Mphamvu yachinsinsi ya gulu lankhondo loteteza thupi lathu: Zonse zokhudza maselo a Helper T

Kodi munayamba mwaganizapo kuti pali nkhondo yayikulu mkati mwa matupi athu? Inde, kwenikweni pali nkhondo yayikulu mkati mwa matupi athu sekondi iliyonse. Gulu lathu lankhondo lodziteteza limakhala likulimbana ndi adani monga majeremusi, mabakiteriya, ndi mavairasi ochokera kunja. Timatcha gulu lankhondo ili kuti Chitetezo cha Mthupi . Chifukwa chake, pali gulu lapadera la akuluakulu anzeru mu gulu ili. Ndiwo omwe amayamba kuzindikira mdani ndikupereka malangizo kwa asilikali ena za mtundu wa kuukira komwe angapange. Akuluakulu anzeru amenewo ndi omwe timawatcha "Helper T cells." Lero tikulankhula za ngwazi zazing'onozi, koma zofunika kwambiri.

Mwachidule, kodi maselo othandiza a T amenewa ndi chiyani?

Maselo a T othandizira ndi mtundu wofunikira wa maselo m'thupi lathu. Kunena zoona, ndi mtundu wa maselo oyera a m'magazi. Ntchito yawo yayikulu ndi kuzindikira matenda m'thupi ndikuyambitsa maselo ena a chitetezo chamthupi kuti amenyane nawo. Ali ngati akuluakulu oyang'anira ntchito yonse.

Maselo a T awa amapangidwa ndikuphunzitsidwa mu gland kakang'ono komwe kali kumtunda kwa chifuwa chathu, kumbuyo kwa fupa la pachifuwa. Amatchedwa thymus . Thymus iyi ili ngati sukulu yophunzitsira komwe asilikali amaphunzitsidwa. Sukulu yophunzitsira iyi imapanga mitundu ingapo ya maselo a T, iliyonse ili ndi luso lake lapadera.

Tiyeni tiwone magulu amenewo:

Kodi ntchito yawo ndi yotani pa chitetezo cha mthupi?

Chitetezo chathu chamthupi chili ndi magawo awiri. Chimodzi ndi chitetezo chamthupi chomwe timabadwa nacho. Chinanso ndi chitetezo chamthupi chomwe timachipeza tikamadwala ndi kulandira katemera. Chitetezo chamthupi ichi ndi chanzeru kwambiri. Chimatha kukumbukira mdani amene adabwera kale ndikumuwononga mwachangu ngati mdaniyo abweranso.

Kotero, ubongo wa chitetezo chamthupi chanzeru chosinthika ichi ndi omwe amatitsogolera, maselo othandizira a T. Popanda iwo, ntchitoyi siikanatheka. Amayatsa magulu awiri ankhondo:

1. Maselo a B: Awa ndi mafakitale a zida za thupi lathu. Akalandira malangizo ochokera ku maselo othandizira a T, maselo a B amapanga mtundu wapadera wa mapuloteni. Awa amatchedwa ma antibodies . Ma antibodies amenewa ali ngati ma droo omwe amapita molunjika ku cholinga. Amapanga antibody yapadera yoyenera majeremusi onse. Ma antibodies amenewo amapita ndi kumamatira ku majeremusi, n’kuwaletsa kugwira ntchito.

2. Maselo a T omwe ali ndi poizoni: Awa ndi mphamvu zapadera . Akalandira malangizo kuchokera ku maselo othandiza a T, amapita molunjika kunkhondo. Amapita kukapeza maselo m'thupi lathu omwe ali ndi kachilombo ka majeremusi monga mavairasi, ndikuwononga maselo amenewo. Kenako kachilomboka sikangathenso kufalikira.

Kodi pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya maselo othandizira a T?

Inde, alipo. Kutengera mtundu wa mdani, maselo othandizira a T amenewa amaphunzitsidwanso mwapadera ndipo amagawidwa m'magulu awiri ang'onoang'ono. Awa ndi TH1 ndi TH2.

• Maselo othandizira a TH1: Maselo amenewa amalimbana ndi adani monga mabakiteriya ndi mavairasi omwe amabisala mkati mwa maselo athu. Amatumiza uthenga ndikuyambitsa mtundu wina wa selo lotchedwa macrophage . Macrophages ndi omwe amasonkhanitsa zinyalala m'thupi.Monga. Amapita ndi kumeza majeremusi ndi zidutswa za maselo akufa, kuyeretsa malo omenyera nkhondo. Ndipo amathandizanso maselo a TH1, mphamvu zapadera zomwe tidakambirana kale, maselo a T omwe ndi oopsa.

• Maselo othandizira a TH2: Maselo awa amayang'ana kwambiri adani akuluakulu monga tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kunja kwa maselo ndi zinthu zomwe zimayambitsa ziwengo. Ndiwo omwe amachititsa maselo a B kupanga ma antibodies okhudzana ndi ziwengo. Mukapeza fumbi, mumakoka, mukamadya chakudya, mumatsegula m'mimba, mumatsokomola... Maselo a TH2 awa ali kumbuyo kwa zinthu ngati izi. Amayesa kuchotsa zinthu zovulaza zomwe zalowa m'thupi mwachangu momwe angathere.

Kodi maselo amenewa amagwira ntchito bwanji? Ndi njira yodabwitsa bwanji!

Izi zikumveka ngati nkhani yosangalatsa kwambiri. Selo yothandizira T simangogwira ntchito yokha. Iyenera kulandira chizindikiro chapadera.

Tangoganizani kuti bakiteriya yalowa m'thupi mwathu. Chitetezo chathu cha mthupi chili ndi maselo omwe amayendayenda m'thupi. Selo iyi imagwira bakiteriyayo ndikuyika chidutswa chake chaching'ono pamwamba pake. Zili ngati apolisi akugwira wakuba ndikumuwonetsa chithunzi chake. Molekyu yomwe ikuwonetsa izi imatchedwa molekyulu ya MHC class II .

Tsopano selo yathu yothandizira ya T imabwera ndikuyang'ana izi. Pali cholandirira chapadera pamwamba pa selo yothandizira ya T, chotchedwa CD4 receptor . Cholandirira cha CD4 ichi chili ngati kiyi, chiyenera kulowa bwino mu loko lotchedwa molekyulu ya MHC class II.

Kiyi ikangolowa pa loko, selo lothandizira la T limayamba "kugwira ntchito." Izi zikutanthauza kuti likumvetsa kuti, "Chabwino, tsopano pali mdani m'thupi, ndiyenera kuyamba ntchito."

Kenako, selo lothandizira la T logwira ntchitoli limatulutsa mankhwala otchedwa ma cytokine . Ma cytokine amenewa amapita kukauza maselo ena oteteza thupi (monga maselo a B, maselo a cytotoxic T, ma macrophages) kuti abwere kudzamenyana, "Bwerani mwachangu, pali nkhondo pano!" Chitetezo chonse cha mthupi chimayendetsedwa ndi mauthenga a cytokine awa.

Kodi maselo a T othandizira awa ali kuti m'thupi lathu?

Maselo a T amabadwira mu fupa mkati mwa mafupa athu. Koma kumeneko amakhala ngati makanda. Amaphunzitsidwa ndikukhala asilikali abwino mu sukulu yophunzitsira yotchedwa thymus gland yomwe tidakambirana kale. Ndi mu sukulu yophunzitsira iyi momwe amaphunzitsidwa kusiyanitsa pakati pa "iyi ndi selo yathu, iyi ndi mdani wochokera kunja." Izi ndizofunikira kwambiri. Kupanda kutero, akhoza kuukira maselo athu.

Akaphunzitsidwa, asilikali aluso amenewa amatumizidwa m'thupi lonse, makamaka m'malo omwe adani amalowa kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, malo ofala kwambiri omwe maselo othandizira a T amapezeka ndi awa:

• Ma lymph nodes - ngati maziko a asilikali.
• Nkhumba
• Ma Tonsils - Choyamba chothana ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tomwe timalowa pakhosi.
• Mapapo - ku tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tomwe timalowa kudzera mu kupuma.
• Matumbo - kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tomwe timalowa ndi chakudya.
• Mafupa

Ndi matenda ati omwe amakhudza maselo othandizira a T?

Ngati ntchito ya maselo othandiza a T, omwe amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri, yasokonekera, chitetezo chathu chonse cha mthupi chikhoza kutha. Izi ndi zomwe zimachitika m'matenda ena.

• HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus): Mwina munamvapo za HIV. Kachiromboka kamaukira mwachindunji maselo athu othandizira a T. Ndiko kuti, kamawononga akuluakulu a gulu lathu lankhondo. Akuluakulu akapita, palibe wolamulira gulu lankhondo. Zotsatira zake, chitetezo cha mthupi chimafooka kwathunthu, ndipo ngakhale majeremusi omwe nthawi zambiri samativulaza kwambiri amayamba kubweretsa matenda oopsa. Edzi ndiye gawo lomaliza.
• Matenda a Autoimmune: Nthawi zina, chitetezo chathu chamthupi chimalakwika ndipo chimayamba kuukira maselo athu athanzi, poganiza kuti ndi adani. Mu matenda otere, palinso mavuto ena ndi kugwira ntchito kwa maselo a T.
• Khansa: Mitundu ina ya khansa, monga acute lymphocytic leukemia ndi adult Hodgkin lymphoma, imakhudza mwachindunji maselo oteteza chitetezo cha mthupi awa.
• Matenda osowa a majini: Ntchito ya maselo a T imasokonekeranso m'mikhalidwe monga Job syndrome ndi Thymic aplasia (kulephera kwa thymus gland).

Ngati muli ndi kukayikira kulikonse pa vuto lililonse mwa izi, ndikofunikira kwambiri kuonana ndi dokotala wanu nthawi yomweyo kuti akupatseni upangiri.

Kodi tingatani kuti chitetezo cha mthupi chikhale chathanzi?

Ndi udindo wathu kusunga asilikali athu achitetezo ali olimba. Sizimafuna kusintha kwakukulu. Zimangofuna kusintha moyo wathu mosavuta.

• Zakudya Zabwino: Tiyenera kupatsa asilikali athu zakudya zoyenera. Idyani zakudya zoyenera zomwe zimaphatikizapo zipatso zatsopano, ndiwo zamasamba, masamba obiriwira, mapuloteni opanda mafuta ambiri (monga nsomba, mazira, ndi nyemba), ndi mafuta abwino . Chepetsani zakumwa zotsekemera, zakudya zopangira, ndi zakudya zamafuta momwe mungathere.
• Gonani mokwanira: Kugona ndi nthawi yomwe matupi athu amadzikonza okha ndipo maselo athu a chitetezo chamthupi amalandira mphamvu. Ndikofunikira kugona bwino kwa maola osachepera 7-8 usiku uliwonse .
• Maseŵero Olimbitsa Thupi: Kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi tsiku lililonse mpaka kufika potuluka thukuta kumathandiza kusuntha maselo a chitetezo chamthupi m'thupi lonse. Yesani kuyenda, kuthamanga, kapena kukwera njinga kwa mphindi zosachepera 30 patsiku.
• Kuchepetsa kupsinjika maganizo: Kupsinjika maganizo kwambiri kumafooketsa chitetezo chathu cha mthupi. Pumulani maganizo anu mwa kuchita zinthu monga kusinkhasinkha, yoga, kumvetsera nyimbo, kapena kuchita zinthu zomwe mumakonda.
• Pewani kusuta fodya ndi mowa:Zonsezi ndi adani a chitetezo chathu chamthupi. Ngati mukusuta, siyani. Chepetsani kumwa mowa momwe mungathere.
• Ukhondo: Kusamba m'manja nthawi zonse ndi sopo kungathandize kwambiri kupewa majeremusi kulowa m'thupi kuchokera kunja.