana no ka mea ua nui ka mucus i hana ʻia e ko lākou kino - ka wai mānoanoa e puka mai ana mai ko mākou ihu i ka wā e maʻi ai mākou - a paʻa ia i loko o ko lākou mau māmā. Pono ka poʻe me CF e lawe i ka lāʻau lapaʻau i ko lākou ola a pau e mālama i ko lākou mau māmā i ke olakino e like me ka hiki.

Nūhou hou loa: E aʻo iki kākou e pili ana i ka lāʻau lapaʻau gene.

He ʻano lapaʻau hou loa ka hoʻōla ʻana o ka gene - he mea hou loa ia a ke hana nei nā kānaka ʻepekema i ka pae noiʻi e ʻike inā hana ia. Pili ia i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻenekinia genetic e mālama i kahi maʻi i hoʻokumu ʻia e kahi gene i hoʻololi ʻia ma kekahi ʻano.Ke hoʻohana nei i ka ʻenehana. ʻO kekahi ʻano hana e hoʻāʻo ʻia nei i kēia manawa, ʻo ia ke pani ʻana i nā genes maʻi me nā genes olakino. Manaʻolana ʻia e alakaʻi kēia noiʻi hoʻōla gene (me ka noiʻi e hoʻohana ana i nā kānaka) i nā ala hou e mālama ai a pale aku paha i nā maʻi he nui i ka wā e hiki mai ana.

No laila, he aha nā mea e pono ai kākou e hoʻomanaʻo mai kēia moʻolelo? (Leka Lawe-Home)

No laila, ua maopopo paha iā ʻoe i kēia manawa ʻo nā genes nā mea kupaianaha a koʻikoʻi loa e hoʻolilo iā kākou i ko kākou ʻano, e hoʻopilikia ana i ko kākou helehelena, ko kākou ʻano, a me ko kākou olakino . Ua like lākou me ka makana makamae loa a kākou e loaʻa ai mai ko kākou mau mākua mai.

• ʻO nā genes kahi hoʻonohonoho o nā kuhikuhi i loaʻa i loko o nā pūnaewele o ko mākou kino e hoʻoholo ai i ko mākou mau ʻano.
• Mālama ʻia kēia mau mea i loko o nā hale i kapa ʻia he chromosomes a ua hana ʻia me ka DNA.
• Loaʻa iā mākou ko mākou mau genes mai ko mākou mau mākua mai, ʻo ia ke kumu e like ai mākou me lākou.
• I kekahi manawa hiki i nā loli (mutations) i loko o nā genes ke hana i nā pilikia olakino.
• Hiki i nā ʻenehana hou e like me ka gene therapy ke hāʻawi i nā hopena i ia mau pilikia i ka wā e hiki mai ana.

Ke lana nei koʻu manaʻo e kōkua ke aʻo ʻana e pili ana i kēia mau genes iā ʻoe e hoʻomaopopo maikaʻi i ko mākou kino a me ko mākou mau genes. Inā he mau nīnau hou aku kāu, mai kānalua e nīnau i ke kauka a i ʻole kekahi mea ʻike e pili ana i kēia kumuhana.

ʻO Gene, Chromosomes, DNA, Hoʻoilina, Ola Kino