Une hutachiona hwebhakitiriya here? Ngatidzidzei nezvebvunzo yeGram Stain.

Ungave uchishamisika kuti "Gram Stain" iyi chii. Ungave uchitya zvishoma kana chiremba akakukumbira kuti uite bvunzo iyi. Asi usazvidya moyo. Iyi bvunzo iri nyore kwazvo, uye inokosha zvikuru inoitwa kakawanda. Nhasi, tichataura nezvayo zvakadzama, zviri nyore.

Chii chinonzi Gram Stain test?

Zvichitaurwa zviri nyore, Gram stain ibvunzo yekurabhoritari inoitirwa kuona kana paine hutachiona mumuviri wako, uye kana zvakadaro, kana huchikonzerwa nemabhakitiriya. Fungidzira uine pahuro panorwadza kana ronda rinoita seriri kuputira. Ipapo chiremba anogona kufungidzira kuti zvine chekuita nemabhakitiriya. Panguva iyoyo, bvunzo iyi inogona kukurumidza kupa pfungwa nezvazvo.

Izvi zvinosanganisira kutora weti yako, urwa kubva paronda, kana chimwe chinhu chakafanana wochitarisa uchishandisa maikorosikopu. Izvi zvinopa pfungwa yakajeka yekuti mabhakitiriya aripo here uye, kana zvakadaro, kuti akaita sei. Izvi zvinobatsira chiremba kusarudza mishonga yekukupa uye mimwe miedzo yekuita.

Nhanganyaya pfupi yebhakitiriya

Mabhakitiriya chinhu chidiki kwazvo, chine sero rimwe chete. Anowanikwa mumiviri yedu, paganda redu, uye chero kwese kwese munharaunda. Mamwe marudzi emabhakitiriya haatikuvadzi, uye mamwe anototibatsira. Asi kune mamwe marudzi emabhakitiriya anokonzera hutachiona hwakasiyana-siyana nezvirwere. Kuongororwa kweGram stain kunobatsira zvikuru pakuona mabhakitiriya ane njodzi akadaro.

Mubvunzo uyu, mabhakitiriya anochinja mavara akasiyana zvichienderana nemakemikari uye hunhu hwemadziro emasero avo. Saka, anoiswa muchikamu che "gram-positive" kana "gram-negative". Asi chinhu chimwe chekuyeuka ndechekuti haasi mabhakitiriya ese anokanganiswa nenzira iyi yeGram stain. Zvakare, pane dzimwe nguva apo bvunzo iyi yoga isingakwanise kuziva chirwere chaicho. Zvisinei, inopa ruzivo rwakakura nezverudzi rwemabhakitiriya, izvo zvinobatsira zvikuru pakutanga kurapwa.

Nzira yeGram stain inokosha zvikuru yekuisa mavara muma microbiology kwemazana emakore. Yakatanga kushandiswa muna 1882 nenyanzvi yemabhakitiriya yekuDenmark Hans Christian Gram. Akatanga kuishandisa kuona tupukanana tunokonzera pneumonia.

Chii chinonzi mabhakitiriya eGram-positive neGram-negative?

Iye zvino ngationei kuti chinhu ichi chose cheGram-positive neGram-negative chii. Kupatsanurwa uku kwakavakirwa pamaitiro anoita mabhakitiriya nedhayi yakawedzerwa kumuenzaniso panguva yekuedzwa kweGram stain. Mamwe mabhakitiriya anoshanduka kuva ruvara rwepepuru-bhuruu, nepo mamwe achishanduka kuva ruvara rwepingi-tsvuku.

Pano , "zvakanaka" hazvirevi "zvakanaka", uye hazvirevi "zvakaipa".Negative hazvirevi kuti "yakaipa" kana kuti "hapana mabhakitiriya." Ingori mhando yebhakitiriya inotorwa zvichienderana nekuti mabhakitiriya anoita sei kana aiswa dhayi. Dzimwe nguva, mabhakitiriya anonziwo "gram-variable." Izvi zvinoreva kuti haana ruvara rwakafanana, uye anogona kutaridzika seakasanganiswa pink nepepuru.

Mabhakitiriya ane gramu-positive

Madziro emasero ebhakitiriya reGram-positive anoumbwa nezvikamu zvakakora zvechinhu chinonzi peptidoglycan . Peptidoglycan ndiyo inonyanya kukosha pamadziro emasero emabhakitiriya mazhinji. Inoumba inenge 90% yemadziro emasero emabhakitiriya eGram-positive. Ndosaka achiita sebhuruu kusvika kupepuru muGram stain.

Mamwe marudzi eGram-positive bacteria ndeaya:

• `Mhando dzeStaphylococcus`
• `Mhando dzeStreptococcus`
• `Mhando dzeCorynebacterium`
• `Mhando dzeClostridium`
• `Mhando dzeListeria`

Mabhakitiriya eGram-negative

Mabhakitiriya eGram-negative ane peptidoglycan yakatetepa (inenge 10% yemadziro esero) mumadziro esero avo. Anewo huwandu hwakawanda hwemafuta (kureva mafuta acids) mumadziro esero avo. Ndokusaka achiita seakatsvuka kusvika kupinki muGram stain.

Mamwe marudzi eGram-negative bacteria ndeaya:

• `Neisseria gonorrhoeae uye Neisseria meningitides`
• `Mhando dzeMoraxella`
• `Escherichia coli (E. coli)`
• `Mhando dzePseudomonas`
• `Mhando dzeProteus`
• `Mhando dzeKlebsiella`

Ndeupi musiyano uripo pakati peGram stain nebacterial culture?

Kana chiremba wako achifungidzira kuti une hutachiona hwebhakitiriya, vanowanzo kuraira bvunzo yeGram stain uye bvunzo yebacterial culture. Zvisinei, ruzivo rwakawanikwa kubva muongororo idzi mbiri rwakasiyana.

Funga nezvazvo nenzira iyi, girafu rakafanana nemupurisa ari kuenda kunzvimbo yemhosva obva anyora nekukurumidza tsananguro isina kujeka yevanhu vanofungidzirwa kuti varipo (sekureba, ruvara, uye zvipfeko). Izvi zvinokupa pfungwa pfupi yekuti ndiani aripo.

Kukura kwemabhakitiriya inzira iyo mabhakitiriya ari mumuenzaniso anorimwa munzvimbo ine zvinovaka muviri murabhoritari uye ozozivikanwa nezita rawo. Izvi zvinogona kutora mazuva akati wandei, sezvo mamwe mabhakitiriya achikura zvishoma nezvishoma. Asi zvinobatsirawo kuziva mabhakitiriya chaiwo uye kurapwa kwakakodzera.

Saka, mhedzisiro inokurumidza kubva kuGram stainKunyangwe zvikawanikwa, zvinogona kungokuudza mhando yemabhakitiriya. Asi ruzivo irworwo rwakakosha zvikuru kuti chiremba atange kurapwa nekukurumidza. Kurapwa kwemabhakitiriya ndiyo chete nzira yekuziva mabhakitiriya nemazvo.

Ndezvipi zvirwere zvinogona kubatsirwa neGram stain test?

Vanachiremba vanoraira bvunzo yeGram stain kuti ibatsire kuongorora nekurapa mamwe hutachiona hwebhakitiriya. Semuenzaniso, inoshandiswa kuongorora zvirwere zvakaita sehutachiona hwemunzira yemudumbu (UTIs) uye pneumonia yebhakitiriya. Zvisinei, hairongwi pahutachiona hwese hwebhakitiriya. Semuenzaniso, Gram stain haiwanzoitirwa chimwe chinhu chakadai sefood poisoning, asi inogona kuitwa pachikafu kana zvichidikanwa.

Mabhakitiriya akajairika eGram-negative uye zvirwere zvaanokonzera

Heano mamwe mabhakitiriya eGram-negative uye zvirwere zvaanogona kukonzera:

• Escherichia coli : Utachiona hwemunzira yeweti (UTIs), chepfu yechikafu.
• ` Legionella pneumoniae : Chirwere cheLegionnaires.`
• Salmonella : Chepfu yechikafu, Typhoid fever.`
• Klebsiella : Bayivha, hutachiona hweropa, hutachiona hwemaronda kana nzvimbo yekuvhiyiwa, meningitis yemabhakitiriya.
• ` Neisseria gonorrhoeae : Gonorrhea.`
• ` Mapuroteni : Utachiona hwemunzira yeweti (UTIs).`
• Morganella morganii : Utachiona hwemudumbu (UTIs), sepsis, pneumonia, hutachiona hwemaronda, hutachiona hwemapfupa nemapfupa, hutachiona hwetsinga dzepakati, uye pericarditis (kuzvimba kweganda rakakomberedza moyo).
• Aeromonas : hutachiona hwemaziso, osteomyelitis (hutachiona hwemapfupa), meningitis yemabhakitiriya, hutachiona hwekufema "huri kuda kunyura", hutachiona hwemajoini.

Mabhakitiriya akajairika eGram-positive nezvirwere zvaanokonzera

Heano mamwe mabhakitiriya ane Gram-positive uye zvirwere zvaanogona kukonzera:

• ` Streptococcus pneumoniae : Mabhakitiriya epneumonia.`
• ` Staphylococcus aureus : Bacterial pneumonia, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), uye toxic shock syndrome.`
• ` Boka A: Mabhakitiriya eStreptococcus.`
• ` Listeria : Kuchetura chikafu.`
• ` Clostridium : Kuchetura chikafu.`
• 'Clostridium botulinum naClostridium butyricum: Botulism.`

Kuongororwa kweGram kunoitwa rini?

Kana chiremba wako achifungidzira kuti une hutachiona hwebhakitiriya, dzimwe nguva hutachiona hwefungus, vanowanzo tsvaga Gram stain uye bacterial culture. Iyi inzira yakajairika yekuziva nekukurumidza hutachiona hwebhakitiriya mumuviri wako.

Ndiani anoita bvunzo yeGram Stain?

Zvichienderana nerudzi rwehutachiona hwaungave nahwo, mhando dzakasiyana dzevanopa hutano vanogona kuunganidza sampuro yekuongororwa Gram stain. Semuenzaniso, chiremba wevakadzi anogona kutora swab yekuongororwa Gram stain yegonorrhea. Nyanzvi yemapapu inogona kutora sampuro yephlegm kubva pakukosora kana sputum yako voitumira kuti iongororwe Gram stain yepneumonia yebhakitiriya.

Chiremba wako achaisa sampuro yacho mumudziyo usina utachiona oitumira kurabhoritari kuti iongororwe. Nyanzvi yezvekurapa murabhoritari ichaisa sampuro yacho pamasiraidhi emicroscope, yoisa madhayi akasiyana-siyana, yoitarisa pasi pemicroscope. Vachanyora mushumo voipa chiremba wako.

Unogadzirira sei bvunzo yeGram Stain?

Mashoko akanaka! Hapana chikonzero chekugadzirira bvunzo yeGram stain.

Kuongororwa kweGram Stain kunoitwa sei?

Kazhinji pane matanho matatu makuru ekuongorora Gram stain test:

• Kuunganidza muenzaniso.
• Kugadzirira muenzaniso.
• Kuedza muenzaniso.

Kuunganidza sampuro yeGram stain

Izvi zvinosanganisira kutora sampuro kubva kunzvimbo iyo chiremba wako anofungidzira kuti une hutachiona. Heano mamwe maitiro ekutora sampuro yakadaro:

• Kukwesha kana kukwesha tishu kubva pamusoro pechikamu chemuviri wako.
• Kuunganidza mvura kana zvinobuda mumuviri wako.
• Kubvisa mvura kubva mumuviri uchishandisa tsono diki (fine-tsono aspiration) zvinoreva kubvisa mvura kubva mumuviri wako uchishandisa tsono diki.

Idzi ndidzo nzvimbo dzaunogona kutora swab kana kukwesha sampuli:

• Huro
• Mhino
• Nhengo dzepabonde
• Maronda eganda

Mienzaniso yaunogona kuunganidza zvakananga mumudziyo usina utachiona ndeiyi:

• Mate (sputum)
• Weti
• Chitsiko

Nzvimbo dzemuviri dzingangodiwa kusveta netsono dzinosanganisira:

• Mvura ye synovial iri mumajoini ako.
• Mvura yakakomberedza moyo wako (pericardial fluid).
• Mvura yemudumbu (pleural fluid) imvura iri mumapapu ako.
• Mvura yemusana (CSF) ndiyo mvura inopoteredza musana wako.

Chiremba anobva aisa muenzaniso wacho mumudziyo usina utachiona uye outumira kurabhoritari.

Maitiro ekugadzira Gram staining

Murabhoritari, nyanzvi yezvekurapa murabhoritari inoparadzira sampuro iyi pamasiraidhi egirazi emicroscope. Masiraidhi aya anonzi "smears." Zvadaro vanoisa madhayi akatevedzana pasmear voita Gram stain.

Maitiro ekugadzira Gram staining anosanganisira matanho mana ekutanga:

• Kushandisa pigment yekutanga (crystal violet).
• Kuwedzera chinogadzirisa mavara (iodine yeGram).
• Kuchinja ruvara nekukurumidza ne ethanol, acetone, kana musanganiswa wezvose zviri zviviri.
• Kuchengetedza ne safranin.

Kuongorora Gram stain

Zvadaro, kana nyanzvi yezvekurapa ichitarisa pasi pemaikorosikopu, vanoronga chero mabhakitiriya angave aripo neruvara rwawo nechimiro chawo:

• Ruvara : Mabhakitiriya ane Gram-positive anowanzoita sepepuru kusvika kubhuruu, nepo mabhakitiriya ane Gram-negative achitaridzika sepingi kusvika kutsvuku.
• Chimiro : Maumbirwo akajairika idenderedzwa (cocci) kana kuti rakaita setsvimbo (bacilli).

Uyewo, nyanzvi yezvekurapa murabhoritari inotarisa mapoka emabhakitiriya ari paslide uye inotarisa mamwe maitiro emuenzaniso. Semuenzaniso:

• Ko cocci inowanikwa yoga, iri miviri miviri, iri mumapoka mana, iri mumapoka, kana kuti iri mucheni here?
• Mabhakitiriya akakora here, matete, mapfupi, marefu, kana kuti ane spores hombe kune rimwe divi?
• Mune mabhakitiriya here mukati memasero machena eropa?

Nyanzvi yezvekurapa ichabva yagadzira mushumo woutumira kuna chiremba wako.

Ndeipi njodzi dzekuongorora Gram stain?

Hapana njodzi yekutora sampuro yeswab, kana kupa sampuro yemate, weti, kana tsvina.

Kana kuri kuongororwa ropa, njodzi dzacho dzakaderera. Panogona kunge paine maronda uye mavanga panzvimbo yakatorwa ropa, asi rinopora nekukurumidza.

Njodzi dzinogona kuitika dzekusvuta netsono diki ndedzinotevera:

• Kunzwa kusagadzikana kana kurwadziwa.
• Kubuda ropa.
• Utachiona.
• Kukuvadzwa kwenyama dzakapoteredza.

Zvinorevei kuti Gram stain results?

Zvakabuda muongororo yeGram stain zvinoratidza zvinhu zviviri zvikuru: "Gram stain isina kunaka" kana "Gram stain yakanaka". Izvi hazvifanirwe kuvhiringidzwa neshoko rekuti "gram-negative" kana kuti "gram-positive".

Dova reGram risina kunaka

Kana mhinduro yako yebvunzo ikati "negative Gram stain" kana kuti "hapana chinhu chipenyu chakaonekwa," zvinowanzoreva kuti pakanga pasina mabhakitiriya akakwana kuti aonekwe neGram stain. Zvisinei, kana ukaita culture yemuenzaniso mumwe chete, unogona kuwana mabhakitiriya.

Dova rakanaka reGram

Kana mhinduro yako yebvunzo ikati "positive Gram stain", zvinoreva kuti mabhakitiriya aivepo musampuli yako. Kana mhinduro yako iine positive, inowanzo sanganisira ruzivo rwakadai seizvi:

• Rudzi rwebhakitiriya : Gram-positive kana Gram-negative.
• Chimiro chebhakitiriya : ingava yakaita sedenderedzwa (cocci) kana kuti yakaita setsvimbo (bacilli).
• Zvimwe zvinhu zvebhakitiriya : saizi yebhakitiriya, kuwanda kwayo (nhamba), uye/kana kuti mabhakitiriya acho akabatanidzwa sei pamwe chete, kana zvichibvira.
• Mamwe masero : Kana paine mabhakitiriya mukati memamwe masero (mukati memasero), masero matsvuku eropa, kana masero machena eropa.
• Fungi : Kuongororwa kweGram stain kunogonawo kutsvaga fungus muchimiro chembiriso kana mafungus. Zvisinei, kuongororwa kwakawanda kunodiwa kuti uone kuti rudzii rwefungus.

Ruzivo urwu, pamwe chete nezviratidzo zvako nezvimwe zvakawanikwa pakiriniki, zvinogona kubatsira chiremba wako kusarudza kuti ndeipi nzira yekurapa inoshanda zvakanyanya. Dzimwe nguva, izvi zvinogona kubatsira usati wawana mhedzisiro yekukura kwebhakitiriya.

Zvinotora nguva yakareba sei kuti uzive mhedzisiro yebvunzo?

Kuongororwa kweGram stain kunowanzo ratidza mhinduro dzinokurumidza. Zvisinei, mhinduro dzeGram stain dzinowanzo onekwa sedzinotanga . Izvi zvinoreva kuti hadzigone kuratidza chirwere nguva dzose. Kuongororwa kwebhakitiriya uye/kana mimwe miedzo (semuenzaniso, bvunzo dzeantigen neantibody dzemhando dzakasiyana dzebhakitiriya) zvinogona kudiwa kuti kusimbiswe chirwere.

Ndinofanira kufonera chiremba wangu rini?

Kana ukaonekwa uine hutachiona uye uine matambudziko nekurapwa kwauri kuitwa, kana kuti hutachiona hwako husiri kupera, iva nechokwadi chekutaura nachiremba wako.

Gram stain inzira yakajairika, inowanzo rwadza, inoshandiswa kutarisa hutachiona hwebhakitiriya kana hwefungus. Kumirira mhinduro yebvunzo yekuongorora kunogona kunetsa zvishoma. Asi yeuka, zvisinei nekuti mhedzisiro yacho ndeyei, timu yako yezvekurapa iripo kuti ikubatsire. Usatya kubvunza mibvunzo nezvebvunzo yako kana mhedzisiro.

Mharidzo Yekuenda Nayo Kumba

Zvakanaka, kubva pane zvatakurukura, ndinovimba une pfungwa yakanaka nezvebvunzo yeGram Stain. Zvinhu zvikuru zvekurangarira ndeizvi:

• Gram stain inzira yekuongorora inokurumidza kuona kana mabhakitiriya aripo uye kuti ndeerudzii .
• Izvi zvinoisa mabhakitiriya muzvikamu zviviri se gram-positive kana gram-negative . Zvinobatsira chiremba kusarudza mishonga.
• Kunyangwe mhedzisiro yacho ichikurumidza, dzimwe nguva inongoitika pakutanga . Kukura kwemabhakitiriya kungadiwa kuti uone mabhakitiriya chaiwo.
• Hapana njodzi huru pabvunzo iyi.
• Kana muine mibvunzo, musatya kubvunza chiremba wenyu .

Saka, kana chiremba akakukumbira kuti uedze bvunzo yakaita seiyi, chinhu chakakosha ndechekusatya nezvazvo, asi kunzwisisa kuti ichi chinhu chakakosha pahutano hwako.

Gram stain, Gram stain, mabhakitiriya, hutachiona, Gram positive, Gram negative, bvunzo dzemurabhoritari