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Cia peb kawm txog Lycopene: lub hwj chim loj uas zais rau hauv txiv lws suav thiab dib liab

Cia peb kawm txog Lycopene: lub hwj chim loj uas zais rau hauv txiv lws suav thiab dib liab

Koj puas tau xav txog seb dab tsi ua rau koj cov kua txiv lws suav rau ntawm pizza, koj cov kua txob ketchup rau ntawm ib lub yob, lossis koj daim txiv tsawb uas liab heev rau hnub kub? Qhov uas ntau tus neeg tsis paub yog tias zais hauv cov xim liab no yog ib qho tshuaj muaj zog uas muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau peb lub cev. Nws hu ua 'lycopene.' Hnub no, peb yuav tham txog cov khoom noj khoom haus zoo kawg no hu ua lycopene.

Hauv lus yooj yim, lycopene yog dab tsi?

Lycopene yog ib yam tshuaj lom neeg uas muaj nyob hauv cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo thiab zaub. Hais txog kev tshawb fawb, nws yog ib hom xim uas koom nrog pawg hu ua 'carotenoids'. Ib yam li cov nroj tsuag, txiv hmab txiv ntoo, thiab zaub tau txais lawv cov xim tshwj xeeb los ntawm cov xim no. Vim tias lycopene yog ib hom carotenoid liab, nws feem ntau pom muaj nyob rau hauv cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo liab thiab liab xws li txiv lws suav, txiv tsawb, txiv hmab liab, thiab txiv papaya.

Qhov txawv loj tshaj plaws yog tias lycopene yog ib qho ntawm cov tshuaj antioxidants muaj zog tshaj plaws hauv xwm . Tam sim no koj yuav xav paub tias cov tshuaj antioxidant no yog dab tsi.

Xav txog seb puas muaj cov yeeb ncuab me me hauv peb lub cev uas ua rau cov hlwb puas tsuaj thiab ua rau lawv 'noj tuag'. Peb hu lawv ua 'cov free radicals'. Thaum peb laus zuj zus, thiab vim yog tej yam xws li kev ua qias tuaj ntawm ib puag ncig thiab kev haus luam yeeb, cov yeeb ncuab no yuav nce ntxiv hauv peb lub cev. Thaum cov 'free radicals' no ua rau cov hlwb puas tsuaj, nws yog thaum lawv qhib lub qhov rooj rau ntau yam kab mob ntev xws li mob qog noj ntshav, ntshav qab zib, thiab kab mob plawv.

Yog li ntawd, 'cov tshuaj antioxidants' zoo li peb tus kheej cov neeg tiv thaiv uas ntes cov yeeb ncuab phem hu ua 'free radicals' thiab tiv thaiv lawv kom tsis txhob ua puas rau peb cov hlwb. Lycopene yog ib qho zoo li no.

Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm lycopene rau peb lub cev yog dab tsi?

Qhov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb ntawm lycopene yog cov khoom antioxidant uas peb nyuam qhuav tham txog, tab sis kuj muaj ntau lwm yam txiaj ntsig thiab.

Pab txo qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm mob qog noj ntshav

Txawm hais tias kev tshawb fawb tseem tab tom ua mus, kev tshawb fawb tam sim no qhia txog kev sib txuas ntawm kev noj lycopene thiab kev tiv thaiv kab mob qog noj ntshav. Nws tau pom tias muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau mob qog noj ntshav ntsws, pob txha, thiab prostate . Qee qhov kev tshawb fawb hauv chav kuaj tau qhia tias lycopene tuaj yeem nres lossis qeeb txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov hlwb qog noj ntshav.

Cov kws tshawb fawb ntseeg tias qhov no yog vim lub zog tshwj xeeb ntawm lycopene uas ua rau lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob antioxidant. Vim tias nws tsis hloov mus ua vitamin A zoo li ntau yam carotenoids, nws cov khoom antioxidant tseem zoo dua, txo cov kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov cell uas tuaj yeem ua rau mob qog noj ntshav.

Zoo rau kev noj qab haus huv ntawm lub plawv!

Muaj ob hom roj cholesterol hauv peb cov ntshav: roj cholesterol zoo thiab roj cholesterol phem.

  • Cov roj cholesterol phem (LDL)Nws yog hom uas tso rau ntawm phab ntsa ntawm peb cov hlab ntsha, maj mam txhaws lawv, thiab dhau sijhawm ua rau mob plawv thiab mob hlwb.
  • Cov roj cholesterol zoo (HDL) yog hom uas pab tshem tawm cov roj cholesterol phem uas tau khaws cia thiab ua kom cov hlab ntsha huv.

Tsis ntev los no, kev tshawb fawb pom tau tias lycopene pab txo cov roj cholesterol phem (LDL) thiab ua rau cov roj cholesterol zoo (HDL) . Tsis tas li ntawd xwb, lycopene kuj pab tswj cov ntshav siab kom zoo. Tag nrho cov no ua ke pab txhawb kev noj qab haus huv ntawm lub plawv.

Ua rau daim tawv nqaij huv thiab noj qab nyob zoo

Kev noj lycopene ntev tuaj yeem pab tiv thaiv daim tawv nqaij ntawm cov teeb meem UV. Ib txoj kev tshawb fawb qhia tau tias cov neeg uas ntxiv cov txiv lws suav rau hauv lawv cov zaub mov txhua hnub muaj li ntawm 40% tsawg dua qhov kev puas tsuaj los ntawm lub hnub dua li cov neeg uas tsis tau noj.

Tiam sis qhov no tsis tau txhais hais tias koj tsis tas yuav siv tshuaj pleev thaiv hnub/tshuaj pleev thaiv hnub. Koj yeej yuav tsum siv nws. Tiam sis lycopene muab kev tiv thaiv ntxiv rau daim tawv nqaij. Tsis tas li ntawd, lycopene ua rau muaj ntau yam tshuaj hu ua 'procollagen', uas tiv thaiv daim tawv nqaij kom tsis txhob laus. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias nws tuaj yeem thim rov qab qee qhov kev puas tsuaj uas tshwm sim rau daim tawv nqaij thaum peb laus zuj zus.

Txhim kho cov txiv neej muaj menyuam

Tsis ntev los no, kev tshawb fawb pom tau tias cov txiv neej hluas noj qab nyob zoo uas noj li 14 milligrams ntawm lycopene ib hnub tuaj yeem txhim kho lawv txoj kev muaj menyuam li ntawm 40%.

Kev txo qhov mob

Lycopene kuj tau pom tias muaj cov khoom ua rau mob o. Qee qhov kev tshawb fawb qhia tau tias lycopene tuaj yeem pab txo qhov mob zoo ib yam li cov tshuaj xws li ibuprofen rau kev mob hlab ntsha.

Puas muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev noj ntau dhau lycopene?

Lycopene feem ntau yog cov khoom noj muaj kev nyab xeeb heev , thiab tsis muaj lus pom zoo kom noj ntau tshaj plaws txhua hnub.

Txawm li cas los xij, tsis tshua muaj, kev noj ntau dhau ntawm lycopene tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv me ntsis ntawm cov xim tawv nqaij. Ib daim ntawv tshaj tawm hais tias ib tug poj niam uas haus li 2 liv kua txiv lws suav ib hnub rau ntau xyoo tau tsim cov tawv nqaij xim txiv kab ntxwv. Tab sis tsis txhob txhawj, qhov no tsuas yog ib ntus xwb . Thaum nws txo nws cov kua txiv lws suav noj, nws cov tawv nqaij rov qab zoo li qub hauv ob peb lub lis piam.

Txawm li cas los xij, qee tus neeg yuav tsis muaj peev xwm noj ntau lycopene. Tsuas yog vim qee yam zoo tsis tau txhais hais tias nws yog rau txhua tus.

Cov neeg hauv qab no yuav tsum nrog lawv tus kws kho mob tham ua ntej ntxiv cov lycopene ntau rau hauv lawv cov zaub mov noj:

  • Cov neeg uas muaj ntshav siab tsawg
  • Cov neeg uas muaj mob plab
  • Cov niam cev xeeb tub los yog cov niam pub niam mis
  • Cov neeg noj tshuaj rau kab mob plawv, mob qog noj ntshav, lossis kab mob ntawm daim tawv nqaij
  • Cov neeg uas tau txais kev kho mob hormone

Yog li peb yuav tau txais lycopene li cas?

Txawm hais tias tsis muaj cov neeg mob uas tsis muaj lycopene txaus los xij, cov kws kho mob pom zoo kom noj li ntawm 10 milligrams (10mg) ntawm lycopene ib hnub ua ib feem ntawm kev noj zaub mov zoo.

Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog kom tau txais cov lycopene no los ntawm cov khoom noj ntuj tsim es tsis txhob noj cov tshuaj ntxiv, vim tias cov txiaj ntsig zoo dua thaum cov lycopene hauv cov khoom noj sib xyaw nrog lwm cov as-ham.

Nov yog qee cov khoom noj uas muaj lycopene ntau.

Khoom noj Cov ntsiab lus Lycopene (kwv yees li)
1 khob ntawm cov kua txiv lws suav uas tau npaj tseg 37 milligrams (37mg)
Ib daim txiv tsawb nyoos (ib txwm) 13 milligrams (13mg)
Ib diav ntawm cov txiv lws suav muab tshuaj txhuam uas tau npaj tseg 3 milligrams (3mg)
Ib diav ntawm ketchup 2.5 milligrams (2.5mg)

Nov yog lwm qhov zais cia! Kev tshawb fawb tau qhia tias lycopene zoo tshaj plaws rau peb lub cev thaum nws raug cua sov thiab sib xyaw nrog cov roj zoo, xws li roj txiv maj phaub lossis roj txiv roj . Yog li, koj tuaj yeem tau txais txiaj ntsig ntau dua los ntawm kev noj cov txiv lws suav siav hauv cov kua zaub lossis cov kua ntses dua li noj lawv nyoos.

  • Thaum ua kua zaub lentil, kua nqaij, lossis kua ntses, ntxiv ob peb lub txiv lws suav siav.
  • Siv cov kua txiv lws suav ua hauv tsev thaum ua pasta lossis spaghetti.
  • Ua noj (ci) tej yam xws li txiv lws suav, ntses, thiab kua txob nrog me ntsis roj txiv maj phaub thiab noj lawv.
  • Ua kua txiv lws suav hauv tsev.

Koj tuaj yeem yooj yim ntxiv lycopene rau koj cov zaub mov txhua hnub nrog cov khoom yooj yim zoo li no.

Cov Lus Qhia Txog Kev Coj Mus Tsev

  • Lycopene yog ib qho antioxidant muaj zog uas pom muaj nyob rau hauv cov khoom noj liab / liab xws li txiv lws suav thiab dib liab.
  • Qhov no pab txo qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm cov kab mob ntev xws li mob qog noj ntshav thiab kab mob plawv, thiab tswj kev noj qab haus huv ntawm daim tawv nqaij.
  • Nws zoo dua kom tau txais lycopene los ntawm cov khoom noj ntuj tsim dua li los ntawm cov tshuaj ntsiav.
  • Thaum cov khoom noj uas muaj lycopene raug cua sov thiab siav nrog hom roj zoo, lawv lub cev nqus tau ntau dua.
  • Yog tias koj muaj mob, cev xeeb tub, lossis noj tshuaj dab tsi, nco ntsoov sab laj nrog koj tus kws kho mob ua ntej ua qhov kev hloov pauv loj rau koj cov zaub mov noj.

Lycopene, Kev Noj Haus, Cov Txiaj Ntsig ntawm Cov Txiv Lws Suav, Cov Txiaj Ntsig ntawm Cov Txiv Dib, Cov Tshuaj Antioxidants, Khoom Noj Qab Haus Huv
⚠️ Important: The medical articles and information on Nirogi Lanka are for general awareness only, and are by no means a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. For any medical problem you have, consult a qualified physician immediately.

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Tsis muaj lus teb tau muab tso tawm. Ntxiv koj cov lus tawm ntawm no thawj zaug.

Ntxiv koj cov lus

Thov xam: 1 + 7 =
Cia peb kawm txog Lycopene: lub hwj chim loj uas zais rau hauv txiv lws suav thiab dib liab

Cia peb kawm txog Lycopene: lub hwj chim loj uas zais rau hauv txiv lws suav thiab dib liab

Koj puas tau xav txog seb dab tsi ua rau koj cov kua txiv lws suav rau ntawm pizza, koj cov kua txob ketchup rau ntawm ib lub yob, lossis koj daim txiv tsawb uas liab heev rau hnub kub? Qhov uas ntau tus neeg tsis paub yog tias zais hauv cov xim liab no yog ib qho tshuaj muaj zog uas muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau peb lub cev. Nws hu ua 'lycopene.' Hnub no, peb yuav tham txog cov khoom noj khoom haus zoo kawg no hu ua lycopene.

Hauv lus yooj yim, lycopene yog dab tsi?

Lycopene yog ib yam tshuaj lom neeg uas muaj nyob hauv cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo thiab zaub. Hais txog kev tshawb fawb, nws yog ib hom xim uas koom nrog pawg hu ua 'carotenoids'. Ib yam li cov nroj tsuag, txiv hmab txiv ntoo, thiab zaub tau txais lawv cov xim tshwj xeeb los ntawm cov xim no. Vim tias lycopene yog ib hom carotenoid liab, nws feem ntau pom muaj nyob rau hauv cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo liab thiab liab xws li txiv lws suav, txiv tsawb, txiv hmab liab, thiab txiv papaya.

Qhov txawv loj tshaj plaws yog tias lycopene yog ib qho ntawm cov tshuaj antioxidants muaj zog tshaj plaws hauv xwm . Tam sim no koj yuav xav paub tias cov tshuaj antioxidant no yog dab tsi.

Xav txog seb puas muaj cov yeeb ncuab me me hauv peb lub cev uas ua rau cov hlwb puas tsuaj thiab ua rau lawv 'noj tuag'. Peb hu lawv ua 'cov free radicals'. Thaum peb laus zuj zus, thiab vim yog tej yam xws li kev ua qias tuaj ntawm ib puag ncig thiab kev haus luam yeeb, cov yeeb ncuab no yuav nce ntxiv hauv peb lub cev. Thaum cov 'free radicals' no ua rau cov hlwb puas tsuaj, nws yog thaum lawv qhib lub qhov rooj rau ntau yam kab mob ntev xws li mob qog noj ntshav, ntshav qab zib, thiab kab mob plawv.

Yog li ntawd, 'cov tshuaj antioxidants' zoo li peb tus kheej cov neeg tiv thaiv uas ntes cov yeeb ncuab phem hu ua 'free radicals' thiab tiv thaiv lawv kom tsis txhob ua puas rau peb cov hlwb. Lycopene yog ib qho zoo li no.

Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm lycopene rau peb lub cev yog dab tsi?

Qhov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb ntawm lycopene yog cov khoom antioxidant uas peb nyuam qhuav tham txog, tab sis kuj muaj ntau lwm yam txiaj ntsig thiab.

Pab txo qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm mob qog noj ntshav

Txawm hais tias kev tshawb fawb tseem tab tom ua mus, kev tshawb fawb tam sim no qhia txog kev sib txuas ntawm kev noj lycopene thiab kev tiv thaiv kab mob qog noj ntshav. Nws tau pom tias muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau mob qog noj ntshav ntsws, pob txha, thiab prostate . Qee qhov kev tshawb fawb hauv chav kuaj tau qhia tias lycopene tuaj yeem nres lossis qeeb txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov hlwb qog noj ntshav.

Cov kws tshawb fawb ntseeg tias qhov no yog vim lub zog tshwj xeeb ntawm lycopene uas ua rau lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob antioxidant. Vim tias nws tsis hloov mus ua vitamin A zoo li ntau yam carotenoids, nws cov khoom antioxidant tseem zoo dua, txo cov kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov cell uas tuaj yeem ua rau mob qog noj ntshav.

Zoo rau kev noj qab haus huv ntawm lub plawv!

Muaj ob hom roj cholesterol hauv peb cov ntshav: roj cholesterol zoo thiab roj cholesterol phem.

  • Cov roj cholesterol phem (LDL)Nws yog hom uas tso rau ntawm phab ntsa ntawm peb cov hlab ntsha, maj mam txhaws lawv, thiab dhau sijhawm ua rau mob plawv thiab mob hlwb.
  • Cov roj cholesterol zoo (HDL) yog hom uas pab tshem tawm cov roj cholesterol phem uas tau khaws cia thiab ua kom cov hlab ntsha huv.

Tsis ntev los no, kev tshawb fawb pom tau tias lycopene pab txo cov roj cholesterol phem (LDL) thiab ua rau cov roj cholesterol zoo (HDL) . Tsis tas li ntawd xwb, lycopene kuj pab tswj cov ntshav siab kom zoo. Tag nrho cov no ua ke pab txhawb kev noj qab haus huv ntawm lub plawv.

Ua rau daim tawv nqaij huv thiab noj qab nyob zoo

Kev noj lycopene ntev tuaj yeem pab tiv thaiv daim tawv nqaij ntawm cov teeb meem UV. Ib txoj kev tshawb fawb qhia tau tias cov neeg uas ntxiv cov txiv lws suav rau hauv lawv cov zaub mov txhua hnub muaj li ntawm 40% tsawg dua qhov kev puas tsuaj los ntawm lub hnub dua li cov neeg uas tsis tau noj.

Tiam sis qhov no tsis tau txhais hais tias koj tsis tas yuav siv tshuaj pleev thaiv hnub/tshuaj pleev thaiv hnub. Koj yeej yuav tsum siv nws. Tiam sis lycopene muab kev tiv thaiv ntxiv rau daim tawv nqaij. Tsis tas li ntawd, lycopene ua rau muaj ntau yam tshuaj hu ua 'procollagen', uas tiv thaiv daim tawv nqaij kom tsis txhob laus. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias nws tuaj yeem thim rov qab qee qhov kev puas tsuaj uas tshwm sim rau daim tawv nqaij thaum peb laus zuj zus.

Txhim kho cov txiv neej muaj menyuam

Tsis ntev los no, kev tshawb fawb pom tau tias cov txiv neej hluas noj qab nyob zoo uas noj li 14 milligrams ntawm lycopene ib hnub tuaj yeem txhim kho lawv txoj kev muaj menyuam li ntawm 40%.

Kev txo qhov mob

Lycopene kuj tau pom tias muaj cov khoom ua rau mob o. Qee qhov kev tshawb fawb qhia tau tias lycopene tuaj yeem pab txo qhov mob zoo ib yam li cov tshuaj xws li ibuprofen rau kev mob hlab ntsha.

Puas muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev noj ntau dhau lycopene?

Lycopene feem ntau yog cov khoom noj muaj kev nyab xeeb heev , thiab tsis muaj lus pom zoo kom noj ntau tshaj plaws txhua hnub.

Txawm li cas los xij, tsis tshua muaj, kev noj ntau dhau ntawm lycopene tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv me ntsis ntawm cov xim tawv nqaij. Ib daim ntawv tshaj tawm hais tias ib tug poj niam uas haus li 2 liv kua txiv lws suav ib hnub rau ntau xyoo tau tsim cov tawv nqaij xim txiv kab ntxwv. Tab sis tsis txhob txhawj, qhov no tsuas yog ib ntus xwb . Thaum nws txo nws cov kua txiv lws suav noj, nws cov tawv nqaij rov qab zoo li qub hauv ob peb lub lis piam.

Txawm li cas los xij, qee tus neeg yuav tsis muaj peev xwm noj ntau lycopene. Tsuas yog vim qee yam zoo tsis tau txhais hais tias nws yog rau txhua tus.

Cov neeg hauv qab no yuav tsum nrog lawv tus kws kho mob tham ua ntej ntxiv cov lycopene ntau rau hauv lawv cov zaub mov noj:

  • Cov neeg uas muaj ntshav siab tsawg
  • Cov neeg uas muaj mob plab
  • Cov niam cev xeeb tub los yog cov niam pub niam mis
  • Cov neeg noj tshuaj rau kab mob plawv, mob qog noj ntshav, lossis kab mob ntawm daim tawv nqaij
  • Cov neeg uas tau txais kev kho mob hormone

Yog li peb yuav tau txais lycopene li cas?

Txawm hais tias tsis muaj cov neeg mob uas tsis muaj lycopene txaus los xij, cov kws kho mob pom zoo kom noj li ntawm 10 milligrams (10mg) ntawm lycopene ib hnub ua ib feem ntawm kev noj zaub mov zoo.

Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog kom tau txais cov lycopene no los ntawm cov khoom noj ntuj tsim es tsis txhob noj cov tshuaj ntxiv, vim tias cov txiaj ntsig zoo dua thaum cov lycopene hauv cov khoom noj sib xyaw nrog lwm cov as-ham.

Nov yog qee cov khoom noj uas muaj lycopene ntau.

Khoom noj Cov ntsiab lus Lycopene (kwv yees li)
1 khob ntawm cov kua txiv lws suav uas tau npaj tseg 37 milligrams (37mg)
Ib daim txiv tsawb nyoos (ib txwm) 13 milligrams (13mg)
Ib diav ntawm cov txiv lws suav muab tshuaj txhuam uas tau npaj tseg 3 milligrams (3mg)
Ib diav ntawm ketchup 2.5 milligrams (2.5mg)

Nov yog lwm qhov zais cia! Kev tshawb fawb tau qhia tias lycopene zoo tshaj plaws rau peb lub cev thaum nws raug cua sov thiab sib xyaw nrog cov roj zoo, xws li roj txiv maj phaub lossis roj txiv roj . Yog li, koj tuaj yeem tau txais txiaj ntsig ntau dua los ntawm kev noj cov txiv lws suav siav hauv cov kua zaub lossis cov kua ntses dua li noj lawv nyoos.

  • Thaum ua kua zaub lentil, kua nqaij, lossis kua ntses, ntxiv ob peb lub txiv lws suav siav.
  • Siv cov kua txiv lws suav ua hauv tsev thaum ua pasta lossis spaghetti.
  • Ua noj (ci) tej yam xws li txiv lws suav, ntses, thiab kua txob nrog me ntsis roj txiv maj phaub thiab noj lawv.
  • Ua kua txiv lws suav hauv tsev.

Koj tuaj yeem yooj yim ntxiv lycopene rau koj cov zaub mov txhua hnub nrog cov khoom yooj yim zoo li no.

Cov Lus Qhia Txog Kev Coj Mus Tsev

  • Lycopene yog ib qho antioxidant muaj zog uas pom muaj nyob rau hauv cov khoom noj liab / liab xws li txiv lws suav thiab dib liab.
  • Qhov no pab txo qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm cov kab mob ntev xws li mob qog noj ntshav thiab kab mob plawv, thiab tswj kev noj qab haus huv ntawm daim tawv nqaij.
  • Nws zoo dua kom tau txais lycopene los ntawm cov khoom noj ntuj tsim dua li los ntawm cov tshuaj ntsiav.
  • Thaum cov khoom noj uas muaj lycopene raug cua sov thiab siav nrog hom roj zoo, lawv lub cev nqus tau ntau dua.
  • Yog tias koj muaj mob, cev xeeb tub, lossis noj tshuaj dab tsi, nco ntsoov sab laj nrog koj tus kws kho mob ua ntej ua qhov kev hloov pauv loj rau koj cov zaub mov noj.

Lycopene, Kev Noj Haus, Cov Txiaj Ntsig ntawm Cov Txiv Lws Suav, Cov Txiaj Ntsig ntawm Cov Txiv Dib, Cov Tshuaj Antioxidants, Khoom Noj Qab Haus Huv
⚠️ Important: The medical articles and information on Nirogi Lanka are for general awareness only, and are by no means a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. For any medical problem you have, consult a qualified physician immediately.

💬 Comments (0)

Tsis muaj lus teb tau muab tso tawm. Ntxiv koj cov lus tawm ntawm no thawj zaug.

Ntxiv koj cov lus

Thov xam: 1 + 7 =