Kodi majini anu ndi ofanana? Tiyeni tikambirane za vuto la "homozygous"!

Lero tikambirana za chinthu chofunika kwambiri chokhudza majini athu. Mwina mwamvapo mawu oti 'homozygous'. Mwachidule, izi zikutanthauza kuti muli ndi kopi yofanana ya jini inayake kuchokera kwa amayi ndi abambo anu. Izi zingamveke ngati zasayansi pang'ono, koma kwenikweni ndizosavuta. Tiyeni tifotokoze izi mozama.

Kodi allele ndi chiyani?

Taganizirani izi, timapeza makope awiri a jini iliyonse, imodzi yochokera kwa amayi athu ndi imodzi yochokera kwa abambo athu. Majini ambiri m'thupi lathu ndi ofanana kwa aliyense. Koma chiwerengero chochepa kwambiri (chosakwana 1%) cha majini chimakhala ndi kusiyana pang'ono. Ma Allele ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya jini yomweyi yokhala ndi kusiyana pang'ono. Kusiyana pang'ono kumeneku mu DNA ndi komwe kumakupatsani makhalidwe anu apadera. Kuli ngati kukoma kosiyana kwa njira yophikira yomweyi, eti?

Kodi kusiyana pakati pa homozygous ndi heterozygous ndi kotani?

Tsopano muli ndi lingaliro lina la ma alele. Homozygous amatanthauza kuti mwalandira ma alele awiri ofanana a jini imodzi kuchokera kwa makolo anu onse awiri. Izi zikutanthauza kuti kopi ya jini kuchokera kwa amayi anu ndi kopi ya jini kuchokera kwa abambo anu zonse ndi zofanana.

Kumbali ina, kukhala heterozygous kumatanthauza kuti mwalandira ma alleles awiri osiyana a jini lomwelo kuchokera kwa makolo anu. Izi zikutanthauza kuti DNA ya kopi ya jini yomwe mudalandira kuchokera kwa amayi anu ndi yosiyana pang'ono ndi yomwe mudalandira kuchokera kwa abambo anu. 'Hetero' amatanthauza 'yosiyana', 'Homo' amatanthauza 'yofanana'. Zosavuta, eti?

Ndiye kodi genotype iyi ya homozygous ndi chiyani?

Genotype ikumveka ngati yasayansi pang'ono, sichoncho? Musadandaule, ndichita izi mosavuta. Genotype imatanthauza mtundu kapena mawonekedwe a DNA yomwe mumalandira. Chifukwa chake, genotype ya homozygous imatanthauza kuti mwalandira ma alleles awiri amtundu womwewo. Izi zikutanthauza kuti, ma DNA a jini inayake yomwe makolo anu onse awiri adakupatsani ndi ofanana, palibe kusiyana.

Kodi makhalidwe akuluakulu ndi obwerezabwereza amakhudzana bwanji ndi majini a homozygous?

Ma alleles ena ndi 'olamulira' , zomwe zikutanthauza kuti ndi amphamvu kwambiri. Ena ndi 'obwerera m'mbuyo' , zomwe zikutanthauza kuti amachepetsedwa pang'ono. Tsopano taganizirani kuti muli ndi genotype ya heterozygous, zomwe zikutanthauza allele imodzi yolamulira ndi allele imodzi yobwerera m'mbuyo. Ndiye chimachitika ndi chiyani? Allele yolamulira imaletsa allele yobwerera m'mbuyo, ndipo khalidwe lolamulira limatuluka. Zili ngati mwana wosamvera m'kalasi akuletsa ena.

Komabe, mu genotype ya homozygous, izi sizili choncho. Mutha kukhala ndi ma alleles awiri olamulira pa khalidwe (homozygous dominant). Kapena, mutha kukhala ndi ma alleles awiri obwerezabwereza (homozygous recessive).Mulimonsemo, khalidwe la ma alleles awiri ofanana limafotokozedwa. Mu majini, khalidwe lolamulira la homozygous limawonetsedwa ndi zilembo zazikulu ziwiri (mwachitsanzo, BB). Khalidwe lobwerezabwereza la homozygous limawonetsedwa ndi zilembo ziwiri zazing'ono (mwachitsanzo, bb).

Kodi zitsanzo za makhalidwe a homozygous ndi ziti?

Mukalandira ma alleles omwewo kuchokera kwa makolo anu, amatha kukutsogolerani ku makhalidwe ofanana. Izi zingaphatikizepo mawonekedwe anu, mafupa anu, komanso ngati mumakhala ndi matenda enaake kapena ayi. Tiyeni tiwone zitsanzo zingapo.

Makhalidwe okhudzana ndi mawonekedwe

• Mtundu wa maso: Jini yokhala ndi homozygous ingakhudze mtundu wa maso anu. Brown ndiye khalidwe lalikulu la mtundu wa maso. Izi zimayimira BB. Mitundu ina yonse ya maso ndi yabuluu. Izi zimayimira bb. Chifukwa chake, munthu wokhala ndi maso abulauni yemwe ali ndi jini yokhala ndi homozygous ali ndi jini ya BB. Munthu wokhala ndi maso abuluu yemwe ali ndi jini yokhala ndi homozygous ali ndi jini ya bb. Tangoganizirani, ngati makolo onse a munthu wokhala ndi maso abuluu ali ndi makope a jini (bb) yomwe imapangitsa maso abuluu kukhala abuluu, ndiye kuti munthu wokhala ndi maso abuluu akhoza kukhala ndi maso abuluu.
• Mabala: Mabala ndi khalidwe lodziwika bwino la autosomal. Munthu amene ali ndi mabala amakhala ndi melanin yambiri m'thupi mwake. Izi zasonyezedwa ndi FF. Munthu amene alibe mabala ali ndi jini lodziwika bwino la autosomal, lomwe lasonyezedwa ndi ff.
• Ma Dimples: Ma Dimples nawonso ndi khalidwe lolamulira la autosomal. Izi zasonyezedwa ndi DD. Anthu omwe ali ndi khalidwe lolamulira la autosomal (dd) alibe ma dimples.
• Tsitsi lopotana: Tsitsi lopotana ndi khalidwe lofala kwambiri la autosomal. Limasonyezedwa ndi HH. Khalidwe lofala kwambiri la autosomal ndi tsitsi lolunjika. Limasonyezedwa ndi hh.

Makhalidwe okhudzana ndi dongosolo la mafupa

• Makutu Osalumikizidwa: Ngati muli ndi makutu osalumikizidwa, muli ndi jini lalikulu la UU. Ngati makutu anu alumikizidwa ndi thupi, muli ndi jini lotchedwa recessive uu.

Kodi matenda ena amagwirizanitsidwa bwanji ndi majini a homozygous?

• Kumva ndi kulankhula: Khalidwe lalikulu ndi luso lomva ndi kulankhula bwino. Izi zikuimiridwa ndi jini lolamulira la SS. Ngati muli ndi majini onse awiri ozungulira, simungathe kulankhula kapena kumva bwino. Izi zikutanthauza kuti mukhoza kukhala wogontha komanso wosalankhula.
• Kukana Ivy Poison: Kukana Ivy poison ndi khalidwe lina lodziwika bwino. Khalidwe lodziwika bwino limeneli limaimiridwa ndi chizindikiro cha PP. Ngati muli ndi majini onse awiri a PP, simudzakhala okana Ivy poison.

Kodi ndi matenda ati a majini omwe angayambitsidwe ndi majini a homozygous?

Tsopano tiyeni tikambirane za chinthu china choopsa kwambiri. Muli ndi jini yosinthika kuchokera kwa makolo anu onse awiri., ndiko kuti, ngati muli ndi ma alleles awiri ofanana omwe sagwira ntchito bwino, ndinu homozygous chifukwa cha kusintha kwa majini. Izi zikutanthauza kuti muli ndi mwayi waukulu wokhala ndi vuto la majini lomwe limayambitsidwa ndi jini limenelo. Nazi zina mwa matenda a majini omwe angachokere:

• Cystic Fibrosis: Puloteni yomwe imayendetsa madzi m'maselo a thupi lathu imapangidwa ndi jini yotchedwa `CFTR`. Ngati mulandira makope awiri osinthika a jini iyi ya `CFTR`, mudzakhala ndi matenda otchedwa `Cystic Fibrosis`. Izi zimapangitsa kuti mamina okhuthala azisonkhana m'malo monga mapapo ndi m'mimba.
• Matenda a Sickle Cell Anemia: Jini ya HBB, yomwe ndi gawo la hemoglobin m'maselo ofiira a magazi athu, imathandiza kunyamula mpweya m'thupi lonse. Ngati mulandira makope awiri osinthika a jini ya HBB, mudzakhala ndi vuto la sickle cell anemia. Pa vutoli, maselo ofiira a magazi amasintha mawonekedwe ake ndikukhala ngati sickle, ndichifukwa chake dzinalo limatchedwa. Izi zitha kusokoneza kuyenda kwa magazi.
• Phenylketonuria: Jini la PAH limauza maselo kuti apange enzyme yomwe imaphwanya amino acid phenylalanine. Ngati mulandira makope awiri a jini la PAH omwe adasinthidwa, mudzakhala ndi matenda otchedwa phenylketonuria. Mu mkhalidwe uwu, phenylalanine imasonkhana m'thupi ndipo imatha kuwononga ubongo.

Chofunika kwambiri ndichakuti ngati muli ndi ``homozygous`` pa jini inayake, zikutanthauza kuti mwalandira makope ofanana (alleles) a jini imeneyo kuchokera kwa makolo anu onse awiri. Chifukwa cha majini a homozygous awa, mutha kukhala ndi makhalidwe anu apadera.

Ndiye, ndi zinthu ziti zofunika kwambiri zomwe tiyenera kukumbukira kuchokera munkhaniyi?

Chabwino, takambirana zambiri za nkhani ya 'Homozygous' iyi. Nazi zinthu zingapo zoti muzikumbukira mwachidule:

• Homozygous amatanthauza kuti muli ndi ma alleles awiri ofanana a jini inayake, kuchokera kwa amayi ndi abambo anu.
• Ma allele onsewa akhoza kukhala amphamvu kapena ochulukirapo, zomwe zimatsimikizira makhalidwe anu.
• Nthawi zina, ngati ma alleles awiri osinthika a mtundu womwewo atengedwa motere, matenda enaake a majini amatha kuchitika. Mwachitsanzo, cystic fibrosis kapena sickle cell anemia.
• Komabe, majini a homozygous si nthawi zonse omwe amayambitsa matenda. Zinthu zambiri zomwe zimachitika kawirikawiri, monga mtundu wa maso anu, kapangidwe ka tsitsi lanu, komanso ngati muli ndi ma dimples m'masaya mwanu, zimayambitsidwanso ndi majini awa a homozygous.

Kotero, iyi ndi nkhani yosavuta yokhudza majini ofanana. Kudziwa zinthu ngati izi kumatithandiza kwambiri kumvetsetsa matupi athu, sichoncho? Ngati muli ndi mafunso ena okhudza izi, musazengereze kufunsa dokotala kapena mlangizi wa majini.

` Homozygous, Majini, Ma Alleles, Makhalidwe Olamulira, Makhalidwe Obwezera, Matenda a Majini