I thluak chakna ropui tak: cerebral cortex chungchang hi i zir dawn nia.

I thluak hi mak tak maiin a complex em em tih i ngaihtuah ngai em? Kan thusawi dan te, thil thar kan zir dan te, thil hlui kan hriatreng dan te, kan nuih dan te, kan tap dan te, thutlukna siam dan te, heng zawng zawng hi kan thluak hian a thlawp tlat a ni. Vawiin hian thluak hmun pawimawh tak, computer-a `(CPU)` ang maia hnathawk – cerebral cortex , emaw, English-a kan sawi angin `(Cerebral Cortex)` emaw kan sawi dawn a ni.

Cerebral cortex chu eng nge ni?

A awlsam zawngin i thluak hian tissue layer a nei a, chu chu cerebral cortex an ti a, chu chu thluak pawn lam layer a ni . A chhehvel zawng zawng khuh ang mai a ni. Thluak hrual (wrinkles) nei thlalak i hmu tawh em? Chu wrinkles te chu cerebral cortex ah a awm a. Heng wrinkles te hi hmun tlemteah information tam tak process theihna a ni. Puan lian tak, bawm te tak tea inzawm khawm chu han mitthla teh. Heng wrinkles te hian deep grooves sulci an tih te, raised ridges gyri an tih te an nei bawk. Chungte chuan cerebral cortex surface area a tipung a, nerve cell tam zawkin hna an thawk thei a ni. I thluak pumpui rit zawng chanve vel chu cerebral cortex hian a siam tih i hria em!

He thluak hmun hi cerebral cortex an tih hian `nerve cells` layer ruk a nei a. Ngaihtuah teh, he hmun tlemteah hian `nerve cell` tluklehdingawn 14 leh 16 inkar vel a awm a ni. Tin, a thuk zawng chu millimeter hnih atanga pali (mm 2-4) chauh a ni. Chu chu membrane te tak te ang mai a ni tihna a ni.

Kan thluak cortex hi hmun lian pali, a nih loh leh hmun hrang hrangah ṭhen a ni . Anni chu:

1. Hma lam (frontal Lobe) a ni

2. Parietal Lobe (Parietal Lobe) a ni

3. Temporal Lobe a awm thin

4. Hnung lam (Occipital Lobe) a awm

Heng bial tin hian hna hrang hrang an thawk a ni. A tlangpuiin, mi pakhat rilru lam kalphung sang zawk tam takah chuan cerebral cortex hian mawhphurtu a ni . Entîr nân, ṭawngkam, hriatrengna, ngaihtuahna, ngaihtuahna, zir, thu tlûkna siam, rilru natna, finna, leh mize ang chi thilte.

Engvangin nge he cerebral cortex hi "gray matter" an tih?

Thluak hi hmun hnih, "gray matter" leh "white matter"-a then a nih thu i hre tawh ngei ang. Thluak pawn lam layer, cerebral cortex tia koh chu gray matter -a mi a ni . Chu chu he part hian nerve cells cell body leh "dendrites" an tih part te a neih vang a ni. "Dendrites" tih hi fiber ang chi, nerve cell pakhatin cell dang atanga chemical message a dawn theihna tura puitu a ni. Heng nerve cell part te hi gray an ni a, a chhan chu "myelin" an tih fatty covering an neih loh vang a ni.

Tichuan thil var chu``White Matter`` tih hi eng nge ni? Nerve cell-a hmun sei tak, rod ang chi ``Axons`` an tih atanga siam a ni.`` Heng ``axons`` vel hi a hmaa kan sawi tawh ``Myelin``, thau dum khuhna a awm a. Chu ``Myelin`` chu chu tissue te chu an rawng dum pe tu chu a ni.

Cerebral cortex leh cerebrum hi eng nge an danglamna?

Hei hi a buaithlak deuhin a lang thei a, mahse a awlsam hle. Cerebrum hi i thluak a lian ber a ni. Cerebrum pawn lam ber chu cerebral cortex an ti a . Thei vun ang mai a ni.

Cerebrum hian kan thluak hi hemisphere pahnih, dinglam leh veilam ah a then a. Heng hemisphere pahnih hi nerve fiber bundle pakhat corpus callosum an tih hmanga inzawmkhawm a ni. He corpus callosum hian hemisphere pahnih te hi an inbiakpawhna a siamsak a ni.

He thluak thar (Neocortex) hi eng nge ni?

Kan cerebral cortex tam zawk hi he thluak thar ``Neocortex'' tih hi a ni. "Neo" tih awmzia chu "thar" tihna a ni. A hming hi a chhan chu he hmun hi tun hnaiah vertebrates evolution-a lo piang a nih vang a ni. He thluak thar hian mihring cerebral cortex 90% a siam a ni.

Kan cerebral cortex-a superpower awmte chu engte nge ni? (Thiltih)

Kan rilru lam kalphung sang zawk tam takah hian cerebral cortex hi a inrawlh tih kan sawi tawh a. Thil ngaihtuah dan te, rilru natna te, ngaihtuahna te, hriatrengna te, tawngkam te, leh hriatna te. Tunah chuan heng cerebral cortex bial lian pali zinga pakhat theuhah hian eng nge thleng tih hi han en ila.

1. Hma lama boss: Frontal Lobe

Hei hi i thluak hmalam, hmai hnung lamah a awm a. Office pakhata boss ang maiin a thawk thin. Hmai hian a puih theih thil thenkhat chu hetiang hi a ni:

• Thutlukna siam, harsatna chinfel.
• Ngaihtuahna hriatna nei. (Hriatthiam taka kan ngaihtuah thin thilte)
• Ngaihven.
• Emotion leh nungchang thunun.
• Thusawi siam chhuah. (Kan thusawi te siamin) .
• Mizia. (Kan mizia) .
• Finna.
• Taksa che vel.

He hmaiah hian hmun bik dang engemaw zat a awm a:

• Motor Cortex : Hei hi kan taksa ruh (muscle) te tihchakna tur message thawn chhuahna hmun a ni.
• Prefrontal Cortex: Hei hi "executive functions" an tihte control tu a ni. Chu chu ngaihtuahna, ruahmanna, leh harsatna chinfel ang chi thil tihna a ni. Supervisor-in thluak peng dangte a kaihruai ang maiin a che a ni.
• Broca’s Area : He area hian thumal dik taka dahkhawmna leh thusawi huna sentence siamna kawngah min pui thin.

2. Mit lam thiam: Occipital Lobe

Hei hi thluak hnung lamah a awm a. A hming ang bawkin a hnathawh ber chuHmuh theihna nena inzawm thilte thunun.

• Visual information process leh hriatthiamna. (Kan mit atanga kan hmuhte hrethiam)
• Visual data hrang hrang colour, movement, leh orientation te khawlkhawm.
• Thil leh hmel hriatna.
• Thuk leh hlat zawng hriatthiamna.
• Kan thluaka kan hmuh khawvel hi map ang maia siam.

3. Sensory leh spatial lama mithiam: Parietal Lobe

Frontal lobe leh occipital lobe inkar, concha lobe chungah a awm a ni. A hnathawh chu:

• Sensory information te, khawih, pressure, natna, awmna, vibration, leh temperature te processing.
• Spatial processing leh spatial manipulation te a ni. Chu chu i awmna hmun leh i chhehvel hriatthiamna chi thum pe tihna a ni. Entirnan, he part hian i in chhunga thil buai tak takte chu tlu lovin, kawngpuiah i kal lai pawhin i kalna tur a pui che a ni.

He lateral plane-a hmun bik pakhat chu somatosensory cortex a ni. Hei hi kan taksa hmun hrang hrang atanga hriatna (feelings) kan dawnna hmun a ni.

Hetiang dinhmun hi han mitthla teh: Kitchen table aṭanga soup lum no khat la turin i kut i phar a.

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* I frontal lobe -a motor cortex hi i kut leh kut zungtang ruhte chu "cup pick up" turin a hrilh a ni.

* Cup i khawih hian i parietal lobe -a i somatosensory cortex chuan a temperature leh i vawn nasat dan tur ang chi thil a teh thin.

* Chutih rual chuan lateral plane-a spatial processing theihna te hian table leh thil dang nena khaikhin chuan cup hlat zawng dik takin a teh thei a, beat pakhat mah hloh lovin a chelh thei bawk.

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Thluak peng tinte hian hna an thawk dun a, a makzia chu i hmu tawh em?

4. Ngaithlatu leh hriatrengna dahkhawmtu: Temporal Lobe

Hei hi frontal lobe leh parietal lobe inkar, lateral lobe hnuaiah a awm a ni. Beng sir lehlamah awm ang mai a ni. A hna chu:

• Ṭawng hriatthiamna, thumal siam dan, zirna.
• Hriatrengna (a bik takin thil thar hriatrengna) .
• Hriatthiamna. (Aw hriat theihna) .
• Thu hmanga inbiakpawhna (e.g., hmel lan dan, aw ri) hriatthiamna .
• Aw chu hmuh theiha thil hmuh theiha chantir.

He concha layer chhunga hmun pawimawh tak chu Wernicke’s Area . He area hian mi pakhatin a thusawi huna a aw ri leh a ri dan a zirin tawng kan hriatthiam theih nan min pui a, chubakah a hmaa kan zir tawhte nen kan inzawm tir bawk.

A en dan dang chu: functional areas te hi a ni

Scientist thenkhat chuan thluak hi kawng dangin an thlir a. Cerebral cortex area te hi an hnathawh dan azirin chi thum ah an then a, chungte chu sensory area, motor area leh association area te an ni.

1. Sensory Area hrang hrang

Heng hmunte hian kan hriatna leh kan chhehvel atanga hriatna (sensory information) an dawng thin.

• Thil hmuh theiha thu hriatte hriatthiamna leh thil hriat theihna. (Hei hi parietal lobe-a visual cortex hmanga tih a ni.)
• Taksa atanga information dawn, khawih, temperature, position, vibration, pressure, leh pain te. (Hei hi lateral plane -a somatosensory cortex- in a ti a ni.)
• Auditory information siam chhuah (processing) a ni. (Hei hi cochlea chhunga auditory cortex hmanga tih a ni.)
• Taste hriatna (taste perception) a ni. (Hei hi frontal lobe-a gustatory cortex hmanga tih a ni.)

2. Motor Area hrang hrang

Heng hmunte hi kan voluntary muscle movement-ah hian a inrawlh a, chu chu frontal lobe-in a control ber a ni.

• Muscle movement hrang hrang inzawmkhawm.
• Movement buaithlak tak tak ruahman.
• Entawn leh lainatna hmanga zir.

3. Pawl Hmun hrang hrang

Heng hmunte hi bial paliah hian a darh vek a ni. Sensory leh motor area atanga information te an thlunzawm a, chu chuan process complex zawkah a pui a ni.

• Sensory leh motor area atanga lo chhuak information te buatsaih a, awmzia pek.
• Mihring nihna leh rilru lama nungchang thunun.
• Spatial awareness leh ngaihtuahna (reasoning) a ni.
• Memory processing a ni.
• Hmuh theiha ngaihtuahna leh hmuh theiha hriatrengna vawn reng.
• Hmuh theih thu hriatna, hriatrengna, aw leh tawng hmanga sak.

Engtin nge cerebral cortex hi a chhiat theih ang?

Chutiang hmun pawimawh chu chhan hrang hrang avangin a chhiat phah thei a ni. Entir nan:

• Thluak natna (brain tumor) a awm
• Lu hliam na tak (Trauma) .
• Autoimmune natna thenkhat
• Cerebrovascular accident (chu chu thluaka thisen chhuak emaw ``Stroke'' emaw tihna a ni) .

Cerebral cortex a chhiat chuan eng symptom nge a awm theih?

Hei hi cerebral cortex eng part nge a chhiat tih ah a innghat a ni .

Frontal lobe a chhiat chuan:

• Memory lama harsatna a awm.
• Mihring nihna a inthlak danglam thin.
• Harsatna chinfel leh thutlukna siam harsa.
• Ngaihtuahna lama harsatna a awm.
• Emotional control lama chak lohna, antisocial behavior leh behavior pattern inthlak danglamna te.
• Thusawi hriatthiam leh sawi chhuah thiam lohna (Aphasia).
• Thusawi harsa (Apraxia).
• Taksa sir khata chak lohna, paralysis, taksa peng khata taksa ruh (muscle control) hloh (Flaccid Hemiplegia).
• Tin, dementia ang chi condition hian frontal lobe a tichhia thei bawk.

Parietal lobe a chhiat chuan:

• Memory formation lama harsatna awm thei.
• Thuziak harsa leh thiam loh (Agraphia).
• Mathematics lama harsatna chinfel harsa.
• Numbness a awm.
• Disorientation tih loh (disorientation) a ni.
• Kut leh mit inzawmna tha lo.
• Thil khawih ringawt pawha hriat theih lohna (Astereognosis).
• Sensation hloh.
• Thusawi harsatna `(Aphasia)`.
• Hmasawnna lama harsatna `(Apraxia)`.

Temporal lobe a chhiat chuan:

• Hriatna lama harsatna nei.
• Memory lama harsatna a awm.
• Hmêl leh thil hriat harsa.
• Ṭawng lama harsatna (e.g., Wernicke-a Aphasia - ṭawng hriatthiam harsa).
• Chu bakah, epileptic seizures, developmental dyslexia, leh Alzheimer’s disease te pawhin concha hi a tichhe thei bawk.

Occipital lobe a chhiat chuan:

• Vawi khata thil engemaw zat hmuh harsa.
• Thil hmuh theiha hriat harsa.
• Color blindness a ni.
• Mit hmuhna nena inzawm hallucinations.
• Mitdel tak a ni.

Hei hi i tan chuan a buaithlak deuhin a lang thei a, mahse he thu hi hriat a pawimawh hle. A chhan chu chutih hunah chuan kan hriselna, a bik takin kan thluak hi kan enkawl tha thei dawn a ni. He hriatna hian natna lan chhuah dan kan neih chuan damdawi lam thurawn zawng thuai turin min pui bawk ang.

Thupui: Hriatreng tur (Take-Home Message) .

Okay, chuvangin vawiin a kan sawi tawh atang khan thupui ber berte chu han sawi nawn leh ila:

• Kan thluak pawn lam ber chu cerebral cortex a ni. Corrugated a ni a, chu chuan nerve cell tam tak a thawk thei a ni.
• Hmun lian paliah a inthen a, chungte chu : hmalam lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe leh occipital lobe te an ni.
• He cerebral cortex hi kan rilru lam kalphung sang zawk zawng zawng deuhthaw tan a pawimawh hle a, chu chu ngaihtuahna, hriatrengna, zirlai, tawng, rilru natna, leh thutlukna siamna te hi a ni.
• Cerebral cortex hmun hrang hrang a chhiat chuan chu hmun nena inzawm hnathawhnaah harsatna a thlen thei a ni. Entirnan, tawng harsa, hriatrengna lama harsatna, leh mit lama harsatna te.
• I thluak hi taksa peng mak tak, hlu tak a ni . I enkawl hi i mawhphurhna a ni. Thluak hrisel chaw ei la, exercise la, mut tam la, stress tihziaawm tum bawk ang che.

Chuvangin, vawiin hian cerebral cortex chungchang hi hriatthiamna tha tak i neih ka beisei. Hetiang thil hi hriat chian hi kan nun atan a hlu em em a ni.

` Cerebral Cortex, Thluak Hnathawh, Thluak hmun thenkhat, Nervous System, Hriatrengna, Zirna, Frontal lobe, Lateral lobe, Concha lobe, Parietal lobe