Sezvatinokura tese, hunhu hwedu, maitiro edu, uye mafungiro edu zvinochinja zvakanyanya, handiti? Hatisi kufanana sezvataiva patiri vadiki. Hatisi kufanana sezvataiva patiri vadiki, asi tiri pakati nepakati. Wakambozvibvunza here kuti shanduko iyi inoitika sei? Nyanzvi yepfungwa yekuGermany inonzi Erik Erikson yakapa tsananguro yakanaka kwazvo nezveizvi. Akati tinopfuura nepakati pezvikamu zvisere muhupenyu hwedu kubva pakuzvarwa kusvika pakufa. Muchikamu chimwe nechimwe chezvikamu izvi, tinosangana nerudzi rwe "kusawirirana kwepfungwa." Nzira yatinokunda kusawirirana ikoko ndiyo inovaka hunhu hwedu, ndiko kuti, kuti tiri vanaani.
Ndezvipi zvikamu zvisere zvekukura kwaErikson?
Zvichitaurwa zviri nyore, dzidziso yaErikson inoratidza kuti hunhu hwedu hwemunhu hunokura zvishoma nezvishoma muhupenyu hwedu kuburikidza nematanho masere aya. Hazvirevi kuti danho rimwe rinopera uye rimwe rinotanga, asi kuti matanho aya akabatana, uye zvinosara kubva pane rimwe danho zvinogona kukanganisa danho rinotevera.
Fungidzira, kune mwana mudiki, kana achinyara kana kusava nechokwadi nezve kugona kwake, kunzwa ikoko hakugumiri ipapo. Kunyangwe paanoenderera mberi nematanho anotevera ehupenyu, manzwiro iwayo anogona kuramba achikanganisa hunhu hwake. Panguva ino, anofamba nematanho mamwe.
Ngationei zvakajeka kuti matanho aya masere ndeapi.
| Danho | Muganho wezera ( nekugadzwa ) | Kusawirirana kwepfungwa kukuru |
|---|---|---|
| 1. Hucheche | Kubva pakuzvarwa kusvika pamwedzi gumi nemisere | Kuvimbana kwepakutanga pane kusavimbana |
| 2. Mwana mudiki | Mwedzi gumi nemisere kusvika makore matatu | Kuzvitonga kunopesana nekunyara uye kusava nechokwadi |
| 3. Vana vechikoro chepuraimari | Makore matatu kusvika mashanu | Kutanga kurwisa mhosva |
| 4. Zera rekutanga kuenda kuchikoro (Kubva pazera rechikoro) | Makore matanhatu kusvika gumi nerimwe ekuberekwa | Maindasitiri kana kuti kusakosha |
| 5. Kuyaruka | Makore gumi nemaviri kusvika gumi nemasere ekuberekwa | Kusanzwisisana pakati pekuzivikanwa nekusazivana |
| 6. Kukura kwevechidiki | Makore 19 kusvika 40 ekuberekwa | Kushamwaridzana kwepedyo kana kuzviparadzanisa nevamwe |
| 7. Kukura kwepakati nepakati | Makore 40 kusvika 65 ekuberekwa | Kubereka vana kana kusamira zvakanaka |
| 8. Kukura kwevakuru | Kubva pamakore makumi matanhatu nemashanu kusvika pakufa | Kuvimbika kana kuora mwoyo |
Ngatitarisei matanho aya zvakadzama rimwe nerimwe.
Danho rimwe nerimwe rematanho aya rakafanana nezvidhinha zviri panheyo yechivako. Hunhu hwakasimba hunovakwa nekuisa chimwe pamusoro pechimwe.
Danho 1: Ucheche (kuzvarwa kusvika kumwedzi 18) - Kuvimba uye Kusavimbana
Fungidzira kana mwana mudiki aberekwa... haanzwisisi chero chinhu nezvenyika ino. Anovimba zvizere naamai vake, baba vake kana vanomuchengeta. Kana mwana achichema nekuti ane nzara kana kuti nekuda kwekusagadzikana, paunomubata, uchimupa chikafu, uye uchimunyaradza nerudo, kuvimba kunovaka mumoyo wemwana.Anodzidza kuti "pane mumwe munhu achanditarisira." Nekufamba kwenguva, kuvimba uku kunosvikawo kune vamwe.
Zvisinei, kana mwana akaregeredzwa uye zvaanoda zvikasawanikwa nenguva, achava nepfungwa yekusavimba . Kana kuvimbana kusina kuvakwa panguva ino, zvichava zvakaoma zvikuru kukuvaka gare gare. Kana matambudziko akamuka muhupenyu, vanhu vakadaro vanogona kunzwa kuora mwoyo kukuru.
Danho rechipiri: Mwana mudiki (mwedzi 18 - makore matatu) - Kuzvimiririra uye kunyara/kusava nechokwadi
Iyi ndiyo nguva iyo mwana wenyu ari kudzidza kuita zvinhu ega. Ari kuedza kudya, kuzvipfekedza, uye kutora chitoyi. Kana mukamukurudzira panguva iyoyo moti, "Zvakanaka, munogona kuzviita," vachava nechivimbo uye kuzvitonga .
Asi, kana ukamuodza mwoyo uchiti, "Usadaro, haugone kuzviita, uchakundikana," anogona kunyara uye kusava nechokwadi nehunyanzvi hwake.
Danho rechitatu: Zera revana vasati vaenda kuchikoro (makore 3-5) - Kutanga uye kuva nemhosva
Iyi ndiyo nguva apo vana vanotanga kushanda vega, vachida kukumbira zvinhu zvitsva, kuvaka dzimba dzekutambira, uye kudhirowa mifananidzo. Vanotanga kunzwa kuti vane chinangwa muhupenyu. Kana ukavakurudzira muzvinhu zvavanoita, vanonzwa vachida kutanga . Vanoti, "Ndichaita izvi."
Zvisinei, kana ukavatsoropodza kana kuvakanganisa zvavari kuita, vanogona kunzwa vaine mhosva , vachishamisika kuti, "Pane chandiri kuita chisina kunaka here?"
Danho rechina: Zera reKutanga Chikoro (makore 6-11) - Kushanda nesimba uye Kusava nepfungwa dzakakwana
Panguva iyi, mwana anotanga kuziva hunhu hwake nehunyanzvi hwake. Anotanga kuzvienzanisa neshamwari dzake kuchikoro uye panhandare yekutamba. Chiratidzo chenyeredzi chinopiwa nemudzidzisi mukirasi, chitupa chekukunda makwikwi emitambo, chinokosha zvikuru kwaari.
Kana vakatsigirwa uye vakarumbidzwa nevadzidzisi, vabereki, neshamwari, vanonzwa sekuti vane tarenda uye vanobudirira . Zvisinei, kana zvavari kuita zvikasakosheswa, vanogona kunzwa vasina maturo uye vasina maturo.
Danho rechishanu: Kuyaruka (makore 12-18) - Kusaziva uye kuvhiringidzika kwemabasa
Wakambonzwa here izwi rekuti "dambudziko rekuzivikanwa"? Rinobva padanho iri. Munguva iyi, mwana mudiki anenge achibvunza mibvunzo yakaita sekuti "Ndiri ani? Ndinoda kuva chii? Ndechipi chinzvimbo changu munharaunda?" Vari kuedza kuisa zvinangwa netsika dzehupenyu hwevakuru.
Kana vakakwanisa kuzviratidza zvakanaka kuti ndivo vanaani panguva ino, zvichava simba guru muhupenyu. Asi kana vakamanikidzwa nezvinodiwa nevabereki nenharaunda, vanogona kupedzisira vava mumamiriro ezvinhu ekuvhiringidzika kwemabasa avo kwavasingakwanise kuziva kuti ndivanaani uye kuti vanoda chii.
Danho rechitanhatu: Kukura kwevechidiki (makore 19-40) - Hukama hwepedyo uye Kuzviparadzanisa nevamwe
Ino ndiyo nguva yatinogadzira hushamwari nehukama hwerudo hwakakosha muhupenyu. Kana hukama uhwu huine chinangwa uye hwakasimba, uchanzwa hukama hwepedyo nevamwe.
Zvakakosha zvikuru panguva ino kuva nemumwe munhu wekugovana naye hupenyu uye kugovana naye mufaro wako nekusuwa kwako.
Zvisinei, kana zvichikuomera kuvaka hukama uhwu, unganzwa wakasurukirwa uye wakasurukirwa.
Danho rechinomwe: Zera repakati (makore 40-65) - Kubereka uye Kusamira zvakanaka
Kana wasvika padanho iri, unonzwa uchida kutungamira vana vako, vechidiki munharaunda, uye kuvadzidzisa zvaunoziva. Izvi zvinonzi generativity . Zvinosanganisira kutora mutoro uye kutarisira avo vakakupoteredza.
Asi, kana usingaite semupi wezano kana mutungamiriri chero nenzira ipi zvayo, unogona kunzwa kusafara uye kusafara nehupenyu. Izvi zvinogona kuita kuti uzviparadzanise neshamwari, mhuri, uye nzanga uye wobva wamira .
Danho rechisere: Kukwegura (mushure memakore makumi matanhatu nemashanu) - kuda kukwana uye kuora mwoyo muhunhu
Iri ndiro danho rekupedzisira rinodiwa naErikson. Munguva ino, tinotarira shure muhupenyu hwedu. Kana ukagutsikana nehupenyu hwawakararama, uchakura nerukudzo (ego integrity) . Uchazvikudza nezvawakaita. Uchada kugovana zvakaitika muhupenyu hwako neuchenjeri hwako nevamwe.
Asi, kana ukatarira shure muhupenyu hwako, chaunongosara nacho kuzvidemba sekuti, "Dai ndakazviita kare ikako," uye unogona kuora mwoyo .
Kuziva matanho aya kuchakubatsira kunzwisisa mwana wako, pamwe newe pachako, semubereki. Kana mwana wako kana iwe uri kusangana nematambudziko asina kujairika pane chero nhanho, zvakakosha kutaura nachiremba kana chiremba wepfungwa nezvazvo.
Mharidzo Yekuenda Nayo Kumba
- Zvinoenderana nedzidziso yaErik Erikson, hunhu hwedu hune matanho masere anoshanduka muhupenyu hwedu hwese.
- Padanho rega rega, tinosangana nematambudziko epfungwa. Kugadziriswa kwedambudziko iri kwakakosha pakukura kwehunhu hwakanaka.
- Matambudziko asina kugadziriswa pane imwe nhanho anogona kukanganisa nhanho dzehupenyu dzekupedzisira.
- Izvi zvinotora hupenyu hwese, kubva pakuzvarwa kusvika pakukwegura.
- Kunzwisisa matanho aya kunobatsira zvikuru kuti vabereki vanzwisise vana vavo uye kuti vanhu vanzwisise ivo pachavo.
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