Umuganga ubaga umutima yitwa nde? Sobanukurwa n'imirimo y'umuganga w'umutima

Muraho neza! Nitwa muganga. Iyo uje hano kwa muganga wacu cyangwa ku ivuriro ry'ibanze utaka mu gituza cyangwa se ufite ikibazo cy'umutima, tuba tugomba kugenzura neza niba ukeneye koherezwa ku ivuriro rikuru cyangwa kwa muganga w'inzobere ubaga umutima. Reka twiganire kuri ibi byose uyu munsi kugira ngo umenye neza uyu muganga n'icyo akora. Ese wigeze wibaza uwo tugomba kureba iyo dukeneye kubagwa ikibazo cy'umutima? Cyangwa ni nde muganga ubaga umutima mu gihe cy'impanuka, kandi ni iki akora? Umwe mu bantu bakomeye nk'abo ni umuganga w'umutima (cardiac surgeon). Uyu munsi, reka tuvuge kuri uyu muganga w'umutima n'icyo akora mu buryoburambuye, byumvikana neza nk'aho turi kuganirira hano ku ivuriro ryacu, si byiza se?

Kubaga umutima ni iki?

Mu magambo make, kubagwa kose gukorerwa ku mutima wawe cyangwa imiyoboro y'amaraso minini iwuhuza byitwa kubagwa k'umutima (heart surgery). Hari igihe bishobora no kubagwa ku ngingo zegereye umutima cyangwa ibindi bintu biri mu gituza. Tekereza nawe, umutima wacu ni nk'akamashini gato ariko komeza umubiri wose ukora, mbega ukuntu ari ingenzi cyane kuwukomeza gukora neza, si byiza se? Ubwo rero, kubagwa nk'uku kugomba gukorwa mu bwitonzi n'ubuhanga bwinshi bwihariye.

Iyo urebye uburyo dukora hano ku ivuriro ry'ibanze, tubanza kuganira nawe tukamenya niba ibimenyetso ufite byaba bifitanye isano n'umutima. Niba bigaragaye ko hari ikibazo giteye impungenge, tugushyikiriza abaganga b'inzobere bakora mu bitaro bikuru kugira ngo basuzume niba hakenewe uburyo bwo kubaga. Bitangaje kubona ukuntu utugingo tw'umutima dukora nta kuruhuka, ariko nanone ukuntu dushobora kugira intege nke igihe runaka. Ibyo bituma twese twitwararika ku buzima bwacu bwa buri munsi, cyane cyane ku byo turya n'uko twimenyereza umubiri, sibyo se?

Ese hari ubwoko butandukanye bw'abaganga b'umutima?

Yego rwose, dushobora cyane cyane kugabanya abaganga b'umutima mo ubwoko bubiri bukuru. Nubwo hari byinshi bisa mu kazi bakora buri munsi, bashyirwa mu byiciro bitandukanye bitewe n'ubumenyi bwabo bwihariye n'abana cyangwa abakuze bavura:

• Umuganga w'indwara zo mu gituza (Cardiothoracic Surgeon): Aba baganga rimwe na rimwe bitwa abaganga b'indwara zo mu gituza. Nk'uko izina ribivuga, aba baganga babaga ingingo nyinshi zo mu gituza harimo umutima, imitsi minini y'amaraso, ibihaha, ndetse n'umwobo utwara ibiryo mu nda.
• Umuganga w'umutima w'abana (Pediatric or Congenital Heart Surgeon): Aba ni inzobere mu gusana ibibazo by’imiterere y’umutima cyangwa inenge ziba mu gihe cyo kuvuka ku bana bato, urugero nk'abana bavukana imyobo mu nkuta ziri hagati y’ibyumba by’umutima (congenital heart defects).

Mbese wari uzi ko hari abaganga b'umutima b'abana banavura abantu bakuru bavukanye izo ndwara? Kuko rimwe na rimwe indwara z'umutima zivukanwa zishobora kumenyekana gusa igihe umuntu akuze. Aba baganga rero bafite ubumenyi bwihariye bwo kuvura imitsi mito cyane y'abana bavutse vuba ndetse n'abakuze.

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Ni ubunararibonye n'amahugurwa angahe bikenewe kugira ngo ube umuganga w'umutima?

Mu by’ukuri, uburezi n’amahugurwa bisabwa kugira ngo umuntu abe umuganga w’umutima ni byinshi cyane kandi bisaba ubwitange bukabije. Bitwara nibura imyaka 15 yose yo kwiga no gukora imyitozo ikomeye. Hari n'abaganga b’inzobere bashobora kumara imyaka irenga 20 biga kugira ngo babe indashyikirwa. Tekereza nawe ubwitange bumeze gutyo! Ni nko kwiruka marato y'igihe kirekire, ariko mu byigisho no mu bitaro.

Buri muganga w’umutima agomba kunyura muri ibi bikurikira:

• Kurangiza impamyabumenyi y'icyiciro cya kabiri cya kaminuza mu by'ubumenyi rusange mu myaka itatu kugeza kuri ine.
• Kwinjira mu ishuri ry'ubuganga (Medical School) no kumara imyaka ine kugira ngo abone impamyabumenyi ya Doteri w'Ubuganga (Doctor of Medicine).
• Gukora imyitozo y'imyaka itanu yo kubaga rusange, ikaza gukurikirwa n'imyaka ibiri cyangwa itatu y'amahugurwa yihariye yo kubaga umutima.
• Gukora ibizamini bikomeye no guhabwa uburenganzira bwo gukora uyu mwuga wo ku rwego rwo hejuru mu gihugu cyabo no ku isi hose.

Ni ubuhe bwoko bw'indwara umuganga w'umutima avura?

Umuganga w’umutima ashobora kuvura indwara iyo ari yo yose, ikibazo cyangwa imvune ikomeye isaba kubagwa kugira ngo umutima wongere gukora neza. Ibi bishobora kuva ku mvu ziterwa n’impanuka zikomeye - nko mu gihe umuntu agizeimpanuka y'imodoka cyangwa yagize igikomere mu gituza - kugeza ku ndwara zikomoka ku buzima bwa buri munsi cyangwa izo umuntu yavukanye. Dore zimwe mu ndwara z’ingenzi zihamagara umuganga w’umutima:

• Indwara z'imitsi y'umutima (Coronary Artery Disease): Aho imitsi ijana amaraso ku mutima iziba cyangwa ikaba mito bitewe n'ibinure.
• Indwara zo kugabanya cyangwa guhindura umuvuduko w'umutima (Arrhythmias): Igihe umutima utera nabi cyangwa cyane cyane ugateza ikibazo gikomeye ku buzima.
• Umutima unanirwa (Heart Failure): Igihe umutima udashobora gusunika amaraso ahagije mu mubiri wose.
• Ubusembwa bw'umutima wavukanye: Nko kugira imyobo hagati y'ibyumba by'umutima (Ventricular Septal Defect cyangwa Atrial Septal Defect).

Ni ubuhe buryo bwo kubaga n'uburyo abaganga b'umutima bakora?

Abaganga b'umutima bakora ibikorwa bitandukanye byo kubaga bishingiye ku buhanga buhanitse. Bimwe mu bikunze kugaragara cyane harimo:

• Gushyira mu mitsi y'umutima mu nzira nshya (CABG - Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting): Iki ni igikorwa kizwi cyane aho bafata umuterero w'amaraso ahandi mu mubiri bagashyira inzira nshya yo kuyobora amaraso iyo umitsi y'umutima izibye.
• Gusana no kubaga imiyoboro y'umutima (Heart Valve Repair or Replacement): Iyo imiyoboro y'umutima idakinga neza ngo ifunge, abaganga barayisana cyangwa bayisimbura n'iyindi mishya.
• Gushyira ibikoresho mu mutima (Pacemakers & ICDs): Mu gufasha umutima gutera neza mu buryo buhoraho, rimwe na rimwe bashyiramo utumashini duto dufasha amashanyarazi y'umutima.
• Gutera umutima mushya (Heart Transplantation): Ubu ni uburyo bugoye cyane bukorwa iyo nta yindi nzira isigaye, aho umutima wangiritse cyane usimbuzwa undi w'umuntu watanze urugingo rwe nyuma y'urupfu.

Kugeza ubu, ikoranabuhanga rigezweho ryatumye habaho n'uburyo bwo kubaga budasaba gukata cyane (minimally invasive surgery) cyangwa no gukoresha imashini za robo zifasha umuganga kugera ku mutima neza cyane nta manza nyinshi, bigatuma umurawi akira vuba kandi akagira ububabare buke ugereranyije na mbere.

Ni izihe nshingano z'umuganga w'umutima usibye kubaga?

Umuganga w’umutima si umuntu ukora ibikorwa byo kubaga gusa. Akazi ke gafite uburebure bunini burenze icyumba cyo kubagiramo abarwayi. Muri zo nshingano twavuga:

• Kubika inyandiko z'ubuzima bw'abarwayi: Agomba kwandika byose mu buryo burambuye kugira ngo bibe intizanyo nziza ku bandi baganga bamukurikira cyangwa ku gihe kizaza.
• Kwigisha abato: Abaganga benshi b'umutima bakorera mu bitaro bikuru by'amahugurwa, aho bigisha abaganga b'ejo hazaza ibijyanye n'ubumenyi bw'umutima.
• Gukomeza kwiga amasomo mashya: Ubuvuzi buhinduka buri munsi; bityo rero, umuganga agomba gukomeza gusoma no kwitabira amahugurwa kugira ngo amenye imiti n'uburyo bushya bwo kuvura.

Kuki wajya kwa muganga ubaga umutima? Ni iki wakwitega?

Kubaga umutima akenshi ni ikibazo gikomeye cyane mu buzima bw'umuntu. Kenshi na kenshi bikorwa iyo nta bundi buryo bwiza bw'imiti cyangwa bwo kwivuza bisanzwe busigaye. Ariko ntiwishinge ubwoba, kuko mbere y'uko icyemezo gifatwa, uzagira umwanya wo kuganira na muganga, ukamenya byose ku bijyanye n'uko ubaze buragenda, icyo witeze, ndetse n'uko wakwitegura.

Mu gihe cy’impanuka zitunguranye, ushobora gukenera ubufatabugizi bwihuse cyane. Muri icyo gihe, itsinda ry'abaganga rihita ryitabaza imiryango yanyu kugira ngo bafate ibyemezo byihuse by'ubuvuzi. Umuganga azakora uko ashoboye kose kugira ngo agufashe gusobanukirwa ibiri kuba n'uburyo bwo kugarura ubuzima bwawe mu buryo bwiza.

Ese ukeneye koherezwa kwa muganga w’umutima kugira ngo ubone ubuvuzi?

Yego rwose! Kugira ngo urebe umuganga w’umutima, ubanza kunyura ku nzira yo koherezwa (referral). Ubusanzwe, uruhushya rwo koherezwa rutangwa n'ivuriro ry'ibanze cyangwa n'umuganga w'indwara z'umutima (cardiologist) ukurikirana ubuzima bwawe bwa buri munsi. Ibi bivuze ko hari inzira y'ubuvuzi igomba kubanza gukurikizwa kugira ngo bigaragarire buri wese ko ukeneye ubuvuzi bw'uwo muganga w'inzobere mu kubaga.

Ntuzigera na rimwe wenyine muri uru rugendo rutoroshye. Inyuma ya buri murwayi hari itsinda rinini ry'abavuzi b'inzobere, baforomo, n'abakozi bashinzwe ubufasha bita kuri wowe kuva ku munsi wa mbere w'uburwayi kugeza ubwo usubira mu rugo iwawe uri muzima.