Tiyeni tingophunzira za Apoptosis: njira yodabwitsa imene maselo a thupi lathu 'amafera dala'!

Thupi lathu ndi makina odabwitsa kwambiri, sichoncho? Pali zinthu zambiri zomwe zikuchitika mkati mwathu zomwe sitidziwa. Nthawi zina, maselo athu amapatsidwa chizindikiro chakuti, "Chabwino, nthawi yanu yatha," ndipo amatayidwa mwadongosolo kwambiri, popanda kuvulaza chilichonse chozungulira iwo. Ndicho chimene timachitcha apoptosis mu mankhwala. Zili ngati kudzipha kokonzekera, koma zimachitika kuti tipindule.

Kodi apoptosis kwenikweni ndi chiyani?

Mwachidule, apoptosis ndi njira yotchedwa 'programmed cell death' yomwe thupi lathu limagwiritsa ntchito kuchotsa maselo owonongeka, akale, kapena osafunikiranso. Mawu oti 'programmed' ndi ofunikira pano. Amatanthauza kuti thupi lathu limadziwa kuti maselowa ayenera kufa, ndipo thupi limayang'anira njirayi kuyambira pachiyambi mpaka kumapeto.

M'malo mogawikana ndikukula ngati maselo athanzi, selo lomwe limadutsa mu apoptosis limasweka mwadongosolo ndipo limafa.

Tangoganizani kuti chidziwitso cha majini chomwe chili mu selo, ndiko kuti, DNA, chawonongeka. Ngati selo limenelo likupitiriza kugawikana, maselo atsopano adzayamba kupangidwa ndi kusonkhana m'thupi ndi DNA yowonongekayo. Ichi ndi chifukwa chachikulu cha matenda oopsa monga khansa . Chimodzi mwa ntchito zazikulu za njira ya apoptosis ndikuletsa zinthu zotere kuti zisachitike.

Njira imeneyi ikachitika monga momwe tinakonzera, timapindula nayo. Koma ngati china chake chalakwika ndi dongosololi, apoptosis ikhoza kuchitika kwambiri kapena osakwanira. Zonsezi zingativulaze.

N’chifukwa chiyani izi n’zofunika kwambiri pa thupi lathu?

Apoptosis ndi njira yomwe imateteza thanzi lathu mwa kuchotsa maselo omwe safunikanso m'thupi lathu. Njirayi imayamba tisanabadwe.

• Kukula kwa dzira la mwana m'mimba: Tangoganizirani, dzanja la mwana m'mimba limayamba kupangidwa ngati nembanemba imodzi. Kenako, panthawi yoyenera, maselo pakati pa zala amafa kudzera mu njira yotchedwa apoptosis. Pamenepo ndi pamene zala zisanu zimasiyana bwino.
• Kusintha maselo akale ndi atsopano: Maselo ndi minofu m'thupi lathu nthawi zonse imadzikonzanso yokha. Njira imeneyi imachotsa maselo akale.
• Kuthandiza chitetezo chamthupi: Izi zimathandiza chitetezo chamthupi chathu kulimbana ndi matenda.
• Kuchotsa maselo owonongeka:Maselo omwe awonongeka kwambiri amachotsedwa m'thupi.
• Kuletsa kugawikana kwa maselo owonongeka: Ichi ndi chomwe chimayang'anira kukula kwa zinthu monga khansa.
• Kusunga homeostasis m'thupi: Izi ndizofunikira kuti minofu ya thupi ikhale yolimba.

Kodi izi zimachitika bwanji?

Mapuloteni ena m'thupi lathu amayambitsa njira imeneyi ya apoptosis. Chitsanzo chabwino cha izi ndi puloteni yotchedwa p53 . Imatchedwanso 'puloteni yoletsa chotupa' chifukwa imaletsa kugawikana kwa maselo kosalamulirika (komwe kungayambitse zotupa).

Mwachidule, p53 ili ngati 'woteteza' mkati mwa maselo athu. Puloteni iyi nthawi zonse imayang'ana DNA ya maselo kuti ione ngati yawonongeka. Ngati kuwonongeka kuli kochepa, imapereka malangizo oti ikonze. Koma ngati kuwonongekako kuli kwakukulu kwambiri kuti ikonze, puloteni ya p53 imaletsa selo kugawikana. M'malo mwake, imauza selo kuti liyambe apoptosis.

Akangoyamba kuphulika kwa maselo, kusintha kwa mankhwala kumachitika komwe kumaphwanya selo m'zidutswa zing'onozing'ono. Kenako, selo lofa ili limatumiza chizindikiro kwa 'maselo oyeretsa' otchedwa phagocytes (mtundu wa selo loyera la magazi) kuti "abwere kudzadya zidutswazi." Ichi ndi chinthu chabwino kwambiri kuchita. Zili ngati kulongedza zinyalala ndikuzipereka ku galimoto yonyamula zinyalala. Izi zikutanthauza kuti maselo ozungulira savulala, palibe kutupa.

Kodi chimachitika ndi chiyani ngati pali apoptosis yochuluka kwambiri kapena yochepa kwambiri?

Monga china chilichonse, njirayi iyenera kuyendetsedwa bwino. Kuchuluka kwambiri ndi vuto, kuchepa kwambiri ndi vuto. Tiyeni tiwone momwe zidzachitikire.

Kodi pali kusiyana kotani pakati pa apoptosis ndi necrosis?

Ngakhale kuti zonsezi ndi njira zophera maselo, pali kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pawo. Anthu ambiri amasokoneza ziwirizi.

Ofufuza ankaganiza kuti apoptosis inali imfa yokonzedwa bwino, yokonzedwa bwino, ndipo necrosis inali imfa yosayembekezereka, yosasangalatsa, komanso yosokonezeka. Pamlingo wina, ndi zoona. Mu necrosis, selo limatupa ndi kuphulika. Kenako zomwe zili mu selo zimatayidwa kunja, zomwe zimayambitsa kutupa m'minofu yozungulira. Koma mu apoptosis, sizichitika. Selo limakulungidwa bwino ndipo limapita popanda vuto lililonse.

Komabe, kafukufuku watsopano wapeza kuti mitundu ina ya necrosis, monga apoptosis, imachitika mwanjira yokonzedweratu. Mayina monga necroptosis ndi pyroptosis amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa izi. Chifukwa chake kusiyana pakati pa njira ziwirizi sikumveka bwino nthawi zonse.

Udindo wa apoptosis pochiza matenda

Ofufuza akudziwa kuti kusintha kwa njira ya apoptosis kungayambitse matenda ena, kotero tsopano akuyesera kupanga mankhwala omwe angathe kuwongolera apoptosis.

• Za khansa: Popeza njira ya apoptosis m'maselo a khansa siichitika bwino, maselo amenewo amapitirizabe kugawikana popanda kufa. Chifukwa chake, kafukufuku akuchitika tsopano pa mankhwala omwe angayambitse kapena kufulumizitsa njira ya apoptosis m'maselo a khansa.
• Pa matenda amitsempha: Mu matenda monga Alzheimer's, maselo a ubongo wathanzi amakumana ndi apoptosis yambiri. Pazochitika ngati izi, ofufuza akuyesera kupanga mankhwala omwe amaletsa kapena kuchepetsa njira ya apoptosis.

Kafukufukuyu akupitirirabe. Chidziwitsochi chidzakhala chofunikira kwambiri pochiza matenda ambiri mtsogolomu. Ngati muli ndi vuto lachipatala pankhaniyi, mutha kufunsa dokotala wanu kuti akupatseni zambiri komanso zambiri zaposachedwa.