E aʻo kākou e pili ana i ke kaʻina hana o ka opsonization e kōkua ai i nā pale o ko kākou kino.

Pehea ʻoe? I kēia lā, e kamaʻilio ana mākou e pili ana i kahi kaʻina hana kupaianaha a koʻikoʻi loa e hana ʻia ana i loko o ko mākou kino. Ua like ia me kahi mea kūikawā e kōkua ana i nā pale o ko mākou kino. Ua lohe paha ʻoe i kēia huaʻōlelo, a ua kapa ʻia ʻo opsonization. Ke aʻo ʻoe e pili ana i ia mea, e maopopo iā ʻoe ke ʻano kupaianaha o ka hana a ko mākou kino.

He aha ka Opsonization?

I ka ʻōlelo maʻalahi, ʻo ka opsonization kahi hana e kōkua ai i kā mākou ʻōnaehana pale. Hana ia ma ka ʻike ʻana a me ka luku ʻana i nā germs ʻino, e like me nā pathogens (e like me nā bacteria a me nā virus), a i ʻole kā mākou mau cell ponoʻī i make a hōʻino ʻia paha. E noʻonoʻo i kāu ʻōnaehana pale e like me kahi hui kūikawā e pale ana i kou kino. Ke kiaʻi mau nei lākou i kou kino, e ʻimi ana i nā mea āpau e hiki ke hōʻeha a maʻi paha.

Hana pū nā ʻāpana like ʻole o kā mākou ʻōnaehana pale kino - nā ʻōpū, nā cell, nā protein, nā kemika - a pau. Holoholo kekahi mau ʻāpana a puni ke kino e ʻimi ana i nā mea komo hewa. Hoʻopau kekahi i nā mea ʻino i ke kino. ʻO ia ka manawa e kōkua mai ai nā protein i kapa ʻia ʻo opsonins . Uhi kēia mau opsonins i nā germs a 'hōʻailona' iā lākou. A laila hiki i nā cell ʻē aʻe o ka ʻōnaehana pale kino ke ʻike maʻalahi iā lākou a luku iā lākou. Hōʻailona ke kaʻina hana o ka opsonization i nā cell make a make, nā cell i loaʻa i ka maʻi, a me nā cell kanesa.

He aha ʻo Opsonin?

Kāhea mākou i nā 'opsonins' he hui o nā protein like ʻole. ʻO kā lākou hana nui ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i nā cell a me nā mea e like me nā pathogens , a kōkua i kahi ʻano cell kūikawā i loko o kā mākou ʻōnaehana pale - kapa mākou iā lākou he phagocytes - ʻike a 'moni' iā lākou. E noʻonoʻo e like me ka hana ʻana i kahi kīʻaha i ʻono maikaʻi a hōʻike nani iā ​​ia ma ke ʻano e makemake ai ʻoe e ʻai.

Lana wale kekahi mau opsonins i loko o ko kākou koko a i ʻole ka wai lymph. Hana ʻia kekahi i ka wā e hoʻāla ʻia ai kā kākou ʻōnaehana pale, mai nā protein ʻē aʻe. ʻO ka pinepine, nā mea e like me nā antibodies , āu i lohe ai paha, hana pū kekahi ma ke ʻano he opsonins i ka wā e hana ana i nā hana koʻikoʻi ʻē aʻe.

Hoʻopili kēlā mau pūnaewele, i kapa ʻia ʻo phagocytes , me nā opsonins e like me ke alahaka. A laila hoʻohana lākou i kēlā alahaka e hoʻopuni a luku i ka mea a lākou e makemake ai e luku. ʻO ia ke kumu i kapa ʻia ai nā opsonins ʻo 'bridging molecules.' Maopopo iā ʻoe?

He aha ke kaʻina hana o ka phagocytosis?

ʻO ka phagocytosisHe hana ia e luku ai ko kākou kino a hoʻopau i nā mea ʻino a makemake ʻole ʻia. I ka ʻōlelo maʻalahi, ʻo ia hoʻi 'ke kaʻina hana o nā pūnaewele e hoʻopuni ana a luku ana i kahi mea'. Hiki i kēia mau mea ke komo pū me nā pathogens , nā mea ʻē, a i ʻole ko kākou mau pūnaewele ponoʻī.

He aha ka mea i luku ʻia i ka phagocytosis?

Eia kekahi mau mea i luku ʻia e ka phagocytosis:

• ʻO nā ʻano pathogens like ʻole e like me nā virus, bacteria, a me nā fungi.
• Nā pūnaewele i loaʻa i ka maʻi.
• Nā pūnaewele make, ʻelemakule, a i ʻole i hōʻino ʻia.
• Nā pūnaewele kanesa.
• Nā ʻāpana kelepona, a i ʻole nā ​​ʻōpala kelepona.
• Nā pilina (synapses) ma waena o nā hunaola aʻalolo i emi iho ka hana.

ʻO ke ʻano o ka huaʻōlelo 'phagocytosis' ʻo ia hoʻi 'ʻai ʻana i nā cell'. ʻO kēia mau cell, i kapa ʻia ʻo phagocytes, e ʻai i kēia mau cell a me nā germs i makemake ʻole ʻia, a i ʻole 'ʻai' iā lākou, a wāwahi iā lākou. A laila hiki i ke kino ke hoʻopau maʻalahi iā lākou. ʻO nā ʻano cell āpau, e like me nā macrophages , nā cell dendritic , nā neutrophils , a me nā cell pepehi kanaka kūlohelohe (NK) , hoʻohana i ke kaʻina hana o ka opsonization e ʻimi a wehe i nā mea makemake ʻole ʻia.

He aha nā hōʻailona e loaʻa ana i nā pūnaewele phagocyte?

ʻO kēlā mau pūnaewele, i kapa ʻia ʻo phagocytes , e hoʻoholo inā e ale i kahi mea a i ʻole ma muli o nā hōʻailona like ʻole. Aia kekahi mau ʻano o kēia mau hōʻailona:

• Nā hōʻailona 'Huli iaʻu': Hiki i kēia ke lilo i mau protein a i ʻole nā ​​​​mea ʻē aʻe e kōkua i nā pūnaewele phagocyte e ʻimi i nā pūnaewele a i ʻole nā ​​​​maʻi pathogens a lākou e makemake ai e luku.
• Nā hōʻailona ʻai-iaʻu a mai ʻai-iaʻu: E like me ka inoa e hōʻike nei, haʻi kēia mau hōʻailona i kahi phagocyte inā e ʻai i kahi mea a ʻaʻole paha.
• ʻOpsonins: Ua kamaʻilio wale mākou e pili ana i kēia. ʻO kēia nā protein e hoʻopaʻa i nā cell a i ʻole nā ​​​​​​mea maʻi a haʻi i ka phagocyte e "moni i kēia a luku iā ia." Hana pū lākou e like me ke alahaka, e maʻalahi ai i ka phagocyte ke hoʻopili i ka mea āna e makemake ai e luku.
• ʻO nā opsonins maikaʻi ʻole: Hana kēia i ka mea ʻē aʻe. ʻO ia hoʻi, hoʻonāwaliwali lākou a hoʻolilo paha i mea paʻakikī no kahi phagocyte e hopu a luku i kahi mea.

Aia kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona o ka opsonization?

ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, he nui nā ʻano opsonins a ko mākou kino e hoʻohana ai e ʻike a hoʻopau i nā pahuhopu like ʻole. Eia kekahi mau mea no ʻoe e aʻo ai e pili ana:

• Nā Antibodies: He ʻāpana koʻikoʻi loa nā antibodies o kā mākou ʻōnaehana pale. Ua like lākou me ka laka a me ke kī,He kikoʻī lākou i nā ʻāpana kikoʻī o ka pathogen (i kapa ʻia he antigens) . Hana pū nā antibodies i kapa ʻia ʻo Immunoglobulin G (IgG) a me Immunoglobulin M (IgM) ma ke ʻano he opsonins.
• Nā kumu hoʻopihapiha: He hui kēia o nā protein e kōkua i kā mākou ʻōnaehana pale. Hana pū nā protein hoʻopihapiha like ʻole e alakaʻi i nā pūnaewele phagocyte i nā wahi e pono ai lākou e luku ʻia. ʻO C1q, C3, C3b , a me C4b nā ʻano opsonins.
• ʻO nā opsonins hoʻopaʻa Phosphatidylserine: ʻO ka Phosphatidylserine kahi hōʻailona 'ʻai iaʻu'. Ke kokoke e make nā cell ( apoptosis ), hoʻokuʻu ʻia kēia hōʻailona mai loko mai o ke kelepona. Hiki ke komo kekahi mau opsonins, e like me Annexin A1 , Apolipoprotein H , Del-1 , Gas6, a me Protein S, i kēia.
• ʻO nā opsonins ʻē aʻe: Ma waho aʻe o kēia mau mea, ʻo nā protein e like me calreticulin , fibronectin , ficolins (he mau protein ʻike ʻano kēia), mannose-binding lectin , milk fat globulin (lactadherin) , a me nā pentraxins e hana pū ana ma ke ʻano he opsonins. ʻOiai ke ʻano paʻakikī kēia mau inoa, kōkua kēia mau mea āpau i ka pale ʻana i ko mākou kino.

He aha ka hana a ka opsonization i ka phagocytosis?

E like me kā mākou i ʻōlelo ai ma mua, ʻai nā pūnaewele i kapa ʻia ʻo phagocytes i nā pathogens a me nā pūnaewele i pono ʻole ʻia e ko mākou kino, ʻo ia hoʻi ka phagocytosis , i hiki i ke kino ke wehe maʻalahi iā lākou. ʻO ia ka manawa e hele mai ai nā opsonins e hoʻopakele. Uhi nā Opsonins i nā pūnaewele a me nā mea hoʻouka kaua a lākou e makemake ai e luku. Ua like ia me ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā mea ʻala i kahi kīʻaha e ʻoi aku ka ʻono a me ka ʻono. Ke ʻike nā phagocytes i kēia mau 'mea ʻala', hoʻolilo lākou iā ia i mea 'ʻono'. (ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ua puka mai ka huaʻōlelo 'opsonization' mai kahi huaʻōlelo Helene ʻo ia hoʻi 'e hana i ka ʻono'!)

Hoʻowalewale ʻia nā pūnaewele phagocyte i kēia uhi opsonin, a laila nakinaki i kā lākou mau mea loaʻa.Hoʻohana lākou i nā ʻāpana i kapa ʻia ʻo opsonins e hoʻopili iā ia. Ma kēlā ʻano, ua like nā opsonins me kahi ʻō e kōkua iā lākou e hopu i kēlā meaʻai ʻono. A laila huki ka phagocyte i kēlā 'meaʻai' i loko, wāwahi iā ia, a 'ʻeli' iā ia.

Pehea e hana ʻia ai ka opsonization?

Nui nā kaʻina hana like ʻole e hoʻoulu ai i ka opsonization. ʻO nā mea nui:

• Pane pale kūlohelohe: Hoʻomaopopo nā protein e like me C3 i loko o ko mākou kino a hoʻopaʻa i nā ʻāpana o ka bacteria, virus, a i ʻole fungi. ʻO kēia kekahi ʻanuʻu i ka opsonization. He ʻano pale kēia i hānau ʻia ai ko mākou kino.
• Pane pale ʻōnaehana hoʻololi: Hoʻomaopopo nā antibodies i nā antigens mai nā bacteria i ʻike mua ʻia, nā virus, a i ʻole nā ​​​​mea hoʻouka kaua ʻino ʻē aʻe. E like me ka laka a me ke kī, hui pū kēia mau mea e hana i kahi hui antigen-antibody . A laila hoʻopiha nā protein i kēia hui a uhi i ka pathogen a i ʻole ke kelepona me nā opsonins hou aʻe. He mea kēia e aʻo ai ko mākou kino i ka hala ʻana o ka manawa.
• Nā hōʻailona 'ʻAi iaʻu': Ke hōʻino ʻia nā pūnaewele a kokoke paha e make, hoʻouna lākou i nā hōʻailona i ka ʻōnaehana pale e 'luku iaʻu.' Hoʻomaopopo nā Opsonins i kēia mau hōʻailona a hoʻopaʻa iā lākou.

Aia kekahi mau ʻanuʻu i kēlā me kēia o kēia mau kaʻina hana, a hui pū lākou a pau e hoʻoulu i kā mākou ʻōnaehana pale kino.

No ke aha he mea nui ka Opsonization?

ʻIke ʻoe, he maalea loa nā pathogens . No ka mea pono lākou e ola, hoʻāʻo lākou e peʻe mai kā mākou mau cell ʻōnaehana pale. ʻO ia ka manawa e lilo ai ke kaʻina hana opsonization i mea nui loa. Kōkua ia i nā cell phagocyte e ʻike maʻalahi i ka pathogen huna, hoʻopili iā ia, a luku loa iā ia.

Pēlā nō, hoʻohana ko kākou mau pūnaewele ponoʻī i ka opsonization e haʻi aku i ka ʻōnaehana pale, 'Ua loaʻa iaʻu ka maʻi,' 'Ua hōʻino ʻia au,' a i ʻole 'E make ana au.' Ke loaʻa i ke kino kēia hōʻailona, ​​ʻike ia e hoʻopau i kēlā mau pūnaewele.

I ka ʻōlelo maʻalahi, ua like ka opsonization me kahi ʻōnaehana kamaʻilio koʻikoʻi e mālama ai i ko mākou kino i ke olakino. Inā ʻaʻole ia, e paʻakikī i kā mākou ʻōnaehana pale ke hana pono.

Hiki i nā pilikia me ka opsonization ke hoʻoulu i ka maʻi?

ʻAe, ʻoiaʻiʻo nō. Hiki ke hoʻopilikia ʻia ka phagocytosis ma muli o kekahi mau maʻi genetic , nā hopena i kekahi mau lāʻau lapaʻau, a i ʻole nā ​​kumu ʻē aʻe. HoʻohuiHiki i nā hemahema o ka ʻōnaehana a me nā maʻi ʻē aʻe o ka ʻōnaehana pale ke hoʻololi i ke ʻano o ka ʻike ʻana o ko mākou kino i ka mea ʻino a me ka mea ʻino ʻole. E noʻonoʻo i kēia:

• ʻAʻole paha e hiki i kāu mau pūnaewele phagocyte ke luku i nā mea ʻino e like me nā pūnaewele i hōʻino ʻia, nā bacteria, a me nā virus. A laila hiki i kēia mau mea ʻino ke hōʻiliʻili i loko o ke kino a hoʻoulu i ka maʻi.
• A i ʻole, hiki i kāu mau pūnaewele phagocyte ke hoʻomaka e luku i nā mea pono ʻole e luku ʻia, e like me nā pūnaewele olakino. Ua like ia me kou pūʻali koa ponoʻī e hoʻouka ana iā ia iho.

ʻOiai ka pilikia, hiki iā ia ke alakaʻi i nā maʻi autoimmune , e like me lupus , a i ʻole nā ​​​​maʻi neurological e like me Alzheimer's . Hiki iā ʻoe ke loaʻa hou aku i nā maʻi a i ʻole ka piʻi ʻana o ka pilikia o ka maʻi kanesa.

Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka opsonization e mālama i nā maʻi?

He nīnau maikaʻi loa kēia. Ke noiʻi nei nā loea lapaʻau i nā ala e hoʻohana ai i kēia kaʻina hana o ka opsonization e mālama ai i nā maʻi. ʻO ko lākou manaʻolana ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā ala e kōkua ai i kā mākou ʻōnaehana pale ma o ka opsonizing i nā mea ʻino a i ʻole ka pale ʻana i nā cell olakino mai ka opsonized ʻia. Hiki i kēia noiʻi ke kōkua i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau no nā maʻi e like me:

• Kanesa: Hiki iā ia ke 'hōʻailona' i nā hunaola kanesa a kōkua i ka ʻōnaehana pale e luku iā lākou.
• Nā maʻi lele: Hiki ke hoʻohana pono ʻia kēia ʻano hana i ke kaua ʻana i kekahi mau maʻi bacteria.
• Nā maʻi Autoimmune: Hoʻāʻo lākou e pale i nā ʻāpana olakino mai ka 'hōʻailona ʻia' a hōʻemi i ka hiki o ke kino ke hōʻino iā ia iho.

ʻAʻole wale kēlā, ke hoʻohana nei nā kānaka noiʻi i ke kaʻina hana o ka opsonization e hoʻāʻo ai i ka hana maikaʻi o nā lāʻau pale a me nā lāʻau antibody . Ua kapa ʻia kēia mau hoʻokolohua he opsonophagocytic killing assays (OPKA) . No laila, he wahi noiʻi hoʻohiki nui kēia.

ʻEkahi mau mea e hoʻomanaʻo pōkole ai

ʻAe, ua kamaʻilio nui kākou e pili ana i ka opsonization, ʻeā? He ʻāpana koʻikoʻi loa ia o kā kākou ʻōnaehana pale. Ua like ia me ke kūkulu ʻana i kahi alahaka ma waena o nā mea ʻino i loko o ko kākou kino a me nā cell e luku ai iā lākou.

Ke hoʻomanaʻo nei ʻoe i kaʻu ʻōlelo ʻana ʻoiai nā meaʻai olakino a nā keiki makemake ʻole e ʻai nui ʻia inā hoʻohui ʻoe i kahi mea ʻono iki iā lākou? ʻO ia ke ʻano o ka opsonization. Hiki i kēlā mau phagocytes keʻAʻole wale ia e hoʻolilo i ka 'meaʻai' i mea ʻono i nā pūnaewele, hāʻawi pū ia iā lākou i kahi 'ʻō' e hopu ai. A laila hiki iā lākou ke hele pololei i laila a ʻai!

No laila, ua like ka opsonization me kahi koa leo ʻole e kōkua ana i ka mālama ʻana i ko mākou kino i ke olakino a pale ʻia mai ka maʻi. No ka mea ke hana pono nei kēia kaʻina hana ʻaʻole mākou e maʻi i ka hapa nui o ka manawa. No laila, ʻaʻole anei he mea kūpono ke ʻike iki i kēia mau mea kupaianaha e hana nei i loko o ko mākou kino? Ke manaʻolana nei au e kōkua kēia ʻike iā ʻoe a me kou ʻohana e noho olakino.

ʻO ka pale ʻana, ka opsonization, ka phagocytosis, nā germs, nā cell, nā antibodies, ka ʻōnaehana pale