Nthawi zambiri timamva m'nkhani kuti kachilombo katsopano kakuyambitsa matenda atsopano. Monga momwe tidamvera panthawi ya mliri wa coronavirus, asayansi adapeza kuti kachilombo ka corona ndiye kamayambitsa matenda otchedwa SARS. Koma kodi mudayamba mwadzifunsapo kuti asayansiwa anganene bwanji molondola komanso molimba mtima kuti kachilomboka ndiye kamayambitsa matendawa? Kodi ndi kungoganiza chabe? Kapena pali njira ina yovomerezeka yochitira izi? Tikulankhula za chinsinsi chimenecho lero.
Chinsinsi cha Sayansi: Zolemba za Robert Koch
Izi si zongopeka kwenikweni. Pali njira yeniyeni yasayansi yomwe asayansi amagwiritsa ntchito kutsimikizira kuti kachilombo kena kake ndiye kamayambitsa matenda. Zili ngati kufufuza kwa apolisi, njira yogwirira munthu wokayikiridwa pang'onopang'ono. Njirayi idayambitsidwa koyamba padziko lonse lapansi mu 1890 ndi dokotala waku Germany komanso wasayansi dzina lake
Robert Koch . Timatcha malamulo awa omwe adapereka kuti
"Mauthenga a Koch." Mwachidule, ili ndi "buku la malamulo anayi" lomwe asayansi amagwiritsa ntchito kutsimikizira kuti kachilombo ndi "wolakwa." Tiyeni tiwone malamulo anayi awa.
| Chiphunzitso cha Koch | Kodi izi zikutanthauza chiyani? (Mwachidule) |
|---|
| Lamulo loyamba | Wodwala aliyense amene ali ndi matendawa ayenera kukhala ndi kachilombo kokayikitsa aka m'thupi mwake. Mofananamo, anthu athanzi omwe alibe matendawa sangakhale ndi kachilomboka m'thupi lawo. |
| Lamulo lachiwiri | Ziyenera kukhala zotheka kukulitsa kachilomboka mu labotale, mu njira yapadera, kuchokera ku minofu kapena zitsanzo zina (monga phlegm, magazi, ndowe) zomwe zatengedwa kuchokera kwa wodwala. |
| Lamulo lachitatu | Kachirombo koyerako, komwe kamakula mu labotale, kalowetsedwa m'thupi la nyama yathanzi (kapena munthu), kayenera kukhala ndi matenda omwewo. |
| Lamulo lachinayi | Ziyenera kukhala zotheka kupatula ndi kukulitsa kachilombo koyambirira komweko kuchokera ku chitsanzo chotengedwa kuchokera kwa munthu wachiwiri kapena nyama yomwe yangodwala kumene. |
Koma munthu wathanzi sangafalitse matendawa, eti?
Tsopano mwina muli ndi vuto lalikulu. Yang'anani lamulo lachitatu limenelo. Kodi si kulakwa kupatsira munthu wathanzi matenda? N'zosatheka. Ndiye asayansi amakwaniritsa bwanji lamuloli?
Inde, nkhaniyi ndi yoona. Palibe amene amapatsira anthu matenda mwadala ndipo amachita zoyeserera pazifukwa zilizonse. Ndi kulakwitsa kwakukulu. Ndicho chifukwa chake asayansi amagwiritsa ntchito njira zina kutsimikizira malamulo achitatu ndi achinayi awa.
Njira zasayansi zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza
1.
Epidemiology: Iyi ndiyo njira yaikulu. Mwachidule, epidemiology ndi kuphunzira momwe matenda amafalikira pakati pa anthu. Monga katswiri wa zaukazitape, asayansi amafufuza:
- Ndani adatenga matendawa?
- Kodi anali kuti?
- Kodi ankacheza ndi ndani?
- Kodi pali mgwirizano wotani pakati pa anthu omwe adatenga matendawa?
- Kenako chidziwitsochi chimayerekezeredwa ndi chidziwitso chochokera ku gulu la anthu athanzi omwe sanadwale matendawa.
Tangoganizirani, ngati aliyense amene anadwala SARS anali pachiwopsezo cha kachilomboka ndipo anthu omwe sanadwale sanadwale, zimenezo zikanakhala umboni wamphamvu wakuti chomwe chinayambitsa matendawa chinali kupezeka pachiwopsezo cha kachilomboka. Mwanjira imeneyi, mfundo ya Lamulo Lachitatu ikhoza kutsimikiziridwa popanda kupatsira munthu kachilomboka. 2.
Zitsanzo za Zinyama: Njira ina ndi kuyesa nyama. Zinyama zomwe zimasonyeza zizindikiro zofanana ndi za anthu (monga mbewa, anyani) zimabayidwa ndi kachilombo komwe kamakula mu labotale. Ngati nyamayo ikakhala ndi matenda ofanana ndi a anthu, zimenezo zimatsimikizira Lamulo Lachitatu. Ngati kachilomboka kangathe kuchotsedwanso ku nyamayo, ndiye kuti Lamulo Lachinayi nalonso ndi loona.
Umu ndi momwe kachilombo ka SARS kanazindikiridwira!
Tsopano tiyeni tiwone momwe malamulowa adagwiritsidwira ntchito pa mliri wa SARS.
- Malamulo Oyamba ndi Achiwiri: Asayansi adapeza kachilombo ka corona kuchokera kwa odwala angapo omwe anali ndi zizindikiro za SARS. Ndipo adakulitsa kachilomboka bwino mu labu. Choncho malamulo onse awiri oyamba adakwaniritsidwa.
- Malamulo Achitatu ndi Achinayi: Apa ndi pomwe Epidemiology imayambira.anathandiza. Mayesowo anasonyeza momveka bwino kuti matendawa anali ofala pakati pa anthu omwe anali atapezeka ndi kachilomboka, ndipo sanalipo pakati pa anthu omwe sanapezekepo. Kuphatikiza apo, anthu ena omwe anali atapezekapo mwangozi (monga ogwira ntchito zachipatala omwe ankasamalira odwala) nawonso pambuyo pake anadwala, ndipo kachilombo koyambirirako kanatha kupezeka kwa iwo. Izi zinatsimikizira mfundo za lamulo lachitatu ndi lachinayi. Izi zinatsimikiziridwanso ndi maphunziro a nyama.
Tsopano mukudziwa, izi si kungoganiza chabe. Iyi ndi njira yasayansi yodalirika kwambiri, yokhazikika, ya zaka mazana ambiri, komanso yodalirika kwambiri.
Uthenga Wopita Nawo Kunyumba
- Asayansi apeza kuti matenda amayamba chifukwa cha kachilombo kapena mabakiteriya enaake, osati chifukwa chongoganizira chabe, koma chifukwa chotsatira njira yasayansi yotchedwa "Koch's Postulates."
- Njira imeneyi imaphatikizapo magawo anayi akuluakulu: kuzindikira kachilomboka kuchokera kwa odwala, kukakulitsa mu labotale, kusonyeza kuti ndiko kumayambitsa matendawa, ndikuchotsa kachilombo komweko kachiwiri.
- Popeza sikoyenera kupatsira anthu matenda mwadala, asayansi akutsimikizira mfundo za malamulo amenewa kudzera m'njira monga kufalikira kwa matenda ndi kuyesa nyama.
- Kotero, kuyambira tsopano, mukamva kuti matenda enaake amayamba chifukwa cha kachilombo, kumbukirani njira yasayansi yovuta yomwe ili kumbuyo kwa mawu amenewo.
- Ngati muli ndi vuto lililonse la matenda kapena muli ndi kukayikira kulikonse, nthawi zonse funsani dokotala wanu kuti akupatseni malangizo .
Kachilombo ka HIV, matenda, malamulo a Koch, njira yasayansi, epidemiology, SARS, coronavirus
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