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Koj tus me nyuam puas ntuav zoo li nws raug tua? (Projectile Vomiting) - Cia peb nrhiav seb ua niam txiv!

Koj tus me nyuam puas ntuav zoo li nws raug tua? (Projectile Vomiting) - Cia peb nrhiav seb ua niam txiv!

Ua ib tug niam txiv, nws yuav ua rau koj ntshai thaum pom koj tus menyuam ntuav. Nws tsis yog tsuas yog ntuav xwb, tab sis yog tias nws yog kev ntuav hnyav uas tua thoob plaws hauv chav, ces qhov kev ntshai yuav nce ob npaug. Peb hu qhov no 'Projectile Vomiting'. Qhov no txawv ntawm kev ntuav ib txwm muaj, thiab nws muaj kev kub ntxhov ntau dua. Qee zaum thaum tus menyuam ntuav, nws tuaj yeem raug pov tseg ob peb ko taw deb. Yog li nws tsim nyog txhawj xeeb thaum koj pom qee yam zoo li no. Hauv tsab xov xwm no, peb yuav tham txog dab tsi ua rau koj tus menyuam yaus ntuav hnyav heev, thiab koj yuav tsum ua li cas hauv qhov xwm txheej zoo li no.

ntuav ntau zaus thiab teeb meem ntawm lub plab zom mov

Yog koj tus menyuam ntuav ntau heev, nws yuav yog ib qho cim qhia tias muaj teeb meem nrog lawv lub plab lossis txoj hnyuv. Muaj ib qho laj thawj tseem ceeb uas ua rau qhov mob no tshwm sim, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau cov menyuam mos.

Pyloric Stenosis tsuas yog tshwm sim rau cov menyuam yaus xwb

Qhov no yog ib qho mob uas tsis tshua muaj. Xav txog tias qhov qhib ntawm peb lub plab mus rau cov hnyuv nqaim heev. Peb hu qhov qhib no ua 'Pylorus'. Yog li thaum qhov qhib no nqaim, cov mis uas tus menyuam haus tsis tuaj yeem hla lub plab thiab daig. Qhov tshwm sim yog tias nws raug thawb rov qab. Qhov no yog qhov peb hu ua Pyloric Stenosis .

Feem ntau qhov mob no tshwm sim thaum tus menyuam muaj peb txog tsib lub lis piam. Tam sim ntawd, tus menyuam pib ntuav ntau tom qab haus mis. Yog tias koj pom qhov no, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev uas yuav tsum mus ntsib kws kho mob tam sim ntawd .

Lwm cov tsos mob ntawm Pyloric Stenosis:

  • Kev tshaib plab tas li: Tus menyuam mos yeej ib txwm tshaib plab vim tias cov mis tsis nyob hauv plab.
  • Kev o lossis ib lub pob tawv hauv plab: Koj tus menyuam lub plab yuav hnov ​​​​​​tias tawv thaum koj kov nws.
  • Cem quav: Khoom noj tsis hla dhau txoj hnyuv, yog li cov quav tsawg dua.
  • Kev Qhuav Dej: Lub cev poob dej.
  • Kev Poob Phaus: Tus me nyuam poob phaus vim tias lub cev tsis tau txais zaub mov txaus.

Mob plab (Gastroenteritis)

Qhov no yog qhov peb txhua tus paub tias yog "mob plab." Qhov no yog kev kis kab mob ntawm lub plab thiab txoj hnyuv (Gastroenteritis). Thaum qhov no tshwm sim, koj yuav ntuav ntau zaus rau ob peb hnub. Qee zaum qhov ntuav tuaj yeem hnyav heev. Qhov kev pheej hmoo loj tshaj plaws ntawm no yog lub cev qhuav dej .

Lwm yam ua rau ntuav ntau zaus

Ntxiv rau cov teeb meem ntawm lub plab zom mov, muaj ntau lwm yam laj thawj uas tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau qhov no.

  • Kev Ua Xua Zaub Mov: Qee zaum ib tug me nyuam yuav muaj kev ua xua rau zaub mov thiab ntuav ntau heev. Yog tias qhov no tshwm sim, ntxiv rau kev ntuav, lawv kuj tseem yuav muaj cov tsos mob xws li daim tawv nqaij liab, khaus, o ntawm lub ntsej muag, qhov muag, qhov ncauj, lossis tus nplaig. Yog tias koj pom ib yam dab tsi zoo li no, koj yuav tsum nrhiav kev pab kho mob tam sim ntawd . Nws tseem ceeb heev uas yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias tus me nyuam noj dab tsi ua ntej ntuav.
  • Lwm yam kab mob:Ntxiv rau qhov mob plab hnyuv (gastroenteritis), ntuav kuj tseem tuaj yeem tshwm sim los ntawm lwm yam kab mob loj. Piv txwv li, nws tuaj yeem yog ib qho tsos mob hnyav ntawm kev kis kab mob pob ntseg, mob ntsws (pneumonia), lossis mob meningitis. Hauv cov xwm txheej zoo li no, ntxiv rau qhov ntuav , tus menyuam kuj tseem yuav kub taub hau thiab tsis xis nyob .
  • Mob Qog Ntsws: Yog tias koj tus menyuam mob plab heev thiab ntuav tas li, nws yuav yog ib qho cim qhia tias mob qog nqaij. Qhov no yog ib qho xwm txheej ceev. Mob qog nqaij yuav o thiab yuav luag tawg. Qhov no yuav tsum tau mus pw hauv tsev kho mob thiab phais tam sim ntawd .

Cov teeb meem ntawm kev ntuav tas li yog dab tsi?

Txawm yog vim li cas los xij, yog tias ib tug me nyuam ntuav ntau zaus rau ob peb hnub, nws tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev phom sij heev.

Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog tiv thaiv kom tus menyuam tsis txhob qhuav dej . Kev poob dej sai sai ntawm lub cev yog qhov nyuaj rau tus menyuam yaus lub cev ua.

Kev qhuav dej tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau lub raum thiab lub hlwb ua haujlwm. Yog tias koj muaj mob zoo li Pyloric Stenosis, muaj lwm yam kev pheej hmoo ntxiv rau kev qhuav dej:

  • Tus me nyuam txoj kev loj hlob thiab qhov hnyav nce tsis nce lawm.
  • Kev raug mob rau ntawm phab ntsa plab.
  • Mob daj ntseg.

Yuav ua li cas thiaj kho tau qhov no?

Txoj kev kho mob zoo tshaj plaws yog muab dej rau koj tus menyuam ntau , thiab muab zaub mov me me rau lawv kom lawv noj tau. Yog tias koj tus menyuam muaj hnub nyoog tshaj ob xyoos, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum muab dej thiab electrolytes rau lawv haus. Muab dej rau lawv haus txhua 15 feeb.

Koj muab tau cov khoom xws li kua zaub qaib ntshiab, kua txiv kab ntxwv, thiab Jeevani. Tab sis tsis txhob muab cov khoom tuab xws li dej qab zib thiab dej txiv hmab txiv ntoo dag rau lawv.

Tseem ceeb heev: Tsis txhob muab tshuaj tiv thaiv ntuav rau koj tus menyuam los ntawm lub tsev muag tshuaj yam tsis tau sab laj nrog kws kho mob. Cov tshuaj no tuaj yeem ua rau muaj lwm yam kev phiv. Yog tias qhov ntuav tsis tu ncua, nco ntsoov mus ntsib kws kho mob. Yog tias tsim nyog, nws yuav sau ntawv kom noj tshuaj uas tsim nyog.

Rau ib tug me nyuam mos uas haus mis niam, kev kho mob yuav txawv me ntsis. Tab sis qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog muab dej rau. Yog tias koj pub niam mis rau menyuam, txuas ntxiv muab rau nws, thiab yog tias koj pub mis niam, txuas ntxiv muab rau nws. Tsis tas li ntawd, nug tus kws kho mob seb nws puas tuaj yeem muab cov tshuaj ua kom lub cev qhuav dej rau koj, xws li Jeevani.

Kuv yuav tsum mus ntsib kws kho mob thaum twg?

Ntsheav ntau zaus tsis yog ib txwm muaj. Yog li ntawd, nws yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws mus ntsib kws kho mob thaum lub sijhawm zoo li no. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tias muaj ib qho ntawm cov tsos mob hauv qab no, nws txhais tau tias tus menyuam xav tau kev kho mob ceev. Hauv qhov xwm txheej zoo li no, qhov zoo tshaj plaws uas yuav tsum ua yog coj nws mus rau Chav Kho Mob Ceev (ETU) ntawm lub tsev kho mob ze tshaj plaws.

Lub cim ceeb toom Qhov no txhais li cas?
Tso zis tsawg dua lossis tso zis tsis tu ncua Qhov no yog ib qho cim tseem ceeb ntawm kev qhuav dej heev.
Ntuav uas muaj xim ntsuab los yog xim kas fes Nws yuav yog ib qho cim qhia txog kev txhaws ntawm txoj hnyuv lossis kev los ntshav sab hauv.
Kub taub hau ntau dua 38.9° Celsius (102° Fahrenheit) Ib qho cim qhia txog kev kis kab mob loj hauv lub cev.
Kev poob kua muag thaum quaj Lwm lub cim qhia tias lub cev qhuav dej.
Qhov ncauj qhuav thiab daim di ncauj Nws qhia tau hais tias lub cev tsis tau dej txaus.
Qhov muag ntsia ntsoov Ib qho cim qhia tias lub cev qhuav dej heev.
Tes thiab taw txias, zoo li lawv hws tag Tej zaum cov ntshav ncig yuav raug cuam tshuam (poob siab).
Tus me nyuam tsis muaj sia thiab tsaug zog.Qhov no yog ib qho cim qhia txog kev phom sij heev. Koj yuav tsum tau mus pw hauv tsev kho mob tam sim ntawd.

Nco ntsoov tias, kev ntuav uas raug thawb tawm tsis yog kev ntuav ib txwm muaj. Yog tias nws tshwm sim ntau zaus, nws yog ib yam uas yuav tsum tau saib xyuas kom zoo. Lub sijhawm no, nplij koj tus menyuam. Tuav nws thiab qhia rau nws tias tsis muaj dab tsi yuav tsum ntshai. Koj tus menyuam kuj yuav hnov ​​​​​​koj txoj kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb.

Cov Lus Qhia Txog Kev Coj Mus Tsev

  • Kev ntuav uas tshwm sim los ntawm qhov projectile txawv ntawm kev ntuav ib txwm muaj thiab tuaj yeem yog ib qho cim qhia txog mob nkeeg.
  • Qhov no tuaj yeem tshwm sim los ntawm kev kis kab mob loj xws li pyloric stenosis, kev ua xua rau zaub mov, thiab mob ntsws, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau cov menyuam mos.
  • Qhov txaus ntshai tshaj plaws tam sim ntawd nrog kev ntuav yog lub cev qhuav dej. Saib xyuas cov cim xws li tso zis tsawg dua, poob kua muag, thiab qhov muag poob qis.
  • Tsis txhob muab tshuaj uas koj yuav tsis tas yuav muaj ntawv yuav tshuaj rau koj tus menyuam kom tsis txhob ntuav yam tsis tau sab laj nrog kws kho mob.
  • Yog tias tus menyuam ntuav xim ntsuab, kub taub hau heev, lossis tus menyuam tsis xis nyob heev, mus ntsib kws kho mob tam sim ntawd lossis mus rau chav kho mob ceev (ETU) ntawm tsev kho mob.

ntuav tawm los ntawm cov khoom tawg, ntuav menyuam yaus, ntuav rau cov menyuam yaus, pyloric stenosis, qhuav dej, mob plab hnyuv, mob plab, mob plab, kev noj qab haus huv ntawm menyuam yaus
⚠️ Important: The medical articles and information on Nirogi Lanka are for general awareness only, and are by no means a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. For any medical problem you have, consult a qualified physician immediately.

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Tsis muaj lus teb tau muab tso tawm. Ntxiv koj cov lus tawm ntawm no thawj zaug.

Ntxiv koj cov lus

Thov xam: 8 + 5 =
Koj tus me nyuam puas ntuav zoo li nws raug tua? (Projectile Vomiting) - Cia peb nrhiav seb ua niam txiv!
Rau Cov Niam TxivJuly 6, 2026

Koj tus me nyuam puas ntuav zoo li nws raug tua? (Projectile Vomiting) - Cia peb nrhiav seb ua niam txiv!

Ua ib tug niam txiv, nws yuav ua rau koj ntshai thaum pom koj tus menyuam ntuav. Nws tsis yog tsuas yog ntuav xwb, tab sis yog tias nws yog kev ntuav hnyav uas tua thoob plaws hauv chav, ces qhov kev ntshai yuav nce ob npaug. Peb hu qhov no 'Projectile Vomiting'. Qhov no txawv ntawm kev ntuav ib txwm muaj, thiab nws muaj kev kub ntxhov ntau dua. Qee zaum thaum tus menyuam ntuav, nws tuaj yeem raug pov tseg ob peb ko taw deb. Yog li nws tsim nyog txhawj xeeb thaum koj pom qee yam zoo li no. Hauv tsab xov xwm no, peb yuav tham txog dab tsi ua rau koj tus menyuam yaus ntuav hnyav heev, thiab koj yuav tsum ua li cas hauv qhov xwm txheej zoo li no.

ntuav ntau zaus thiab teeb meem ntawm lub plab zom mov

Yog koj tus menyuam ntuav ntau heev, nws yuav yog ib qho cim qhia tias muaj teeb meem nrog lawv lub plab lossis txoj hnyuv. Muaj ib qho laj thawj tseem ceeb uas ua rau qhov mob no tshwm sim, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau cov menyuam mos.

Pyloric Stenosis tsuas yog tshwm sim rau cov menyuam yaus xwb

Qhov no yog ib qho mob uas tsis tshua muaj. Xav txog tias qhov qhib ntawm peb lub plab mus rau cov hnyuv nqaim heev. Peb hu qhov qhib no ua 'Pylorus'. Yog li thaum qhov qhib no nqaim, cov mis uas tus menyuam haus tsis tuaj yeem hla lub plab thiab daig. Qhov tshwm sim yog tias nws raug thawb rov qab. Qhov no yog qhov peb hu ua Pyloric Stenosis .

Feem ntau qhov mob no tshwm sim thaum tus menyuam muaj peb txog tsib lub lis piam. Tam sim ntawd, tus menyuam pib ntuav ntau tom qab haus mis. Yog tias koj pom qhov no, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev uas yuav tsum mus ntsib kws kho mob tam sim ntawd .

Lwm cov tsos mob ntawm Pyloric Stenosis:

  • Kev tshaib plab tas li: Tus menyuam mos yeej ib txwm tshaib plab vim tias cov mis tsis nyob hauv plab.
  • Kev o lossis ib lub pob tawv hauv plab: Koj tus menyuam lub plab yuav hnov ​​​​​​tias tawv thaum koj kov nws.
  • Cem quav: Khoom noj tsis hla dhau txoj hnyuv, yog li cov quav tsawg dua.
  • Kev Qhuav Dej: Lub cev poob dej.
  • Kev Poob Phaus: Tus me nyuam poob phaus vim tias lub cev tsis tau txais zaub mov txaus.

Mob plab (Gastroenteritis)

Qhov no yog qhov peb txhua tus paub tias yog "mob plab." Qhov no yog kev kis kab mob ntawm lub plab thiab txoj hnyuv (Gastroenteritis). Thaum qhov no tshwm sim, koj yuav ntuav ntau zaus rau ob peb hnub. Qee zaum qhov ntuav tuaj yeem hnyav heev. Qhov kev pheej hmoo loj tshaj plaws ntawm no yog lub cev qhuav dej .

Lwm yam ua rau ntuav ntau zaus

Ntxiv rau cov teeb meem ntawm lub plab zom mov, muaj ntau lwm yam laj thawj uas tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau qhov no.

  • Kev Ua Xua Zaub Mov: Qee zaum ib tug me nyuam yuav muaj kev ua xua rau zaub mov thiab ntuav ntau heev. Yog tias qhov no tshwm sim, ntxiv rau kev ntuav, lawv kuj tseem yuav muaj cov tsos mob xws li daim tawv nqaij liab, khaus, o ntawm lub ntsej muag, qhov muag, qhov ncauj, lossis tus nplaig. Yog tias koj pom ib yam dab tsi zoo li no, koj yuav tsum nrhiav kev pab kho mob tam sim ntawd . Nws tseem ceeb heev uas yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias tus me nyuam noj dab tsi ua ntej ntuav.
  • Lwm yam kab mob:Ntxiv rau qhov mob plab hnyuv (gastroenteritis), ntuav kuj tseem tuaj yeem tshwm sim los ntawm lwm yam kab mob loj. Piv txwv li, nws tuaj yeem yog ib qho tsos mob hnyav ntawm kev kis kab mob pob ntseg, mob ntsws (pneumonia), lossis mob meningitis. Hauv cov xwm txheej zoo li no, ntxiv rau qhov ntuav , tus menyuam kuj tseem yuav kub taub hau thiab tsis xis nyob .
  • Mob Qog Ntsws: Yog tias koj tus menyuam mob plab heev thiab ntuav tas li, nws yuav yog ib qho cim qhia tias mob qog nqaij. Qhov no yog ib qho xwm txheej ceev. Mob qog nqaij yuav o thiab yuav luag tawg. Qhov no yuav tsum tau mus pw hauv tsev kho mob thiab phais tam sim ntawd .

Cov teeb meem ntawm kev ntuav tas li yog dab tsi?

Txawm yog vim li cas los xij, yog tias ib tug me nyuam ntuav ntau zaus rau ob peb hnub, nws tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev phom sij heev.

Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog tiv thaiv kom tus menyuam tsis txhob qhuav dej . Kev poob dej sai sai ntawm lub cev yog qhov nyuaj rau tus menyuam yaus lub cev ua.

Kev qhuav dej tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau lub raum thiab lub hlwb ua haujlwm. Yog tias koj muaj mob zoo li Pyloric Stenosis, muaj lwm yam kev pheej hmoo ntxiv rau kev qhuav dej:

  • Tus me nyuam txoj kev loj hlob thiab qhov hnyav nce tsis nce lawm.
  • Kev raug mob rau ntawm phab ntsa plab.
  • Mob daj ntseg.

Yuav ua li cas thiaj kho tau qhov no?

Txoj kev kho mob zoo tshaj plaws yog muab dej rau koj tus menyuam ntau , thiab muab zaub mov me me rau lawv kom lawv noj tau. Yog tias koj tus menyuam muaj hnub nyoog tshaj ob xyoos, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum muab dej thiab electrolytes rau lawv haus. Muab dej rau lawv haus txhua 15 feeb.

Koj muab tau cov khoom xws li kua zaub qaib ntshiab, kua txiv kab ntxwv, thiab Jeevani. Tab sis tsis txhob muab cov khoom tuab xws li dej qab zib thiab dej txiv hmab txiv ntoo dag rau lawv.

Tseem ceeb heev: Tsis txhob muab tshuaj tiv thaiv ntuav rau koj tus menyuam los ntawm lub tsev muag tshuaj yam tsis tau sab laj nrog kws kho mob. Cov tshuaj no tuaj yeem ua rau muaj lwm yam kev phiv. Yog tias qhov ntuav tsis tu ncua, nco ntsoov mus ntsib kws kho mob. Yog tias tsim nyog, nws yuav sau ntawv kom noj tshuaj uas tsim nyog.

Rau ib tug me nyuam mos uas haus mis niam, kev kho mob yuav txawv me ntsis. Tab sis qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog muab dej rau. Yog tias koj pub niam mis rau menyuam, txuas ntxiv muab rau nws, thiab yog tias koj pub mis niam, txuas ntxiv muab rau nws. Tsis tas li ntawd, nug tus kws kho mob seb nws puas tuaj yeem muab cov tshuaj ua kom lub cev qhuav dej rau koj, xws li Jeevani.

Kuv yuav tsum mus ntsib kws kho mob thaum twg?

Ntsheav ntau zaus tsis yog ib txwm muaj. Yog li ntawd, nws yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws mus ntsib kws kho mob thaum lub sijhawm zoo li no. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tias muaj ib qho ntawm cov tsos mob hauv qab no, nws txhais tau tias tus menyuam xav tau kev kho mob ceev. Hauv qhov xwm txheej zoo li no, qhov zoo tshaj plaws uas yuav tsum ua yog coj nws mus rau Chav Kho Mob Ceev (ETU) ntawm lub tsev kho mob ze tshaj plaws.

Lub cim ceeb toom Qhov no txhais li cas?
Tso zis tsawg dua lossis tso zis tsis tu ncua Qhov no yog ib qho cim tseem ceeb ntawm kev qhuav dej heev.
Ntuav uas muaj xim ntsuab los yog xim kas fes Nws yuav yog ib qho cim qhia txog kev txhaws ntawm txoj hnyuv lossis kev los ntshav sab hauv.
Kub taub hau ntau dua 38.9° Celsius (102° Fahrenheit) Ib qho cim qhia txog kev kis kab mob loj hauv lub cev.
Kev poob kua muag thaum quaj Lwm lub cim qhia tias lub cev qhuav dej.
Qhov ncauj qhuav thiab daim di ncauj Nws qhia tau hais tias lub cev tsis tau dej txaus.
Qhov muag ntsia ntsoov Ib qho cim qhia tias lub cev qhuav dej heev.
Tes thiab taw txias, zoo li lawv hws tag Tej zaum cov ntshav ncig yuav raug cuam tshuam (poob siab).
Tus me nyuam tsis muaj sia thiab tsaug zog.Qhov no yog ib qho cim qhia txog kev phom sij heev. Koj yuav tsum tau mus pw hauv tsev kho mob tam sim ntawd.

Nco ntsoov tias, kev ntuav uas raug thawb tawm tsis yog kev ntuav ib txwm muaj. Yog tias nws tshwm sim ntau zaus, nws yog ib yam uas yuav tsum tau saib xyuas kom zoo. Lub sijhawm no, nplij koj tus menyuam. Tuav nws thiab qhia rau nws tias tsis muaj dab tsi yuav tsum ntshai. Koj tus menyuam kuj yuav hnov ​​​​​​koj txoj kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb.

Cov Lus Qhia Txog Kev Coj Mus Tsev

  • Kev ntuav uas tshwm sim los ntawm qhov projectile txawv ntawm kev ntuav ib txwm muaj thiab tuaj yeem yog ib qho cim qhia txog mob nkeeg.
  • Qhov no tuaj yeem tshwm sim los ntawm kev kis kab mob loj xws li pyloric stenosis, kev ua xua rau zaub mov, thiab mob ntsws, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau cov menyuam mos.
  • Qhov txaus ntshai tshaj plaws tam sim ntawd nrog kev ntuav yog lub cev qhuav dej. Saib xyuas cov cim xws li tso zis tsawg dua, poob kua muag, thiab qhov muag poob qis.
  • Tsis txhob muab tshuaj uas koj yuav tsis tas yuav muaj ntawv yuav tshuaj rau koj tus menyuam kom tsis txhob ntuav yam tsis tau sab laj nrog kws kho mob.
  • Yog tias tus menyuam ntuav xim ntsuab, kub taub hau heev, lossis tus menyuam tsis xis nyob heev, mus ntsib kws kho mob tam sim ntawd lossis mus rau chav kho mob ceev (ETU) ntawm tsev kho mob.

ntuav tawm los ntawm cov khoom tawg, ntuav menyuam yaus, ntuav rau cov menyuam yaus, pyloric stenosis, qhuav dej, mob plab hnyuv, mob plab, mob plab, kev noj qab haus huv ntawm menyuam yaus
⚠️ Important: The medical articles and information on Nirogi Lanka are for general awareness only, and are by no means a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. For any medical problem you have, consult a qualified physician immediately.

💬 Comments (0)

Tsis muaj lus teb tau muab tso tawm. Ntxiv koj cov lus tawm ntawm no thawj zaug.

Ntxiv koj cov lus

Thov xam: 8 + 5 =