Kodi dokotala wanu walamula kuti muyesedwe magazi kapena munthu wina amene mumamudziwa? Kuyezetsa magazi ndi pamene kachidutswa kakang'ono ka minofu kamachotsedwa pa chotupa m'thupi lanu ndikukayang'aniridwa. Chifukwa chake, mwina mukudabwa kuti ndi chiyani chomwe chimachitidwa ku kachidutswa kakang'ono ka minofu komwe kali mu labu. Lero, tikambirana za mayeso ofunikira kwambiri omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu zamankhwala masiku ano. Amatchedwa immunohistochemistry , kapena IHC mwachidule pakati pa madokotala.
Kodi IHC ndi chiyani?
Mwachidule, IHC ndi mayeso apadera a labu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi akatswiri a matenda, madokotala omwe ali akatswiri pofufuza matenda, kuti aone zizindikiro za matenda mu minofu.
Ngakhale kuti dzinali lingaoneke lalitali pang'ono, tanthauzo lake ndi losavuta kumva likagaŵidwa m'mawu ochepa.
- Chitetezo chamthupi: Izi zikugwirizana ndi chitetezo chamthupi lathu. Mukudziwa, tikapeza zinthu zakunja (mavairasi, mabakiteriya, ndi zina zotero) kapena zinthu zakunja monga maselo a khansa, chitetezo chathu chamthupi chimazizindikira. Timatcha zinthu zakunja izi kuti ma antigen . Chifukwa chake, thupi lathu limapanga mtundu wapadera wa mapuloteni kuti ligwire ndikuwononga ma antigen awa. Amatchedwa ma antibodies . Monga momwe kiyi imatsegulira loko, pali antibody yapadera yomwe imagwirizana ndi antigen iliyonse. Mu mayeso a IHC, ma antibodies awa, omwe amapangidwa mu labu, amagwiritsidwa ntchito kupeza ma antigen okhudzana ndi matendawa mu chitsanzo cha minofu.
- Mbiri: Izi zikutanthauza minofu . Izi zikutanthauza kuti mayesowa amachitidwa pa chidutswa cha minofu yomwe yatengedwa m'thupi lanu.
- Chemistry: Izi zikutanthauza kuphunzira zinthu zazing'ono mokwanira kuti ziwonekere ndi maikulosikopu yokha, pogwiritsa ntchito njira zamakemikolo.
Kenako, pophatikiza zonsezi, IHC ndi njira yodziwira matendawa pogwiritsa ntchito lingaliro la ma antibodies mu chitetezo chathu chamthupi, kuwonjezera chinthu chonga utoto ku tinthu ta tizilombo toyambitsa matenda (ma antigens) mu chitsanzo cha minofu, ndikuwayang'ana pansi pa maikulosikopu.
Kodi mayeso a IHC amachitidwa liti?
Kuyeza kwa IHC kumagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zambiri masiku ano. Chidziwitso chomwe chimapereka chingathandize kwambiri dokotala wanu posankha chithandizo chabwino kwambiri kwa inu.
| Chitsanzo cha kagwiritsidwe ntchito | Kufotokozera kosavuta |
|---|---|
| Kuzindikira matenda molondola | Izi ndizofunikira kwambiri pozindikira khansa. Zingathandize kudziwa mtundu weniweni wa khansa (monga khansa ya m'mawere, khansa ya m'mawere). Zingathandizenso kudziwa komwe khansa yofalikira, yomwe ndi khansa yomwe yafalikira kuchokera mbali imodzi ya thupi kupita ku ina. |
| Kudziwa momwe matendawa alili komanso momwe matendawa akuyendera | Zingakuthandizeni kumvetsetsa kuopsa kwa khansa komanso momwe ikufalikira mofulumira. Chidziwitso kuchokera mu mayesowa n'chofunikanso podziwa siteji ndi giredi ya khansa. Kutengera ndi chidziwitsochi, dokotalayo adzapanga njira yabwino kwambiri yothandizira. |
| Kuneneratu momwe mankhwala angayankhire | Khansa zina, makamaka khansa ya m'mawere ndi ya prostate, zimakula chifukwa cha mahomoni monga estrogen ndi testosterone. Kuyezetsa kwa IHC kumatha kuzindikira khansa zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi mahomoni awa. Chithandizo cha mahomoni chingaperekedwe kuti chilepheretse mahomoni amenewo. |
| Kuwunika kupambana kwa chithandizo | Kuyeza kwa IHC nthawi zina kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti awone ngati chithandizocho chikuthandiza matendawa komanso ngati maselo a khansa akutha. |
Kuphatikiza apo, IHC ndi yofunika kwambiri pa kafukufuku kuti tipeze mankhwala atsopano. Imathandiza ofufuza kumvetsetsa kusintha komwe kumachitika m'maselo athu chifukwa cha matenda.
Kodi mayesowa amagwira ntchito bwanji?
Mfundo yaikulu ya izi ndi yosavuta. Zili ngati kupeza kiyi yoyenera (antibody) ya loko (antigen).
Tangoganizani kuti muli ndi maselo a khansa m'thupi lanu. Maselo a khansa amenewo ali ndi ma antigen (zizindikiro) pamwamba pawo zomwe ndi zapadera kwa iwo. Chomwe mumachita mu labu ndikugwiritsa ntchito antibody yomwe idapangidwa mwapadera kuti igwirizane ndi antigen imeneyo.
Umu ndi momwe njirayi imagwirira ntchito:
1. Katswiri wa matenda amalumikiza enzyme ku antibody yosankhidwa. Enzyme iyi ili ngati chizindikiro chaching'ono.
2. Kenako chisakanizo cha ma antibodies ichi chimayikidwa pamwamba pa chitsanzo cha minofu yokonzedwa.
3. Ngati chitsanzocho chili ndi antigen yokhudzana ndi matendawa, antibody yomwe tawonjezera idzagwirana nayo (monga kiyi yomangidwira mu loko).
4. Ikamamatirira motere, enzyme yomwe imalumikizidwa ndi antibody imayatsidwa, ndikupanga mtundu wapadera m'derali.
5. Pomaliza, akayang'ana pogwiritsa ntchito maikulosikopu, madera obiriwira amaoneka bwino. Izi zikutanthauza kuti pali ma antigen okhudzana ndi matendawa m'madera amenewo, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti tingatsimikizire kuti matendawa alipo.
Kuti zotsatira izi zikhale zolondola 100%, njira izi ziyenera kuchitidwa mosamala kwambiri komanso molondola mu labu.
Kukonzekera chitsanzo kuti chiyesedwe
Ndikofunikira kwambiri kukonzekera bwino minofu.
- Sungani minofu: Maselo omwe ali mu minofu amayamba kufa pang'onopang'ono akachotsedwa m'thupi. Kuti izi zitheke, minofuyo "imakhazikika" poiyika mu mankhwala ngati formalin. Izi zimasunga kapangidwe ka minofuyo.
- Onetsetsani kuti ma antigen alipo: Nthawi zina, njira yokonzerayi ingayambitse kuti ma antigen atsekerezedwe. Kenako, ma antibodies sangathe kuwalumikiza. Chifukwa chake, njira yapadera yotchedwa "antigen retrieval" imagwiritsidwa ntchito powululanso ma antigen otsekerezedwa.
- Tsekani mapangidwe ofanana: Nthawi zina ma antibodies athu amatha kumangirira ku zinthu zina zofanana ndi antigen yeniyeni yomwe tikuyang'ana. Zili ngati wina wokhala pampando wosungidwira munthu woyenera. Kuti tipewe izi, timatseka mapangidwe ofanana pasadakhale. Kenako antibody imangomangirira ku cholinga choyenera.
Kusankha ma antibodies oyenera
Katswiri wa matenda ayenera kusankha mtundu woyenera wa antigen yomwe akufuna. Pali mitundu iwiri ikuluikulu.
| Mtundu wa ma antibodies | Zapadera |
|---|---|
| Ma antibodies a polyclonal | Izi ndi zosakaniza za ma antibodies osiyanasiyana omwe amatha kumangirira kumalo osiyanasiyana pa antigen imodzi. |
| Ma antibodies a monoclonal | Izi ndi makope a mtundu womwewo, antibody yomweyo. Amangolumikizana ndi malo amodzi okha pa antigen. |
Kodi pali zoletsa ndi zovuta zilizonse pa mayeso a IHC?
Inde, monga mayeso onse, iyi ili ndi zofooka zina.
Chimodzi mwa zovuta zazikulu ndichakuti palibe malangizo ovomerezeka padziko lonse lapansi pa gawo lililonse la mayeso a IHC. Chifukwa chake, njira ndi mankhwala omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'ma labu osiyanasiyana amatha kusiyana pang'ono, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zotsatira zake zisinthe pang'ono.
Kuphatikiza apo, nthawi zina zotsatira zake zingakhale zolakwika.
| Cholakwika mu zotsatira | Tanthauzo |
|---|---|
| Zabodza | Zotsatira zake zikusonyeza kuti antigen yokhudzana ndi matendawa ilipo ngakhale kuti chitsanzocho sichilipo. |
| Zolakwika | Ngakhale kuti chitsanzocho chili ndi antigen yokhudzana ndi matendawa, zotsatira zake zimakhala zoipa. |
Pofuna kupewa zinthu ngati izi, ma lab abwino amakhala ndi njira zowongolera khalidwe . Izi zikutanthauza kuti, asanachite mayeso enieni, amayesa antibody pa minofu yomwe tikudziwa kuti ili ndi matendawa kuti atsimikizire kuti ikugwira ntchito bwino.
Kodi IHC ndi yofanana ndi biopsy?
Ayi, koma pali mgwirizano waukulu pakati pa awiriwa.
Mwachidule, biopsy ndi njira yochotsera chidutswa cha minofu m'thupi lanu. IHC ndi njira yowunikira chidutswa cha minofuyo mu labu. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, IHC ndi mayeso omwe amachitika pambuyo pa biopsy.
IHC ndi mankhwala odabwitsa kwambiri. Imalola madokotala kuona zizindikiro za matenda zomwe sizikuwoneka ndi maso. Chidziwitso chomwe chapezeka kuchokera mu mayesowa n'chofunika kwambiri polimbana ndi matenda monga khansa ndikusankha chithandizo choyenera.
Uthenga Wopita Nawo Kunyumba
- Palibe chifukwa choopera Immunohistochemistry (IHC). Ndi mayeso apadera omwe amachitidwa mu labu pa chidutswa chaching'ono cha minofu yomwe yatengedwa m'thupi lanu.
- Kuyesa kumeneku kungapereke zambiri zofunika (monga mtundu wa khansa ndi kuopsa kwake), makamaka za matenda monga khansa.
- Izi zimaphatikizapo kupeza zizindikiro zapadera (antigens) pa maselo odwala, kuwonjezera utoto pa iwo, ndikuwayang'ana pansi pa maikulosikopu.
- Lipoti lochokera ku mayeso a IHC lithandiza kwambiri dokotala wanu kusankha chithandizo choyenera komanso chothandiza kwambiri kwa inu.
- Ngati muli ndi mafunso okhudza mayesowa, musaope kulankhula ndi dokotala wanu za nkhaniyi poyera.
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