Vawiin hian i mit hmanga khawvel hmuh theihna tura puitu cell bik (photoreceptors) chungchang kan sawi dawn a ni!

Khawvela thil mawi tak tak te, a rawng te, a chipchiar tak tak te hi engtin nge kan hmuh tih hi i ngaihtuah ngai em? Kan mit hi a takah chuan camera mak tak tak pahnih ang mai a ni. Heng "camera" chhungah hian cell te tak te bik tak tak a awm a. Chu cell te chu `(Photoreceptors)` kan ti a. A awlsam zawngin, hengte hi êng ``man''tu leh kan thluak hnena thuchah thawntu an ni a, "Hetah hian ka thil hmuh chu a awm a ni." Chuvangin, vawiin hian heng mak tak tak `(Photoreceptors)` te hi chipchiar deuhin kan sawi dawn a, mahse awlsam takin kan sawi dawn a ni.

Chung (Photoreceptors) te chu engte nge ni?

A awlsam zawngin, i ``Photoreceptors`` hi i mit hnung lama tissue layer te tak te tak , ``Retina`` an tih chhunga awm, light-sensitive cell chi khat bik a ni. An hming hi ``light-receivers`` tihna a nih vang a ni.Heng cell te hnathawh ber chu i mit chhunga êng lut chu la in i thluak hriatthiam theih tur electrochemical signal-ah an chantir hi a ni. Chutah chuan ``hmuh.`` ​​i tih chu i tawng ta a ni

Kan nervous system zawng zawng hian specialized cells neurons an tih hmangin hna a thawk tih i hria em ? Heng neurons te hian electrical leh chemical signal hmangin kan taksa peng zawng zawng atanga thluak ah information an thawn a, thluak atang pawhin an rawn kir leh thin. Chutiang neuron chi khat specialized pakhat chu kan retina-a photoreceptors te hi a ni. Embryonic development-a kan retina lo thanglian dan avang hian heng photoreceptors te hi technically chuan kan central nervous system – thluak leh spinal cord te pawh huam tel system ang chiah a ni. Chu chu thil mak a ni lo’m ni?

Rod leh cone te hi engtin nge an awm?

Heng photoreceptor pahnih hi i mit hian êng a hriatchhuah a, i thluak hriatthiam theih thila a chantirna process-a hero pahnih an ni. Kan mit kan ngaihtuah hian camera angin kan ngai fo thin. Dik tak chuan tunlai digital camera te hi mihring mit ang chiaha siam a ni.

Digital camera thar tak tak han ngaihtuah teh. A chhungah hian sensor bik a awm a. He sensor hian kan mit a retina ang chiah hian hna a thawk a ni. Light a detect a, digital code ah a chantir thin. Tichuan, camera chhunga computer chip te tak te chuan chu code chu a process a, kan hmuh thlalak emaw video emaw mawi tak chu a siam ta a ni.

Hei hi i retina leh thluak inzawmkhawma i chhehvel khawvel hmuhtir che a thil thleng ang chiah kha a ni. I retina-in a hriat chhuah thilte chu encoded nerve signal-ah a chang a, chu chu optic nerve kaltlangin i thluaka thawn a ni . Thluak hian chu signal te chu "a chhiar" a, a hrilhfiah a, i thil hmuh chu a "siam" thin. I retina chhunga cell bik, he thil zawng zawng ti tantu te hi photoreceptor an ti a. Tunah chuan, chu chu a chiang em?

Photoreceptor chi hrang hrangte chu engte nge ni?

Mihring mit ah hian ``Photoreceptors`` chi hnih a awm a. An pianzia avanga hming an vuah a ni. Anni chu:

1. Rod cells `(Rods)` te a awm

2. Cone cell te chu `(Cones)` tih a ni

Tunah chuan heng chi hrang hrangte hi a hranin han thlir ila.

Rod cell chungchang hi i zir dawn teh ang.

Heng photoreceptor te hi an sang a, cylindrical an ni a, rod te tak te ang mai an ni. Chuvangin "rod cell" tia koh an ni. Eng tlemte pawh an sensitive hle. Ngaihtuah teh, i mit a photoreceptor 95% vel (chu chu maktaduai 100 atanga 125 vel a ni!) chu rod cell an ni.

• Hengte hi zan lama pawn lama i kal lai ang chi, êng tlem zawka i hmuh theihna tura puitu atan a tha hle.
• Mahse, chûngte chuan thil chipchiar tak takte chu chiang takin a târ lang lo.
• A pawimawh ber chu rod cell-te hian rawng an thliar hrang thei lo. Black, white leh gray chauh an hmu thin.

Rod photoreceptor te hian light low-light vision leh night vision ah mawhphurtu ber an ni. Anni chuan êng thim lo takah i hmu thei a, chu chu damdawi lam chuan scotopic vision tia hriat a ni.

Cone cell chungchang hriat tur

Cone cell te hi cone ang maia awm an ni a, chu chu a hnuai lamah a zungbun a, a chung lamah a inher (photoreceptors) tihna a ni.

• Heng cell te hian rod cell aiin an activate theih nan light an mamawh tam zawk a, chu chu êng tha takah an thawk nasa ber tihna a ni.
• Mahse, hengte hi activate a nih chuan rawng hrang hrang i hre thei! Ni e, heng cone cells te hi khawvela rawng i hmuh zawng zawng hmuh theihna tura puitu an ni.
• Cone cell tam zawk hi i mit (retina) lairil lamah, hmun bik, macula -ah hmuh a ni. Hei vang hian i mit hmuhna lairil ber chuan rawng leh thil chipchiar tak tak dangte (e.g., lehkhabu chhunga lehkhabu chhiar) chiang takin a hmu thei a ni.

Color hmuh dan mak tak (Color Vision) .

Kan mit ah hian cone cell chi thum a awm a. Color vision tih theihna mak tak chu kan hmu a, a chhan chu chi pathumte hian an thawk dun vek a ni. Mak tak mai chu heng cone cell te hian rawng an "hmu" tak tak lo. Chu ai chuan êng wavelength hrang hrang chauh an hmu zawk a ni. Chumi hnuah chuan chu wavelength te chu thluak hnenah an hrilh ta a ni. I thluak chuan chu thu chu a zirchiang a, rawng hmuh theihna a pe che a ni.

Rainbow i en hian i hmuh tak tak hi visible light spectrum hriatthiamna entirnan tha tak a ni. Red light hian wavelength sei ber a nei a, chuvang chuan rainbow pawn lam — leh sei ber — lamah a awm a ni. Violet hian wavelength tawi ber a nei a, chuvang chuan rainbow chhung lam — leh tawi ber — lamah a awm a ni.

Mi tam zawk chuan cone photoreceptor chi thum an nei a. Cone chi thum neih vek hi trichromacy an ti a . A chi thum chu:

• Wavelength tawi (S-cones)-a sensitive: Hengte hi blue-ah an sensitive ber.
• Medium wavelength sensitive (M-cones): Hengte hi green-ah an sensitive ber a ni.
• Wavelength sei (L-cones)-a sensitive: Hengte hi red-ah an sensitive ber.

Cone cell chi thumte hi rawng bikte chu an sensitive zawk nachungin, chi pathumte hi sensitivity-ah hian inthlauhna (overlap) engemaw zat a awm a ni. I thluak hian cone cell chi thum atanga signal lo chhuakte chakna inang lote khaikhin chuan rawng hrang hrang leh an rawng hrang hrang a thliar hrang thei a ni. Chuvangin mihring mit hrisel pangngai chuan rawng maktaduai khat vel a thliar hrang thei a ni!

Tetrachromacy: Cone cell pali a awm!

Hei hi thil awm lo tak a ni. Hmeichhia chauh nghawng thei genetic mutation hian mi thenkhat chu cone cell chi li an nei tir thin. Hei hi tetrachromacy an ti a (tetra tih awmzia chu hmân lai Greek tawngin "pali" tihna a ni).

Hetiang dinhmun `(Tetrachromacy)` hi a chak lo thei a, a chak lo thei bawk. `(Tetrachromacy)` chak tak nei, chu chu thluak hian cone cell palina atanga information a process dik tihna a ni a, rawng maktaduai 100 vel a thliar hrang thei a, a hre thei bawk! Mahse hei hi a tlem hle, a tlem hle a, chuvangin zirchian a la ni reng a ni.

Natna leh dinhmun tlanglawn tak tak, photoreceptor-te nghawng thei

Vanduaithlak takin i rod leh cone te nghawng thei tur condition engemaw zat a awm. Ṭhenkhat chu retina hmun dang leh mit chhehvel tissue-te nghawng thei dinhmun zau tak an ni. Mahse, i photoreceptors te chu a bik takin a nghawng thei condition thenkhat a awm. A bulpui ber thenkhat han thlir ila:

• Color blindness: Hei hi a then emaw, a kim emaw pawh a ni thei (e.g., achromatopsia - rawng engmah hmuh theih lohna).
• Cone-rod dystrophy: Hetah hian cone cell leh rod cell pahnih hi zawi zawiin an chhe vek a.
• Macular degeneration: Macula chhiatna hian a bik takin kum upat deuh hian central vision a tichhe thin.
• Refsum natna: Genetic condition awm lo tak a ni.
• Retinitis pigmentosa: Genetic disease a ni a, rod cells a nghawng hmasa a, a hnuah cone cells a nghawng leh a ni.
• Solar retinopathy: Ni lam hawia retina chhiatna, ni tlak lai ang chi.
• Usher syndrome: Genetic condition, mit leh hriatna tichhe thei.

Photoreceptor nena inzawm natna lan chhuah dan tlangpui chu engte nge ni?

I photoreceptors tichhe thei condition i neih chuan a symptom ber chu blurred emaw vision hloh emaw a ni. Mahse mitdelna degree chu a inang lo thei. Photoreceptor chi hrang hrang (rods, cones, emaw a pahnih emaw) a nghawng danah a innghat.

Rods nena inzawm condition hrang hrangte ziarang

• Chutiang dinhmunah chuan a lan chhuah hmasak ber chu zan lama mitdelna (Nyctalopia) a ni a, chu chu êng thim takah mitdelna a tlahniam tihna a ni.
• Condition thenkhat, retinitis pigmentosa te hi hun kal zelah a na zual thei a, a tawpah chuan cone photoreceptors te a nghawng thei a, nitin mit hmuhna leh rawng hmuhna te pawh a nghawng thei a ni.

Cone cells inrawlhna dinhmun ziarang

• Chung zingah chuan color blindness (color hrang hrang thliar hran theih lohna) emaw, hun kal zelah colour vision hloh emaw a tel tlangpui.
• Tin , thil chipchiar tak tak chiang taka i hmuh theihna pawh a nghawng thei a, chu chuan mit hmuhna chu chhum emaw, fuzzy emaw a thlen thei bawk.
• Heng dinhmun thenkhat hi a na zual thei a, a hnuah rod-related symptoms (zan lama mitdelna ang chi) a thlen thei bawk.

Pawimawh tak chu photoreceptor nena inzawm thil tam tak hian cone leh rod cell pahnih hi a rualin a nghawng a ni. Hei hi retinal tissue tihchhiat emaw, tihdanglam emaw awmna hmunah a awm fo thin. Macular degeneration hi a entir ber a ni.

Engtin nge ka rod leh cone cell te hriselna ka enfiah ang?

I photoreceptor hriselna hriat nan test engemaw zat i tih theih a ni.

• Mit enfiahna standard: Hei hi kum tin i mit hriselna enfiahna kimchang ang mai a ni. Mit lam doctor emaw mit lam doctor emaw chuan i mit chhung leh hnung (the retina) a enfiah thei a ni.
• Mydriasis leh slit lamp exam : Heng procedure hmang hian mit exam laiin retina chu chiang zawkin a lang thei a ni. Hei hian a danglamna chu hmuh theih loh, a tir lamah chuan symptoms a lantir lo thei dinhmunte hriatchhuahna kawngah a pui thei a ni.
• Specialized test: A châng chuan, i doctor chuan specialized test tam zawk a rawt thei bawk. Entirnan:
• Electroretinography (ERG): Hei hian i mit (retina) electrical activity a teh a, êng a chhan dan a enfiah thin.
• Visual evoked potentials (VEP): Hei hi a takah chuan thluak test a ni a, mahse i thluak hian i retina atanga signal a dawng dik em tih a hre thei.
• Imaging test: Heng test te hian retina layer hrang hrang, thisen kalna kawng te pawh chiang taka hmuh theih nan a pui a ni. Thisen kalna kawng thar lo thang lian (chu chu zunthlum ang chi dinhmunah pawh a awm thei) emaw, tissue inthlak danglamna dang emaw, retina tichhe thei tur emaw an hmu thei a ni.

I mit specialist chuan eng test nge i tan a tha tih a rel ang a, a hrilhfiah ang che.

Engtin nge ka photoreceptor te hi ka enkawl ang?

I ``(Photoreceptors)`` hi i retina-a thil pawimawh tak a ni. Chuvangin, i retina leh mit hriselna zawng zawng enkawl tha hi i mit venhimna tha ber a ni. I tih theih pawimawh tak takte chu hetiang hi a ni:

• Mit enfiah fo rawh: Hengte hi i damdawi pek dan enfiahna atana test mai a ni lo. Mit natna khirh tak tak chu a lan chhuah hma rei takah an hre thei a ni. Glasses emaw contact lens emaw i vuah emaw, i bun lo emaw pawh nise, mi zawng zawng tan kum hnih danah tal (a nih loh leh i doctor-in a rawt chuan a hma zawk) mit enfiah a pawimawh.
• Taksa enfiah fo rawh: I mit hi i taksa pum hriselna lantir thei darthlalang a ni. Natna rei tak, a bik takin thisen sang leh type 2 diabetes te hian direct-in i mit a nghawng thei a ni. Kum tin heng taksa enfiahna hian heng natna tam tak hi i mit a tihchhiat hma lawk hian a hre thei a ni.
• Nicotine hi pumpelh vek rawh: Meizial zuk, vaping, leh zuk leh hmuam thil dangte hian i thisen kalna system a tichhe hle. I retina-a thisen petu thisen kalna kawng nalh tak takte chu nicotine hman hian a chhe zawk a ni.
• Ei leh in dik hi dah pawimawh hmasa rawh: A bik takin Vitamin A hi photoreceptor hnathawhna atana ei tur pawimawh tak a ni. Ei leh in inthlau leh tha tak hi i hriselna zawng zawng atan a pawimawh a, chubakah i mit hriselna atan pawh a pawimawh bawk.
• I taksa rihna hrisel tak vawng reng rawh: Chutianga tih dan tur chu i chhungkaw doctor rawn rawh.

Engtin nge photoreceptor te hian êng an dawn?

A awlsam zawngin, êngin i rod leh cone-te a rawn deng hian, chu cell-ah leh anmahni inzawm retina-a cell dangteah chuan chemical leh electrical process complex chain a thawk chhuak a ni. Heng process hmang hian photoreceptor leh retinal cell te hian light energy chu electrochemical signal ah an chantir a, chu chu i thluak hian a hrethiam thei a ni.

Rod leh cone te hi a pawimawh hle a, i mit hmuhna atana thil pawimawh tak a ni. Anni tel lo chuan i thluak hian i thil hmuh "siam" theihna tura a mamawh signal a hmu lo ang. Tin, hna bik atan fing takin an siam bawk. Ṭhenkhatin thimah hmuh theihna tura ṭanpui che laiin, ṭhenkhat chuan i chhehvêla khawvêl rawng zawng zawng, nuance zawng zawng, ngaihhlut tûrin an ṭanpui che a ni.

An hnathawh dan i hriatthiam chuan an hnathawh mak tak mai chu i ngaihlu mai bakah i mit hriselna vawng reng turin i ngaihven zual ang. I `(Photoreceptors)`, retina, emaw mit kaihhnawih harsatna dang emaw chungchanga zawhna i neih chuan mit lam doctor pan hreh suh. Chutiang chuan i mit hmuh chu rei tak i vawng reng thei a, a hlawkna tam ber i hmu thei bawk.

He thuziak atanga i hriat reng tur pawimawh ber (Take-Home Message) .

Chuvangin, vawiin a kan sawi tawh zawng zawng atanga in lama i hruai tur thuchah ber chu hei hi a ni:

Kan mit chhunga heng photoreceptor te tak te – rod leh cone te hi he khawvel mawi tak, rawng hrang hrang leh a chhunga thil chipchiar tak tak te chiang taka hmuh theihna tura min puitu "hnathawk" ber an ni. Heng cell te hi hrisel taka vawn hi kan mit hlu tak vawng reng turin a pawimawh hle a ni!

Chuvangin, i mit kha fimkhur rawh. Mit enfiah fo la, nun hrisel takin nung rawh. I mit hi i thil neih hlu tak a nih avangin!

` Photoreceptors, Rod cells, Cone cells, Mit hriselna, Color hmuh theihna, Retina