Tiyeni tingophunzira za amithenga ang'onoang'ono m'thupi lathu: (Ma Neurotransmitters)?

Muli bwanji? Nthawi zina mumamva kusangalala kwambiri, ndipo nthawi zina mumamva chisoni kapena kukwiya, eti? Kapena munayamba mwakhala mukukanda mutu wanu mutaiwala chinthu chomwe munaphunzira molimbika pa mayeso? Zonsezi zimachitika chifukwa cha amithenga ang'onoang'ono koma ofunikira kwambiri omwe amagwira ntchito mkati mwa matupi athu. Tikambirana za iwo lero.

Kodi izi (Neurotransmitters) ndi chiyani?

Mwachidule, ma neurotransmitters ndi mtundu wa mankhwala omwe matupi athu amafunikira . Ali ngati ana aang'ono omwe amagwira ntchito ku positi ofesi ya thupi lathu. Ntchito yawo ndi kunyamula zizindikiro za mankhwala, kapena mauthenga, kuchokera ku selo imodzi ya mitsempha (neuron) kupita ku selo ina yowunikira. Selo iyi yowunikira ikhoza kukhala selo ina ya mitsempha, kapena ikhoza kukhala selo ya minofu kapena gland.

Matupi athu ali ndi netiweki ya mitsempha. Timatcha izi kuti dongosolo la mitsempha . Lili ngati netiweki ya mawaya amagetsi omwe akuyenda mdziko lonselo. Dongosolo la mitsempha ili limatumiza ndikulandira zizindikiro zamagetsi kupita ndi kuchokera ku ziwalo zonse za thupi lathu. Silimangolamulira zomwe mukuganiza, momwe mumamvera, momwe minofu yanu imayendera, komanso momwe ziwalo zanu zimagwirira ntchito. Mwanjira ina, mitsempha iyi imagwira ntchito pa chilichonse chomwe mumachita, kuganiza, ndi kumva. Maselo athu a mitsempha amalandira ndikutumiza chidziwitso kuchokera mthupi lonse. Kusinthana kosalekeza kwa chidziwitso ndi komwe kumathandiza kuti thupi lizigwira ntchito bwino.

Kodi mitsempha ndi ma neurotransmitters amalamulira chiyani m'matupi athu?

Tsopano onani zinthu zingati zomwe amithenga ang'onoang'ono awa amachita:

• Imalamulira kugunda kwa mtima wanu ndi kuthamanga kwa magazi .
• Zimakuthandizani kupuma .
• Amapangitsanso kuti minofu iziyenda bwino.
• Zimakhudza kwambiri maganizo anu, kukumbukira kwanu, kuphunzira kwanu, ndi momwe mukumvera . Taganizirani izi, nthawi zina timasangalala kwambiri, nthawi zina timamva chisoni, mantha. Iwo ali ndi gawo pa zonsezi.
• Imawongoleranso njira zogona, kuchira mabala, ndi ukalamba .
• Ndiwo amene amazindikira momwe munthu amayankhira kupsinjika maganizo . Anthu awa amathandiza momwe thupi limayankhira munthu akachita mantha kapena nkhawa.
• Amalamulira mahomoni .
• Imalamulira kugaya chakudya, njala, ndi ludzu .
• Ndiwo amene amayankha ku mphamvu zathu zisanu (kuona, kumva, kukhudza, ndi kulawa).

Kodi ma neurotransmitters amagwira ntchito bwanji?

Pali maselo amitsempha mabiliyoni ambiri m'thupi lathu. N'zodabwitsa, sichoncho? Ngati mutenga selo lamitsempha ili, lili ndi magawo atatu akuluakulu:

• Thupi la selo: Izi ndizofunikira kwambiri pakupanga ma neurotransmitters komanso kuti maselo a mitsempha azigwira ntchito bwino.
• Axon: Gawo lalitali la neuron longa mchira lomwe limanyamula zizindikiro zamagetsi kudzera mu neuron kupita ku axon terminal.
• Malo olumikizirana a Axon:Apa ndi pomwe uthenga wamagetsiwo umakhala uthenga wa mankhwala. Izi zimathandizidwa ndi (Neurotransmitters). Uthenga wa mankhwalawo umatumizidwa ku selo lotsatira la mitsempha, selo la minofu, kapena gland.

Ma neurotransmitter amapezeka kumapeto kwa axon ya selo la mitsempha. Amasungidwa m'matumba ang'onoang'ono, okhala ndi makoma ochepa otchedwa synaptic vesicles . Chikwama chimodzi chingakhale ndi mamolekyu ambirimbiri a neurotransmitter. Taganizirani ngati mapaketi ang'onoang'ono.

Tsopano, uthenga kapena chizindikiro chikayenda kudzera mu selo ya mitsempha, mphamvu yamagetsi yomwe ili mu chizindikirocho imapangitsa kuti neurotransmitter igwirizane ndi nembanemba ya selo ya mitsempha, kumapeto kwa selo. Kenako, ma neurotransmitter omwe tsopano akunyamula uthengawo amatulutsidwa kuchokera ku axon terminal. Izi zimatulutsidwa m'malo ang'onoang'ono odzazidwa ndi madzi pakati pa selo imodzi ya mitsempha ndi selo lotsatira lomwe likufunidwa (lomwe lingakhale selo lina la mitsempha, selo ya minofu, kapena gland). Malo awa ndi ochepa kwambiri, osakwana 40 nanometers (nm). Ngati mukuganiza za kukula kwa malo awa, tsitsi lanu ndi lalifupi pafupifupi 75,000 nanometers.

Malo ang'onoang'ono awa amatchedwa synaptic junction . Apa ndi pomwe ma neurotransmitter amanyamula uthenga. Mtundu uliwonse wa neurotransmitter umalumikizana ndi cholandirira china chake pa selo yolunjika. Monga momwe kiyi ingatsegulidwe kokha poyiyika mu bowo la kiyi inayake. Ikangomangidwa, neurotransmitter imayambitsa kusintha kapena kuchitapo kanthu mu selo yolunjika. Mwachitsanzo, ingayambitse selo lina la mitsempha kuyambitsa chizindikiro chamagetsi, minofu kuti ichepetse, kapena gland kuti itulutse mahomoni.

Kodi ma neurotransmitters amatumiza uthenga wamtundu wanji ku selo lomwe likufunidwa?

Mamesenjala amenewa, kapena ma neurotransmitter, amachita chimodzi mwa zinthu zitatu zazikulu ndi mauthenga awo, kutengera mtundu wa neurotransmitter yomwe ikukhudzidwa.

• Mauthenga olimbikitsa: Mitundu iyi ya ma neurotransmitters "imasangalatsa" selo ya mitsempha ndipo " imafalitsa uthengawo ." Ndiko kuti, uthengawo umapita ku selo lotsatira. Zitsanzo ndi monga Glutamate , Epinephrine, ndi Norepinephrine .
• Mauthenga oletsa: Awa amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuletsa kapena kuletsa uthenga wa mankhwala kuti usapitirire. Zitsanzo za ma neurotransmitters awa ndi monga gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) , glycine, ndi serotonin.
• Mauthenga osinthasintha: Izi (ma neurotransmitters) zimakhudza zotsatira za mankhwala ena. Monga "kuwasintha pang'ono." Izi zikutanthauza kuti, amapanga kusintha pang'ono pa momwe maselo amalankhulirana pa synapse. Komanso, zimakhudza maselo ambiri amitsempha nthawi imodzi.

Kodi chimachitika ndi chiyani kwa ma neurotransmitters uthenga ukaperekedwa?

Chabwino, tsopano ma neurotransmitters apereka uthenga wawo. Kodi chimachitika n’chiyani kenako? Mamolekyu amenewa ayenera kuchoka mu synaptic cleft (malo omwe ali pakati pa selo imodzi ya mitsempha ndi selo yake yotsatira). Kupanda kutero, adzapitiriza kutumiza mauthenga, sichoncho? Izi zimachitika m’njira zitatu zazikulu:

• Zimatha pang'onopang'ono (kufalikira) .
• Amayamwidwanso ndikugwiritsidwanso ntchito ndi selo lomwelo la mitsempha lomwe linawatulutsa (kubwezeretsanso) , ngati kuti akubwezeretsedwanso.
• Enzyme yomwe ili mkati mwa synapse imaiphwanya (kuwonongeka) , zomwe zimapangitsa kuti isathenso kugwirizana ndi selo yolandirira.

Kodi pali mitundu ingati ya ma neurotransmitters?

Asayansi tsopano apeza mitundu yosachepera 100 ya ma neurotransmitters. Ndipo akukhulupirira kuti pali ena ambiri omwe angapezeke. Akhoza kugawidwa m'magulu malinga ndi mtundu wawo wa mankhwala. Tiyeni tsopano tiwone magulu ochepa ofunikira omwe timamva nthawi zambiri, zitsanzo za ma neurotransmitters omwe ali nawo, ndi ntchito zawo.

Ma amino acid (ma neurotransmitters)

Izi (ma neurotransmitters) zimakhudzidwa ndi ntchito zambiri za dongosolo lathu la mitsempha.

• Glutamate: Iyi ndiye neurotransmitter yayikulu mu dongosolo lathu la mitsempha. Ili yochuluka kwambiri muubongo. Ndi yofunika kwambiri pa ntchito zofunika zamaganizo monga kuganiza, kuphunzira, ndi kukumbukira. Kusalingana kwa glutamate kwagwirizanitsidwa ndi matenda a Alzheimer's , dementia , matenda a Parkinson, ndi khunyu .
• Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA): GABA ndiye choletsa chachikulu cha neurotransmitter mu dongosolo lathu la mitsempha, makamaka muubongo. Imayang'anira ntchito za ubongo ndikuletsa mavuto monga nkhawa , kukwiya, kuvutika kuganizira, kusowa tulo, khunyu, ndi kuvutika maganizo .
• Glycine: Glycine ndiye cholepheretsa chachikulu cha neurotransmitter mu msana wathu. Glycine imagwira ntchito yokonza chidziwitso cha kumva, kutumiza ululu, komanso kukonza kagayidwe kachakudya.

Monoamines (Ma Neurotransmitters)

Izi (Neurotransmitters) zimagwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana mu dongosolo lathu la mitsempha, makamaka mu ubongo. Zimalamulira chikumbumtima, kuzindikira, chidwi, ndi malingaliro. Matenda ambiri a dongosolo la mitsempha amakhudzana ndi zolakwika mu monoamines izi (Neurotransmitters). Komanso, mankhwala ambiri omwe timagwiritsa ntchito nthawi zambiri amakhudza izi (Neurotransmitters).

• Serotonin: Serotonin ndi neurotransmitter. Serotonin imathandiza kuwongolera momwe timamvera, momwe timagona, kugonana, nkhawa, chilakolako, ndi ululu. Matenda okhudzana ndi kusalinganika kwa serotonin ndi awa:Matenda a nyengo, nkhawa, kuvutika maganizo, fibromyalgia, ndi ululu wosatha. Mankhwala omwe amachiza matenda amenewa poletsa serotonin amatchedwa SSRIs (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors) ndi SNRIs (Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors) .
• Histamine: Histamine imalamulira zinthu monga kukhala maso, khalidwe lodya, ndi chilimbikitso m'thupi. Histamine imagwira ntchito pa matenda monga mphumu , bronchospasm, kutupa kwa mucosal, ndi multiple sclerosis .
• Dopamine: Dopamine imagwira ntchito mu "dongosolo la mphotho" la thupi lathu. Izi zikutanthauza kumva chisangalalo, kukhala ndi chilimbikitso chambiri, komanso kuphunzira. Dopamine imathandizanso pakuyang'anira, kukumbukira, kugona, malingaliro, ndi chilimbikitso. Matenda okhudzana ndi kusagwira bwino ntchito kwa dopamine ndi monga matenda a Parkinson , schizophrenia , matenda a bipolar , restless legs syndrome , ndi attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) . Mankhwala ambiri osokoneza bongo (monga cocaine, methamphetamine, ndi amphetamines) amakhudza mwachindunji dongosolo la dopamine.
• Epinephrine: Epinephrine (yomwe imatchedwanso adrenaline) ndi norepinephrine (zambiri pansipa) ndi zomwe zimayambitsa " nkhondo kapena kuthawa " m'thupi lathu ku mantha ndi kupsinjika. Ma neurotransmitters awa amawonjezera kugunda kwa mtima wathu, kupuma, kuthamanga kwa magazi, kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi, kuyenda kwa magazi kupita ku minofu, komanso kuthekera kwathu kuyang'ana ndikuchitapo kanthu pazinthu zosiyanasiyana zopsinjika. Epinephrine yambiri ingayambitse mavuto azaumoyo monga kuthamanga kwa magazi, matenda a shuga, ndi matenda a mtima. Monga mankhwala, epinephrine imagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza anaphylaxis (vuto lalikulu la ziwengo), matenda a mphumu, matenda a mtima, ndi matenda akuluakulu.
• Norepinephrine: Norepinephrine (yomwe imadziwikanso kuti noradrenaline) imawonjezera kuthamanga kwa magazi ndi kugunda kwa mtima. Imadziwika ndi zotsatira zake pa kukhala maso, kudzuka, kupanga zisankho, kusamala, komanso kuyang'ana kwambiri. Mankhwala ambiri (olimbikitsa ndi oletsa kupsinjika maganizo) amagwira ntchito powonjezera kuchuluka kwa norepinephrine kuti akonze chidwi m'mikhalidwe monga ADHD, kapena posintha norepinephrine kuti achepetse zizindikiro za kukhumudwa.

Ma Peptide (Ma Neurotransmitter)

Peptide ndi mtundu wa polima, kapena unyolo, wa amino acid.

• Ma Endorphin:Ma endorphins ndi mankhwala achilengedwe ochepetsa ululu m'thupi lathu. Amakhudza momwe timamvera ululu. Ma endorphins akatulutsidwa, amachepetsa ululu ndikupanga kumverera "kosangalatsa". Kuchepa kwa ma endorphins kumatha kulumikizidwa ndi fibromyalgia ndi mitundu ina ya mutu.

Acetylcholine

Cholumikizira ichi chimagwira ntchito zambiri mu dongosolo lathu la mitsempha (CNS - ubongo ndi msana) ndi dongosolo la mitsempha lozungulira (mitsempha yomwe imatuluka kuchokera ku dongosolo lathu la mitsempha). Acetylcholine imatulutsidwa kuchokera ku mitsempha yambiri mu dongosolo lathu la mitsempha lodziyimira pawokha, lomwe limayang'anira kugunda kwa mtima, kuthamanga kwa magazi, ndi mayendedwe a matumbo. Acetylcholine imagwira ntchito pa kupsinjika kwa minofu, kukumbukira, chilimbikitso, chilakolako chogonana, kugona, ndi kuphunzira. Kusalinganika kwa kuchuluka kwa acetylcholine kumalumikizidwa ndi mavuto azaumoyo monga matenda a Alzheimer's , khunyu, ndi kupsinjika kwa minofu.

Kodi ndi zifukwa ziti zomwe zimapangitsa kuti neurotransmitter isagwire ntchito bwino?

Zinthu zambiri zimatha kusokonekera zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ma neurotransmitters asagwire ntchito bwino. Nthawi zambiri, pamakhala mavuto angapo monga awa:

• Kupanga kapena kutulutsa ma neurotransmitters ambiri kapena ochepa kwambiri .
• Cholandirira mu selo (mitsempha, minofu, kapena gland) chomwe chimalandira uthengawo sichikugwira ntchito bwino . Kenako, ngakhale cholumikizira chomwe chimagwira ntchito bwino sichingathe kupereka uthenga ku selo lotsatira.
• Kutupa ndi kuwonongeka kwa fupa la synaptic kumalepheretsa ma cell receptors kulandira ma neurotransmitters okwanira (chitsanzo: vuto lotchedwa myasthenia gravis ).
• (Ma Neurotransmitters) Kubwezeretsanso mwachangu .
• Ma enzyme amachepetsa kuchuluka kwa ma neurotransmitters , amachepetsa kupita kwawo ku selo lomwe akufuna.

Ma neurotransmitter amatha kukhudzidwa ndi mavuto ndi ziwalo zina za mitsempha, matenda omwe alipo, kapena mankhwala omwe mumamwa. Komanso, ngati ma neurotransmitter sagwira ntchito bwino, matenda amatha kuyamba. Mwachitsanzo:

• Kusakwanira kwa acetylcholine kungayambitse kulephera kukumbukira komwe kumawonedwa mu matenda a Alzheimer's .
• Kuchuluka kwa serotonin m'thupi kungagwirizane ndi matenda a autism spectrum .
• Kuwonjezeka kwa glutamate kapena kuchepa kwa GABA kungayambitse kuphulika kwadzidzidzi kwa ma neuron muubongo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti munthu adwale .
• Kuwonjezeka kwa ntchito ya norepinephrine ndi dopamine komanso kusakhazikika kwa glutamate kumayambitsa kusokonezeka kwa maganizo.Zimathandizira pa vutoli.

Kodi mankhwala amakhudza bwanji ntchito ya ma neurotransmitters?

Asayansi azindikira kufunika ndi ntchito ya ma neurotransmitters mu dongosolo lathu la mitsempha. Azindikiranso kufunika kopanga mankhwala omwe angakhudze ma agents awa kuti athe kuchiza matenda ambiri. Mankhwala ambiri, makamaka omwe amachiritsa matenda a ubongo, amagwira ntchito pokhudza ma neurotransmitters m'njira zosiyanasiyana.

Taganizirani izi, mankhwala ena ali ngati apolisi apamsewu. Nthawi zina amatseka misewu kuti achepetse magalimoto, nthawi zina amalola magalimoto kudutsa. Mankhwalawa amachitanso chimodzimodzi ndi ma neurotransmitters.

Mankhwala akhoza:

• Tsekani enzyme yomwe imaphwanya neurotransmitter, zomwe zimathandiza kuti neurotransmitter yambiri ifike ku mitsempha.
• Mwachitsanzo: Donepezil, Galantamine, ndi Rivastigmine zimaletsa enzyme ya acetylcholinesterase, yomwe imaphwanya acetylcholine ya neurotransmitter. Mankhwalawa amagwiritsidwa ntchito polimbikitsa kukumbukira ndi luso la kuzindikira mwa anthu omwe ali ndi matenda a Alzheimer's ndi matenda ena a neurodegenerative.

• Letsani neurotransmitter kuti isafike pamalo ake olandirira.
• Chitsanzo: SSRIs (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors) ndi gulu la mankhwala omwe amaletsa kubwezeretsedwa kwa serotonin m'maselo a mitsempha. Mankhwalawa angathandize kuchiza kuvutika maganizo, nkhawa, ndi matenda ena amisala.

• Kuletsa kutulutsidwa kwa neurotransmitter kuchokera ku selo ya mitsempha.
• Chitsanzo: Lithium, mankhwala omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza matenda amisala, amagwira ntchito poletsa kutulutsidwa kwa norepinephrine, pamlingo wina. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza matenda a bipolar .

Chinthu chofunika kwambiri chomwe muyenera kukumbukira (Uthenga Wopita Nawo Kunyumba)

Kotero, mwina mukumvetsa kuti ma neurotransmitters ndi amithenga ang'onoang'ono ofunikira omwe amagwira ntchito pafupifupi iliyonse m'thupi lathu. Mwachidule, ndi amithenga a mankhwala omwe amanyamula uthenga wa mitsempha kuchokera ku selo imodzi ya mitsempha kupita ku ina. Popanda ma neurotransmitters, thupi lathu silingagwire ntchito.

Kuchuluka kapena kuchepa kwa mankhwala enaake a neurotransmitter kungayambitse mavuto osiyanasiyana azaumoyo. Mankhwala ambiri omwe timamwa amathandiza kuwonjezera kapena kuchepetsa kuchuluka kapena ntchito ya ma neurotransmitter awa.

Choncho ngati muli ndi vuto la maganizo, vuto la kukumbukira zinthu, vuto la kusowa tulo, kapena ngati mukuona kusintha kwa khalidwe lanu, musazengereze kulankhula ndi dokotala. Mwina chifukwa cha kusintha kwa magwiridwe antchito a izi (ma neurotransmitters). Pali mankhwala oyenera a zimenezo.

Ndikukhulupirira kuti kudziwa za mankhwala odabwitsa awa m'thupi lanu kudzakuthandizani kumvetsetsa bwino thanzi lanu!

` Ma neurotransmitter, ubongo, dongosolo lamanjenje, amithenga a mankhwala, thanzi la maganizo, malingaliro