Chilichonse chokhudza mavairasi - adani ang'onoang'ono omwe sitingathe kuwaona - mwachidule!

Tonse tamva za mavairasi, sichoncho? Makamaka posachedwapa ndi `(COVID-19)`, mawu oti kachilombo akhala gawo la miyoyo yathu. Koma kodi kachilombo kwenikweni ndi chiyani? Kodi amatidwalitsa bwanji? Musadandaule, lero tikambirana zonsezi mosavuta komanso momveka bwino, ngati kuti tikulankhula ndi mnzanu.

Kodi kachilombo n'chiyani? (Kodi kachilombo n'chiyani?)

Mwachidule, kachilombo ka HIV ndi kachilombo kakang'ono kwambiri . Ndi kakang'ono kwambiri moti sitingathe kuwaona ndi maso athu, ali ngati olowa m'malo ang'onoang'ono. Mavairasi awa amatha kufalikira osati kwa anthu, nyama, zomera, komanso mabakiteriya ndi bowa. Koma pali chinthu chimodzi chapadera, si mavairasi onse omwe amakhudza aliyense. Amafalikira pokhapokha atakhala ndi "nyumba" yoyenera. Timatcha izi kukhala zenizeni kwa wolandirayo .

Kachilombo kakalowa m'thupi, nthawi zina kamakhala kosapweteka konse. Koma nthawi zina kamakhala koopsa kwambiri. Nazi mitundu ina ya matenda omwe mavairasi angayambitse:

• Matenda omwe amayambitsa mavuto opuma (monga chimfine, chimfine)
• Kusanza, kutsegula m'mimba, kutsekula m'mimba
• Matenda opatsirana pogonana (STIs)
• Matenda a pakhungu (monga nthenda ya nkhuku, ziphuphu)

Taganizirani izi motere: kachilombo kamakhala ngati kachidutswa kakang'ono ka chidziwitso cha majini komwe kamakulungidwa mu "phukusi" kakang'ono. Phukusili, kapena chipolopolo choteteza, limatchedwa capsid . Mavairasi sapangidwa ndi maselo. Chifukwa chake sangathe kupanga mavairasi ambiri okha. Chomwe amachita ndikutsatira malangizo awo, kulowa mkati mwa selo la eni ake ngati lathu, ndikugwiritsa ntchito zida zomwe zili mu selo limenelo kuti apange makope awoawo.

Zili ngati munthu amene akulowa m'khitchini mwanu mozemba, akubweretsa njira yake yophikira, ndikugwiritsa ntchito miphika yanu, mapani, ndi chitofu kuphika chakudya chanu. Mwatsoka, amatha kusokoneza khitchini akamaliza!

Ma virus nthawi zina amatchedwa "virions".

Kodi mavairasi ndi makhalidwe otani omwe amafala kwambiri?

Pafupifupi mavairasi onse ali ndi makhalidwe ofanana. Yang'anani:

• Amapangidwa ndi zinthu za majini (RNA kapena DNA) ndi puloteni yoteteza (capsid) yozungulira.
• Mavairasi ena ali ndi chophimba chakunja pamwamba pa capsid iyi. Ichi chimatchedwa envelopu . Mavairasi omwe alibe chophimba chotere amatchedwa "mavairasi opanda kanthu."
• Mavairasi ali ngati tizilombo toyambitsa matenda . Amafunikira kwambiri selo lokhala ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kuti abereke. Amatha kukhalabe ndi moyo kunja kwa nthumwi kwa kanthawi, koma pokhapokha ngati capsid yawonongeka.
• Ndi kakang'ono kwambiri kuposa maselo m'thupi lathu nthawi pafupifupi 100 mpaka 1000. N'zovuta kuganiza, eti?

Kodi Mitundu ya Ma Virusi Ndi Chiyani?

Madokotala ndi asayansi amagawa mavairasi m'magulu potengera mawonekedwe awo (kukula, mawonekedwe) ndi mtundu wa majini omwe ali nawo. Amagawidwa m'mabanja, monga mafuko. Nazi mitundu ina ya mavairasi omwe mwina mudamvapo:

Mitundu ina ya mavairasi omwe timamva nthawi zambiri

• Mavairasi a fuluwenza: Izi ndi zomwe zimayambitsa chimfine. Mavairasi a fuluwenza awa ndi omwe amachititsanso zinthu monga chimfine cha mbalame ndi chimfine cha nkhumba (H1N1).
• Mavairasi a herpes a anthu: Ili ndi gulu lalikulu la mavairasi. Ndi omwe amayambitsa matenda angapo, kuphatikizapo herpes ya mkamwa ndi yoberekera, ndulu, herpes zoster (shingles), kachilombo ka Epstein-Barr, ndi cytomegalovirus (CMV).
• Coronavirus: Aliyense akudziwa dzinali tsopano, eti? Kachilombo kamene kamayambitsa COVID-19 ndiye munthu wotchuka kwambiri m'banjali. Koma mavairasi ena m'banjali amayambitsanso matenda ang'onoang'ono monga chimfine.
• Mavairasi a Papilloma a Anthu (HPV): Izi ndi zomwe zimayambitsa ziphuphu. Mitundu ina ya HPV ingayambitsenso khansa.
• Mavairasi a Enterovirus: Mavairasi amenewa amayambitsa matenda m'matumbo mwathu. Ndi omwe amayambitsa zinthu monga polio ndi matenda a manja, mapazi, ndi pakamwa.
• Ma flavivirus: Gulu la ma virus amenewa nthawi zambiri amafalikira ndi udzudzu. Amayambitsa matenda monga Dengue fever, Zika, ndi West Nile.
• Mavairasi a Orthopox: Mavairasi awa amayambitsa ziphuphu pakhungu. Mpox ndi nthomba ndi zitsanzo za mtundu uwu wa kachilombo.
• Mavairasi a chiwindi: Ngakhale kuti mavairasi awa si a m'banja limodzi, onse amakhudza chiwindi chathu. Matenda a chiwindi A, B, ndi C ndi omwe amapezeka kwambiri.

Mitundu yapadera ya mavairasi

Palinso mitundu ina yapadera ya mavairasi:

• Ma retrovirus: Awa ndi ma RNA virus. Amagwiritsa ntchito mapuloteni apadera kuti asinthe RNA yawo kukhala DNA. Kenako amaika DNA imeneyo mu DNA ya maselo athu. Kenako maselo athu amayamba kuwerenga DNA ya kachilomboka ngati kuti ndi malangizo awoawo. HIV (kachirombo kamene kamayambitsa Edzi) ndi HTLV-1 ndi zitsanzo za ma retrovirus otere.
• Mavairasi a Oncovirus: Awa ndi mavairasi omwe angayambitse khansa. Mavairasi monga HPV, kachilombo ka Epstein-Barr, HIV, hepatitis B ndi C, HTLV-1, ndi human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) agwirizanitsidwa ndi mitundu ina ya khansa.
• Mavairasi a satellite: Mavairasi awa sangathe kubereka okha. Amafunika kachilombo "kothandiza". Awa amapezeka kwambiri m'zomera.
• Mabakiteriya:Izi zimatchedwanso "phages" mwachidule. Mavairasi awa amakhudza makamaka mabakiteriya. Asayansi tsopano akufufuza za mankhwala a bacteriophage ngati mankhwala a matenda a bakiteriya omwe sagonjetsedwa ndi maantibayotiki.

Kodi mavairasi amalowa bwanji m'thupi mwathu?

Mavairasi nthawi zambiri amalowa m'thupi mwathu kudzera mu nembanemba zathu za mucous. Izi zikutanthauza malo monga maso, mphuno, pakamwa, ziwalo zoberekera, nyini, ndi thako. Mavairasi ena amathanso kulowa m'thupi kudzera pakhungu losweka, kapena kuchokera ku udzudzu kapena nkhupakupa.

Kodi ma virus amagwira ntchito bwanji?

Kachilombo ka HIV kamalowa mu selo ndipo kamatsatira njira zingapo kuti kapange makope ake.

1. Cholumikizira: Kachilombo kameneka kamayamba kagwirana ndi selo la wolandirayo.

2. Kulowa: Kenako selo limalowetsedwa.

3. Kubwerezabwereza: Selo limapanga makope a majini ake ndi mapuloteni mkati mwake.

4. Kumanga: Ziwalo zatsopano zomwe zapangidwa zimasonkhana pamodzi kuti zikhale kachilombo kathunthu.

5. Kutulutsidwa: Kachilombo katsopano kamatuluka mu selo ndipo kamapitirira kufalikira ku maselo ena.

Kulowa mu selo

Mavairasi amagwiritsa ntchito njira zitatu zolowera m'maselo:

• Kulumikizana kwa ma receptor: Maselo athu ali ndi ma receptor kunja omwe amagwira ntchito ngati "zipata." Ma virus ena amanyenga maselowa kuganiza kuti ali ndi chilolezo cholowa, ndikulowa kudzera m'zipata izi.
• Kusakanikirana mwachindunji: Mavairasi ena amalumikizana mwachindunji ndi kulowa mu selo la wolandila.
• Mabakiteriya ndi mavairasi omwe amalowetsa majini awo okha mu selo ya bakiteriya. Kachirombo konse sikafunikira kulowa.

Kodi chimachitika ndi chiyani mukalowa muakaunti yanu? (Kupanga makope)

Kachilombo kameneka kapena majini ake akalowa mu selo, amagwiritsa ntchito njira ziwiri kuti apange makope ake. Nthawi zina mavairasi ena amagwiritsa ntchito njira zonse ziwiri.

• Lytic cycle: Mu cycle iyi, kachilomboka kamagwiritsa ntchito zinthu zomwe zili mu selo lokhalamo (monga ziwiya zakukhitchini) kuti kapange makope ambiri a kachilomboka. Tinthu ta mavairasi timasonkhana, ndipo majini amalowa mkati mwa capsid. Pamene makope ambiri a kachilomboka amapangidwa mwanjira imeneyi mkati mwa selo, seloyo pamapeto pake imaphulika. Kenako mavairasi atsopano amatuluka ndikuyamba kufalikira m'maselo ambiri.
• Lysogenic cycle: Mavairasi ena amakhala ndi nthawi "yodekha" kapena "yobisika". Amalowa m'maselo ndikukhala momwemo kwakanthawi, osachita chilichonse. Zili ngati kulowa mukhitchini yanu mozemba ndikulemba maphikidwe awo m'buku lanu la maphikidwe m'malo mophika. Selo silizindikira kuti kachilombo kali mkati, kotero selo limagawikana ndikuchulukana mwachizolowezi. Selo lililonse latsopano lomwe limapangidwa limakhala ndi kopi ya kachilomboka. Kenako, nkhawa, chifukwa cha zinthu monga mankhwala enaake kapena kusintha kwa kutentha, kachilombo kobisika kamayamba kugwira ntchito, kufalikira m'maselo, ndipo tinthu ta mavairasi timafalikira m'thupi lonse.

Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mavairasi

Mavairasi amatha kufotokozedwa ndi makhalidwe osiyanasiyana:

• Momwe amaonekera (mawonekedwe ndi kukula).
• Kapangidwe kawo ka majini.
• Kaya pali mapuloteni opangidwa ndi kapangidwe kake kapena ayi.

Mawonekedwe a mavairasi

Mavairasi amatha kuwoneka mosiyana kwambiri. Asayansi amawagawa m'magulu kutengera mawonekedwe awo:

• Icosahedral kapena polyhedral: Iyi ndi mawonekedwe a geometric okhala ndi mbali zambiri, monga mpira. Mavairasi ambiri omwe amafalitsa anthu ali ndi mawonekedwe awa.
• Helical: Kachilomboka kamaoneka ngati silinda. Chidziwitso chake cha majini chimazungulira mkati ngati kasupe.
• Zozungulira: Mavairasi ozungulira ndi mavairasi omwe ali ndi mawonekedwe ozungulira, kaya ozungulira kapena okhala ndi zigawo zambiri. Amapangidwa ngati mpira.
• Zovuta: Mavairasi ovuta amakhala ndi mawonekedwe oposa amodzi pamodzi. Mavairasi omwe amapatsira mabakiteriya amakhala ndi "mutu" wokhala ndi zigawo zambiri komanso "thupi" lozungulira.

Kukula kwa kachilomboka

Mavairasi onse ndi ang'onoang'ono kwambiri - ang'onoang'ono kwambiri moti sangawoneke popanda maikulosikopu yamphamvu. Akayezedwa, ambiri amakhala pakati pa nanometers 20 (nm) ndi 400nm. Taganizirani izi, ndi ang'onoang'ono kuwirikiza kawiri kuposa mchenga umodzi ! Ndi ang'onoang'ono kuwirikiza kawiri kuposa maselo m'thupi lathu.

Koma kukula kwawo kumatha kusiyana kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, kachilombo ka chikuku ndi kakakulu kasanu kuposa kachilombo ka Zika.

Chidziwitso cha majini cha mavairasi

Chidziwitso chomwe chimasungidwa mu kachilombo - majini ake - ndi `(DNA)` kapena `(RNA)`. `(DNA)` ili ngati buku la malangizo lomwe limauza kachilombo momwe angapangire. `(RNA)` ili ngati malangizo omwe makina a maselo amawerenga ndikumasulira m'chinenero chomwe chingapangitse mapuloteni. Kachirombo kakhoza kukhala `(DNA)` kapena `(RNA)` motere:

• Yozungulira kapena yolunjika .
• Kuzindikira bwino kapena kukana: RNA yozindikira bwino ingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati malangizo opangira tinthu ta mavairasi mwachindunji popanda njira zina zowonjezera. Mavairasi a RNA ozindikira bwino amafuna ma enzyme apadera kuti apange RNA yozindikira bwino asanayambe kupanga ma virus.
• Yokhala ndi chingwe chimodzi kapena ziwiri: Mavairasi a DNA amatha kukhala ndi majini awo ngati chingwe chimodzi (ssDNA) kapena ngati zingwe ziwiri zolumikizidwa pamodzi (dsDNA). (DNA ya munthu ndi yokhala ndi zingwe ziwiri). Mavairasi a RNA nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi zingwe chimodzi, koma mavairasi ena a RNA amakhala ndi zingwe ziwiri.

Kodi mavairasi ali moyo kapena sali moyo?

Funso ili ndi losangalatsa pang'ono. Asayansi nthawi zambiri samaona mavairasi ngati zamoyo.Izi zili choncho chifukwa sangachite zina mwa zinthu zomwe zamoyo zimachita, monga kusintha chakudya kukhala mphamvu (kagayidwe kachakudya). Sangathenso kukhala ndi moyo kapena kubereka popanda selo lokhalamo.

Koma kumbali ina, zimatha kubwerezabwereza mkati mwa selo yoyenera ya wolandira, ndipo zimatha kusintha (kusintha) pakapita nthawi kuti zikhale ndi moyo. Sikuti zokhazo, komanso zimatha kuwononga ndikuwononga maselo a wolandira panthawiyi. Chifukwa cha izi, anthu ambiri amaona mavairasi ngati chinthu chomwe chilipo m'dera lotuwa, lomwe lili pamalire pakati pa zamoyo ndi zopanda moyo.

Kodi matenda oyambitsidwa ndi mavairasi ndi ati?

Monga tafotokozera kale, mavairasi amatha kuyambitsa matenda osiyanasiyana. Ena mwa matenda ofala kwambiri a mavairasi ndi awa:

• Chimfine chofala
• Fuluwenza `(Fuluwenza)`
• Covid-19 `(COVID-19)`
• Kachilombo ka syncytial ka kupuma `(RSV)`
• Nthomba
• Chikuku
• HIV/AIDS
• Matenda a papillomavirus/genital warts (HPV/genital warts)
• Matenda a m'mimba (HSV)
• Poliyo
• Matenda a chiwewe
• Mpox `(Mpox)`
• Zika
• Matenda a chiwindi

Zinthu zomwe tiyenera kukumbukira (Uthenga Wopita Nawo Kunyumba)

Pofika pano muyenera kudziwa bwino mavairasi. Kumbukirani kuti mavairasi ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timabwera m'mitundu yonse ndi kukula kwake. Amafunika munthu woti atipatsire matenda. Koma si mavairasi onse omwe amatidwalitsa. Ndipotu, asayansi amanena kuti pakhoza kukhala mavairasi ambirimbiri omwe amakhala m'thupi mwathu, osavulaza!

Komabe, mavairasi omwe amatidwalitsa ali ngati alendo osafunikira omwe amabwera m'nyumba zathu. Chifukwa chake, tikhoza kudziteteza ku matenda oterewa mwa kukhala aukhondo, kusamba m'manja pafupipafupi, komanso kulandira katemera wa matenda ena. Ngati muli ndi matenda aliwonse, musaiwale kufunsa upangiri kwa dokotala. Khalani ndi thanzi labwino!

Mavairasi , matenda opatsirana ndi mavairasi, mitundu ya mavairasi, matenda, thanzi, chitetezo chamthupi, matenda