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Unoziva here nezvemapfupa matatu madiki mumuviri wedu? Ngatidzidzei nezvemapfupa enzeve!

Unoziva here nezvemapfupa matatu madiki mumuviri wedu? Ngatidzidzei nezvemapfupa enzeve!

Waizviziva here kuti mapfupa matatu madiki mumuviri wako wese ari mukati mezeve yako? Ehe, zvinoshamisa chaizvo. Madiki kwazvo, haana kukura kupfuura tsanga shoma dzemupunga. Asi mapfupa aya madiki anoita basa rakawanda. Kutaura zvazviri, mapfupa aya matatu madiki anotibatsira kunzwa manzwi enyika yakatipoteredza, kunakidzwa nemimhanzi, uye kuziva manzwi evadikanwi. Saka nhasi, ngatitaurei nezvemapfupa aya madiki anoshamisa (ossicles).

Chii chinonzi maosicle aya?

Zvichitaurwa zviri nyore, mapfupa matatu madiki ari pakati pezeve yako ndiwo atinodaidza kuti ma "ossicles" . Aya ndiwo:

1. Malleus - Izvi zvinonziwo 'nyundo'.

2. Incus - Izvi zvinonziwo 'nyanga yemhembwe'.

3. Stapes - Izvi zvinodanwa kudaro nekuti zvine chimiro chakaita se'mutsetse'.

Izvi zvitatu zvinoshanda pamwe chete secheni. Ndosaka sisitimu iyi ichinziwo Ossicular Chain . Basa rayo guru nderekutora ruzha rwunobuda munzeve yako, rworusimudzira, uye rworutumira kucochlea iri mukati menzeve yako, inova ndiyo nzvimbo huru inoonekwa ruzha. Ikoko, kudedera uku kunoshandurwa kuita zviratidzo zvemagetsi zvinogona kunzwisiswa neuropi.

Fungai, dai pasina mapfupa matatu aya munzeve dzenyu, kunzwa kwedu kwaizoderera zvikuru, uye tingatorasikirwa nako zvachose. Ndizvo zvakakosha zvikuru kuti shamwari idzi nhatu dzinzwe.

Iyi cheni yemapfupa inoshanda sei chaizvo?

Izvi zvakafanana nemujaho we relay. Sekunge mumwe mutambi achipa tsvimbo kune mumwe, mapfupa matatu aya anopawo ruzha rwekuteterera kune mumwe nemumwe. Ngationei kuti maitiro aya anoshanda sei.

1. Danho 1: Mafungu eruzha anopinda munzeve yako orova eardrum (tympanic membrane). Eardrum inobva yatanga kudedera, sezvinoita ganda redhiramu rinodedera paunorirova.

2. Danho rechipiri: Bofu remarunda , kana kuti 'hammer', iro rakabatana zvakananga nerunda rwenzeve, rinonzwa kudedera. Kana runda rwenzeve ruchidedera, runda rwemarunda runodederawo nenzira imwecheteyo.

3. Danho rechitatu: Chikara chinopfuudza kuvhunduka kwachinowana kushamwari yacho inotevera, pfupa re'incus', kana kuti 'anvil'.

4. Danho Rechina: Incus inotora kuvhunduka ikoko yoiendesa kumapfupa e'stapes', kana kuti 'mutsetse', pfupa, iro riri chisungo chekupedzisira mucheni.

5. Danho rekupedzisira: Bonzo re stapes, rinotora kuvhunduka kwarinowana, rinodzvanya pahwindo reoval, iro riri nzvimbo yakaita semusuwo we cochlea munzeve.

Kana kudedera uku kuchipinda mucochlea, masero ebvudzi remvura uye remanzwiro aripo anokurudzirwa uye anogadzira masaini emagetsi. Masaini aya ndiwo atinoziva se "ruzha" muuropi. Munguva iyi, ruzha runowedzerwa parunopfuura nepakati pemapfupa aya matatu. Ndokusaka tichigona kunzwa kunyange manzwi asina kunyatsojeka zvakajeka.

Ngatidzidzei zvishoma nezvemapfupa matatu aya madiki.

Ngatitorei mapfupa aya matatu toatarisa ari ega.

Malleus (Malleus - nyundo)

Iyi ndiyo yekutanga uye yakakura pane dzose dzemaosicles. Yakawana zita rayo nekuti yakaita senyundo. Mugumo wayo mumwe wakabatana nedhum renzeve. Saka, kana dhum renzeve richifamba, pfupa rese remalleus rinofamba. Mugumo wayo mumwe wakabatana nepfupa reincus.

Incus (Incus - Anvil)

Iyi ndiyo nzira yepakati yekubatanidza cheni. Yakaita sechishandiso chinoshandiswa nemupfuri wesimbi. Kudedera kunobva mumuti wesimbi kunobata izvi. Zvakafanana nekurova chishandiso nenyundo. Rutivi rumwe rwemumuti rwakabatana nemuti wesimbi, uye rumwe rutivi rwakabatana nematanda.

Matapu (Matapu - mutsetse)

Uyu ndiye gamba diki pane ose munyaya iyi. Mabhonzo ndiwo pfupa diki pane ese mumuviri wemunhu. Ane hurefu uye upamhi hwemamirimita mashoma chete. Akaita semutsetse wemakumbo ebhiza kana akatasva. Iri ndiro basa rakakosha rekutora kudedera kubva mudumbu wobva waapfuudza zvakananga munzeve yemukati.

Ndezvipi zvirwere zvinowanzobata mapfupa aya?

Kana paine kukanganiswa kwekushanda kwemapfupa madiki aya, kudedera kweruzha hakusviki munzeve yemukati zvakanaka. Kurasikirwa nekunzwa kunokonzerwa neizvi kunonzi conductive hearing loss . Ngatitarisei mamwe ematambudziko anokanganisa mapfupa aya pazasi.

Dambudziko / mamiriro ezvinhu Zvichitaurwa zviri nyore, chii chinoitika?
Kusakwana kwekuzvarwa nakwo Kashoma, vamwe vacheche vanozvarwa vasina mapfupa aya, vasingakure zvakanaka, kana kuti vakabatana.
Otosclerosis Kazhinji, pfupa re stapes rinosanganiswa nenyama yakapoteredza uye harigone kufamba zvakasununguka, zvichiita kuti kudedera kusatapurirane.
Cholesteatoma Mumamiriro ezvinhu aya, masero eganda anoungana mukati mezeve yepakati sebundu. Bundu iri rinogona kukuvadza mapfupa uye kukanganisa kufamba kwawo.
Utachiona hwepakati pezera Kutapukirwa nehutachiona munzeve nguva nenguva kunogona kukonzera kuungana kwemvura munzeve yepakati, zvichitadzisa kufamba kwemapfupa. Kana zvikasarapwa, zvinogona kukonzera kukuvara zvachose.
Kubviswa kwecheni yeOssicular Kukuvara mumusoro kana kurohwa zvinogona kukonzera kuti zvinongedzo zviri mucheni iyi yemapfupa zvisununguke kubva kune mumwe nemumwe zvobva zvabuda panzvimbo imwe. Ipapo kudedera hakufambi.

Ungaziva sei dambudziko remapfupa? (Zviratidzo)

Kana mapfupa enzeve dzako akakuvara, unogona kusangana nechimwe kana kupfuura chezviratidzo izvi.

  • Kurasikirwa nekunzwa kana kurasikirwa nekunzwa kamwe kamwe: Manzwi anoita seari kure, kana kuti nzeve inonzwa sekunge yavharika.
  • Kurira munzeve: Ruzha rwunorira rwunogara rwuripo mukati mezeve.
  • Kurwadziwa kwenzeve: Kunzwa kurwadziwa mukati mezeve.
  • Mvura yakaita semapundu ichibuda munzeve: Izvi zvinogona kuonekwa kunyanya kana paine hutachiona.
  • Kuzara kwenzeve kana kumanikidzwa: Kunzwa sekunge nzeve yakazadzwa nemhepo.
  • Matambudziko ekuenzanisa: Dzimwe nguva matambudziko aya anogonawo kukanganisa system ye vestibular, inova system inodzora kuenzana munzeve, zvichikonzera dzungu.

Kana uine chimwe chezviratidzo izvi, usazviregeredza. Zvakanaka kuona chiremba wako nekukurumidza uye kuwana mazano.

Chiremba achaedza mhando dzipi?

Kana ukaona chiremba, achakubvunza nezvezviratidzo zvako uye achaongorora nzeve yako. Kana zvichidikanwa, vanogona kukutumira kune dzimwe dzeongororo idzi.

Bvunzo Izvi zvinoitei?
Otoscopy Mukati mezeve munoongororwa nemudziyo wakagadzirwa nechiedza kuti muone kana paine matambudziko nedumbu renzeve nerepakati kwenzeve.
Kuongororwa kwekunzwa Tinoyera kuti unonzwa ruzha kusvika papi uye kana uine kurasikirwa nekunzwa.
Bvunzo reTympanometry Kuongororwa uku kunobatsira kuona kana nzeve yepakati yakazara nemvura uye kana dhumhu renzeve riri kufamba zvakanaka.
Kuongororwa kweCT Izvi zvinobatsira kuona zvakajeka kana paine kukuvara, kutyoka, kana kukura kusina kujairika kwemapfupa kana nyama dzakapoteredza.

Ndezvipi zvinorapwa zvezvirwere izvi?

Kurapwa kunoenderana nedambudziko raunaro. Chiremba wako achakuongorora uye achakupa mushonga wakakunakira. Aya ndiwo marapirwo anonyanya kushandiswa:

  • Mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya: Kana dambudziko racho rikakonzerwa nehutachiona hwebhakitiriya, rinopihwa kuti rirapwe.
  • Zvishandiso zvekubatsira kunzwa: Zvishandiso izvi zvinokubatsira kunzwa ruzha zviri nani kana kunzwa kwako kwava kukanganiswa zvachose.
  • Kuvhiyiwa: Dzimwe nguva kuvhiyiwa kunogona kudiwa kugadzirisa kukuvara kwemapfupa, kubvisa kukura kusina kujairika, kana kuisa mapfupa ekugadzira.

Unoita sei kuti mapfupa aya anokosha arambe akasimba?

Chinhu chakanakisa chaunogona kuita kudzivirira mapfupa madiki aya kutora matanho ekudzivirira hutachiona hwenzeve uye kutsvaga mazano echiremba nekukurumidza kana ukaona shanduko mukunzwa kwako.

  • Kana mvura ikapinda munzeve yako, ipukute zvakanaka woichengeta yakaoma.
  • Kana ukabatwa nezvinhu zvakaita sedzihwa, zvinogona kukonzera hutachiona munzeve, saka tsvaga kurapwa kwakakodzera.
  • Pfeka ngowani dzinodzivirira kana uchitamba mitambo ine njodzi kumusoro wako.
  • Kana ukanzwa kurasikirwa nekunzwa, kurwadziwa, kana kurira munzeve dzako, enda kuna chiremba nekukasika .

Matambudziko mazhinji anokanganisa mapfupa aya anogona kurapwa zvinobudirira kana akaonekwa nekukurumidza. Zvisinei, kana kurapwa kunonoka, kunogona kukonzera kukuvara kwenguva refu. Saka, usaregeredza kunyange dambudziko diki.

Mharidzo Yekuenda Nayo Kumba

  • Mapfupa matatu madiki (ossicles) mumuviri wako ari pakati pezeve. Ndiwo Malleus, Incus, uye Stapes.
  • Cheni iyi yemapfupa inokosha kuti tinzwe manzwi. Anotakura ruzha rwunodedera munzeve.
  • Kutapukira munzeve, kukuvara mumusoro, nezvimwe zvirwere (zvakaita se otosclerosis) zvinogona kukuvadza mapfupa aya.
  • Kana ukaona zviratidzo zvakaita sekurasikirwa nekunzwa, kurwadziwa kwenzeve, kana kurira munzeve, usazviregeredza uye enda kuna chiremba wako nekukasika.
  • Kuwana kurapwa kwakakodzera nekukurumidza kunogona kurapa matambudziko akawanda uye kudzivirira kukuvara kwenzeve zvachose.

Mafupa emunzeve, mapfupa enzeve, nzeve yepakati, Malleus, Incus, Stapes, kunzwa, kurasikirwa nekunzwa, Otosclerosis, Cholesteatoma, kurasikirwa nekunzwa, mapfupa enzeve sinhala
⚠️ Important: The medical articles and information on Nirogi Lanka are for general awareness only, and are by no means a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. For any medical problem you have, consult a qualified physician immediately.

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Unoziva here nezvemapfupa matatu madiki mumuviri wedu? Ngatidzidzei nezvemapfupa enzeve!
Mashandiro Anoita Muviri2026 Chikunguru 15

Unoziva here nezvemapfupa matatu madiki mumuviri wedu? Ngatidzidzei nezvemapfupa enzeve!

Waizviziva here kuti mapfupa matatu madiki mumuviri wako wese ari mukati mezeve yako? Ehe, zvinoshamisa chaizvo. Madiki kwazvo, haana kukura kupfuura tsanga shoma dzemupunga. Asi mapfupa aya madiki anoita basa rakawanda. Kutaura zvazviri, mapfupa aya matatu madiki anotibatsira kunzwa manzwi enyika yakatipoteredza, kunakidzwa nemimhanzi, uye kuziva manzwi evadikanwi. Saka nhasi, ngatitaurei nezvemapfupa aya madiki anoshamisa (ossicles).

Chii chinonzi maosicle aya?

Zvichitaurwa zviri nyore, mapfupa matatu madiki ari pakati pezeve yako ndiwo atinodaidza kuti ma "ossicles" . Aya ndiwo:

1. Malleus - Izvi zvinonziwo 'nyundo'.

2. Incus - Izvi zvinonziwo 'nyanga yemhembwe'.

3. Stapes - Izvi zvinodanwa kudaro nekuti zvine chimiro chakaita se'mutsetse'.

Izvi zvitatu zvinoshanda pamwe chete secheni. Ndosaka sisitimu iyi ichinziwo Ossicular Chain . Basa rayo guru nderekutora ruzha rwunobuda munzeve yako, rworusimudzira, uye rworutumira kucochlea iri mukati menzeve yako, inova ndiyo nzvimbo huru inoonekwa ruzha. Ikoko, kudedera uku kunoshandurwa kuita zviratidzo zvemagetsi zvinogona kunzwisiswa neuropi.

Fungai, dai pasina mapfupa matatu aya munzeve dzenyu, kunzwa kwedu kwaizoderera zvikuru, uye tingatorasikirwa nako zvachose. Ndizvo zvakakosha zvikuru kuti shamwari idzi nhatu dzinzwe.

Iyi cheni yemapfupa inoshanda sei chaizvo?

Izvi zvakafanana nemujaho we relay. Sekunge mumwe mutambi achipa tsvimbo kune mumwe, mapfupa matatu aya anopawo ruzha rwekuteterera kune mumwe nemumwe. Ngationei kuti maitiro aya anoshanda sei.

1. Danho 1: Mafungu eruzha anopinda munzeve yako orova eardrum (tympanic membrane). Eardrum inobva yatanga kudedera, sezvinoita ganda redhiramu rinodedera paunorirova.

2. Danho rechipiri: Bofu remarunda , kana kuti 'hammer', iro rakabatana zvakananga nerunda rwenzeve, rinonzwa kudedera. Kana runda rwenzeve ruchidedera, runda rwemarunda runodederawo nenzira imwecheteyo.

3. Danho rechitatu: Chikara chinopfuudza kuvhunduka kwachinowana kushamwari yacho inotevera, pfupa re'incus', kana kuti 'anvil'.

4. Danho Rechina: Incus inotora kuvhunduka ikoko yoiendesa kumapfupa e'stapes', kana kuti 'mutsetse', pfupa, iro riri chisungo chekupedzisira mucheni.

5. Danho rekupedzisira: Bonzo re stapes, rinotora kuvhunduka kwarinowana, rinodzvanya pahwindo reoval, iro riri nzvimbo yakaita semusuwo we cochlea munzeve.

Kana kudedera uku kuchipinda mucochlea, masero ebvudzi remvura uye remanzwiro aripo anokurudzirwa uye anogadzira masaini emagetsi. Masaini aya ndiwo atinoziva se "ruzha" muuropi. Munguva iyi, ruzha runowedzerwa parunopfuura nepakati pemapfupa aya matatu. Ndokusaka tichigona kunzwa kunyange manzwi asina kunyatsojeka zvakajeka.

Ngatidzidzei zvishoma nezvemapfupa matatu aya madiki.

Ngatitorei mapfupa aya matatu toatarisa ari ega.

Malleus (Malleus - nyundo)

Iyi ndiyo yekutanga uye yakakura pane dzose dzemaosicles. Yakawana zita rayo nekuti yakaita senyundo. Mugumo wayo mumwe wakabatana nedhum renzeve. Saka, kana dhum renzeve richifamba, pfupa rese remalleus rinofamba. Mugumo wayo mumwe wakabatana nepfupa reincus.

Incus (Incus - Anvil)

Iyi ndiyo nzira yepakati yekubatanidza cheni. Yakaita sechishandiso chinoshandiswa nemupfuri wesimbi. Kudedera kunobva mumuti wesimbi kunobata izvi. Zvakafanana nekurova chishandiso nenyundo. Rutivi rumwe rwemumuti rwakabatana nemuti wesimbi, uye rumwe rutivi rwakabatana nematanda.

Matapu (Matapu - mutsetse)

Uyu ndiye gamba diki pane ose munyaya iyi. Mabhonzo ndiwo pfupa diki pane ese mumuviri wemunhu. Ane hurefu uye upamhi hwemamirimita mashoma chete. Akaita semutsetse wemakumbo ebhiza kana akatasva. Iri ndiro basa rakakosha rekutora kudedera kubva mudumbu wobva waapfuudza zvakananga munzeve yemukati.

Ndezvipi zvirwere zvinowanzobata mapfupa aya?

Kana paine kukanganiswa kwekushanda kwemapfupa madiki aya, kudedera kweruzha hakusviki munzeve yemukati zvakanaka. Kurasikirwa nekunzwa kunokonzerwa neizvi kunonzi conductive hearing loss . Ngatitarisei mamwe ematambudziko anokanganisa mapfupa aya pazasi.

Dambudziko / mamiriro ezvinhu Zvichitaurwa zviri nyore, chii chinoitika?
Kusakwana kwekuzvarwa nakwo Kashoma, vamwe vacheche vanozvarwa vasina mapfupa aya, vasingakure zvakanaka, kana kuti vakabatana.
Otosclerosis Kazhinji, pfupa re stapes rinosanganiswa nenyama yakapoteredza uye harigone kufamba zvakasununguka, zvichiita kuti kudedera kusatapurirane.
Cholesteatoma Mumamiriro ezvinhu aya, masero eganda anoungana mukati mezeve yepakati sebundu. Bundu iri rinogona kukuvadza mapfupa uye kukanganisa kufamba kwawo.
Utachiona hwepakati pezera Kutapukirwa nehutachiona munzeve nguva nenguva kunogona kukonzera kuungana kwemvura munzeve yepakati, zvichitadzisa kufamba kwemapfupa. Kana zvikasarapwa, zvinogona kukonzera kukuvara zvachose.
Kubviswa kwecheni yeOssicular Kukuvara mumusoro kana kurohwa zvinogona kukonzera kuti zvinongedzo zviri mucheni iyi yemapfupa zvisununguke kubva kune mumwe nemumwe zvobva zvabuda panzvimbo imwe. Ipapo kudedera hakufambi.

Ungaziva sei dambudziko remapfupa? (Zviratidzo)

Kana mapfupa enzeve dzako akakuvara, unogona kusangana nechimwe kana kupfuura chezviratidzo izvi.

  • Kurasikirwa nekunzwa kana kurasikirwa nekunzwa kamwe kamwe: Manzwi anoita seari kure, kana kuti nzeve inonzwa sekunge yavharika.
  • Kurira munzeve: Ruzha rwunorira rwunogara rwuripo mukati mezeve.
  • Kurwadziwa kwenzeve: Kunzwa kurwadziwa mukati mezeve.
  • Mvura yakaita semapundu ichibuda munzeve: Izvi zvinogona kuonekwa kunyanya kana paine hutachiona.
  • Kuzara kwenzeve kana kumanikidzwa: Kunzwa sekunge nzeve yakazadzwa nemhepo.
  • Matambudziko ekuenzanisa: Dzimwe nguva matambudziko aya anogonawo kukanganisa system ye vestibular, inova system inodzora kuenzana munzeve, zvichikonzera dzungu.

Kana uine chimwe chezviratidzo izvi, usazviregeredza. Zvakanaka kuona chiremba wako nekukurumidza uye kuwana mazano.

Chiremba achaedza mhando dzipi?

Kana ukaona chiremba, achakubvunza nezvezviratidzo zvako uye achaongorora nzeve yako. Kana zvichidikanwa, vanogona kukutumira kune dzimwe dzeongororo idzi.

Bvunzo Izvi zvinoitei?
Otoscopy Mukati mezeve munoongororwa nemudziyo wakagadzirwa nechiedza kuti muone kana paine matambudziko nedumbu renzeve nerepakati kwenzeve.
Kuongororwa kwekunzwa Tinoyera kuti unonzwa ruzha kusvika papi uye kana uine kurasikirwa nekunzwa.
Bvunzo reTympanometry Kuongororwa uku kunobatsira kuona kana nzeve yepakati yakazara nemvura uye kana dhumhu renzeve riri kufamba zvakanaka.
Kuongororwa kweCT Izvi zvinobatsira kuona zvakajeka kana paine kukuvara, kutyoka, kana kukura kusina kujairika kwemapfupa kana nyama dzakapoteredza.

Ndezvipi zvinorapwa zvezvirwere izvi?

Kurapwa kunoenderana nedambudziko raunaro. Chiremba wako achakuongorora uye achakupa mushonga wakakunakira. Aya ndiwo marapirwo anonyanya kushandiswa:

  • Mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya: Kana dambudziko racho rikakonzerwa nehutachiona hwebhakitiriya, rinopihwa kuti rirapwe.
  • Zvishandiso zvekubatsira kunzwa: Zvishandiso izvi zvinokubatsira kunzwa ruzha zviri nani kana kunzwa kwako kwava kukanganiswa zvachose.
  • Kuvhiyiwa: Dzimwe nguva kuvhiyiwa kunogona kudiwa kugadzirisa kukuvara kwemapfupa, kubvisa kukura kusina kujairika, kana kuisa mapfupa ekugadzira.

Unoita sei kuti mapfupa aya anokosha arambe akasimba?

Chinhu chakanakisa chaunogona kuita kudzivirira mapfupa madiki aya kutora matanho ekudzivirira hutachiona hwenzeve uye kutsvaga mazano echiremba nekukurumidza kana ukaona shanduko mukunzwa kwako.

  • Kana mvura ikapinda munzeve yako, ipukute zvakanaka woichengeta yakaoma.
  • Kana ukabatwa nezvinhu zvakaita sedzihwa, zvinogona kukonzera hutachiona munzeve, saka tsvaga kurapwa kwakakodzera.
  • Pfeka ngowani dzinodzivirira kana uchitamba mitambo ine njodzi kumusoro wako.
  • Kana ukanzwa kurasikirwa nekunzwa, kurwadziwa, kana kurira munzeve dzako, enda kuna chiremba nekukasika .

Matambudziko mazhinji anokanganisa mapfupa aya anogona kurapwa zvinobudirira kana akaonekwa nekukurumidza. Zvisinei, kana kurapwa kunonoka, kunogona kukonzera kukuvara kwenguva refu. Saka, usaregeredza kunyange dambudziko diki.

Mharidzo Yekuenda Nayo Kumba

  • Mapfupa matatu madiki (ossicles) mumuviri wako ari pakati pezeve. Ndiwo Malleus, Incus, uye Stapes.
  • Cheni iyi yemapfupa inokosha kuti tinzwe manzwi. Anotakura ruzha rwunodedera munzeve.
  • Kutapukira munzeve, kukuvara mumusoro, nezvimwe zvirwere (zvakaita se otosclerosis) zvinogona kukuvadza mapfupa aya.
  • Kana ukaona zviratidzo zvakaita sekurasikirwa nekunzwa, kurwadziwa kwenzeve, kana kurira munzeve, usazviregeredza uye enda kuna chiremba wako nekukasika.
  • Kuwana kurapwa kwakakodzera nekukurumidza kunogona kurapa matambudziko akawanda uye kudzivirira kukuvara kwenzeve zvachose.

Mafupa emunzeve, mapfupa enzeve, nzeve yepakati, Malleus, Incus, Stapes, kunzwa, kurasikirwa nekunzwa, Otosclerosis, Cholesteatoma, kurasikirwa nekunzwa, mapfupa enzeve sinhala
⚠️ Important: The medical articles and information on Nirogi Lanka are for general awareness only, and are by no means a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. For any medical problem you have, consult a qualified physician immediately.

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