Jini ke eng? A re bueng ka eona ha bonolo feela!

Na o kile wa ipotsa hore na o fumane sebopeho sa hao se ikgethang hokae, pososelo ya hao, mmala wa moriri wa hao, mohlomong le tsela eo o buang ka yona? Ka dinako tse ding re kile ra utlwa, "Mme, o tshwana hantle le ntatao!" kapa "O na le mahlo a mme wa hao!" Ke ka lebaka la dintho tsena tse nyane, empa di le matla haholo tseo re tla bua ka tsona kajeno, tse bitswang dijini . Tsena ke tsona tse re etsang seo re leng sona, ponahalo ya rona, esita le botho ba rona.

Hantle-ntle jini ke eng?

Ka mantsoe a bonolo, liphatsa tsa lefutso ke mokotlana o monyenyane oa tlhahisoleseding oo u o fumanang ho batsoali ba hao. Mokotlana ona oa tlhahisoleseding o na le tlhahisoleseding eohle e khethollang 'litšobotsi' tsa hao, hore na moriri oa hao o otlolohile kapa o kobehile, hore na u molelele kapa u mokhutšoanyane, hore na mahlo a hao a na le 'mala ofe, le hore na u bososela joang. Litšobotsi tsena li fetisetsoa ho tloha molokong o mong ho ea ho o mong ka liphatsa tsena tsa lefutso.

Ak'u nahane, haeba 'm'ao le ntate oa hao ba na le mahlo a maputsoa, ​​ho ka etsahala hore u be le mahlo a maputsoa. ​​Hape, haeba 'm'ao a na le matheba, u ka 'na ua rua tšobotsi eo le uena. Hase batho feela ba nang le liphatsa tsena tsa lefutso, liphoofolo, lifate, lintho tsena tsohle tse phelang li na le liphatsa tsa lefutso. Ho thoe sele e le 'ngoe feela 'meleng oa rona e ka ba le liphatsa tsa lefutso tse pakeng tsa 25,000 le 35,000. Na seo ha se makatse?

Na ua tseba hore na liphatsa tsena tse nyane tsa lefutso li hokae?

Lijini tsena li nyane hoo re sa khoneng le ho li bona. Li ka hare ho li-unit tse nyenyane tse bitsoang lisele tse etsang 'mele ea rona. 'Mele oa hau o entsoe ka libilione tsa lisele tsena. Lisele tsena li nyane hoo ka sebele u hlokang microscope ho li bona.

Ka hare ho lisele tsena, ho na le meaho e bitsoang li-chromosome tse shebahalang joaloka libolo tsa khoele, kapa joalo ka ha ba bang ba re, macaroni. Lijini tsena li bolokiloe ka hare ho li-chromosome tseo. Ho ka ba le lijini tse makholo, esita le tse likete, ka har'a chromosome e le 'ngoe. Li-chromosome le lijini tsena li entsoe ka k'hemik'hale e bitsoang DNA . Moelelo o felletseng oa DNA ke Deoxyribonucleic acid . Ke lebitso le lelelele hanyane, na ha ho joalo? Empa ho bonolo hang ha u se u tloaetse.

Ntlo e nyenyane ea matla ka hare ho sele: khubu

Bohareng ba lisele tse ngata, ho na le karolo e nyenyane e bōpehileng joaloka lehe e bitsoang nucleus . Ena ke boko ba sele. Ke nucleus e bolellang likarolo tse ling tsohle tsa sele seo li lokelang ho se etsa. Joale, nucleus e tseba lintho tse ngata hakaale joang? Lebaka ke hore li-chromosome le liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa rona kaofela li ka har'a nucleus ena. Ho na le tlhahisoleseling e ngata ho feta kamoo u ka nahanang kateng nucleus ena e nyenyane - mohlomong ho feta bukaneng e kholo ka ho fetisisa eo u kileng ua e bona!

Pale ea li-chromosome tsa rona

Sele e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ea motho e na le li-chromosome tse 46. Empa tsena li tla ka lipara. Ke hore, lipara tse 23 tsa li-chromosome . Hopola, re fumana halofo e le 'ngoe ea lipara tsena, ke hore, chromosome 23, ho 'm'a rona, 'me halofo e' ngoe, chromosome 23, ho ntate oa rona.

Ha li shejoa ka microscope, li-chromosome tsena li bonahala li le bolelele bo fapaneng 'me li na le mekhoa e fapaneng ea mela. Ha li hlophisitsoe ka tatellano ea boholo le mohlala, lipara tse 22 tsa pele li bitsoa li-autosome . Para ea ho qetela ke li-chromosome tsa thobalano , e leng li-chromosome tsa X le Y. Li-chromosome tsena tsa thobalano li etsa qeto ea hore na u ngoanana kapa moshanyana. Banana ba na le li-chromosome tse peli tsa X (XX), 'me bashanyana ba na le chromosome e le' ngoe ea X le chromosome e le 'ngoe ea Y (XY).

Empa ha se lintho tsohle tse phelang tse nang le li-chromosome tse 46 liseleng tsa tsona. Mohlala, sele ea ntsintsi ea litholoana e na le li-chromosome tse 'ne feela!

Lijini li sebetsa joang?

Jini ka 'ngoe e na le mosebetsi o itseng oo e lokelang ho o etsa. DNA e ka har'a jini, joalo ka risepe, e na le sete ea litaelo tse itseng. Litaelo tsena li sebelisetsoa ho etsa liprotheine ka har'a lisele. Liprotheine ke motheo oa ntho e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe 'meleng ea rona. Masapo a rona, meno, moriri, litsebe, mesifa le mali kaofela li entsoe ka liprotheine. Liprotheine tsena li thusa 'mele ea rona ho hola le ho lula e phetse hantle. Bo-rasaense joale ba lumela hore jini e le 'ngoe e ka etsa mefuta e ka bang 10 e fapaneng ea liprotheine! Ke liprotheine tse fetang 300,000!

Kamoo liphatsa tsa lefutso li khethollang litšobotsi tsa rona kateng

Joalo ka li-chromosome, liphatsa tsa lefutso li tla ka bobeli. Batsoali ba hao ka bobeli ba na le likopi tse peli tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso ka leng. Empa u fumana kopi e le 'ngoe feela ea e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe. Liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa hao li entsoe ka e 'ngoe ho tsoa ho 'm'ao le e 'ngoe ho tsoa ho ntate oa hao. Liphatsa tsa lefutso tseo u li fumanang ka tsela ena li khetholla litšobotsi tse ngata tsa hao, tse kang 'mala oa moriri oa hao le 'mala oa letlalo la hao.

Ak'u nahane hore 'm'ae Sandani o na le jini bakeng sa moriri o sootho le jini bakeng sa moriri o mofubelu. O file Sandani jini bakeng sa moriri o mofubelu. Haeba ntate oa Sandani a na le liphatsa tse peli tsa lefutso bakeng sa moriri o mofubelu, Sandani le eena a ka fumana jini bakeng sa moriri o mofubelu ho eena. Ebe Sandani o fumana jini bakeng sa moriri o mofubelu ho batsoali ka bobeli, 'me moriri oa hae o tla ba mofubelu. Na ua utloisisa?

Mohlala o mong, ho na le mefuta e fapaneng ea lintja. Kaofela li na le liphatsa tsa lefutso tse li etsang lintja, eseng likatse, litlhapi, kapa batho. Empa liphatsa tsa lefutso tse li etsang lintja li khetholla litšobotsi tsa tsona ka bomong. Ke ka lebaka leo lintja tse ling li leng nyane, tse ling li le khōlō. Tse ling li na le moriri o molelele, tse ling li na le moriri o mokhutšoanyane. Li-Dalmatian li na le liphatsa tsa lefutso bakeng sa moriri o mosoeu le matheba a matšo. Li-poodle tsa ho bapala li na le liphatsa tsa lefutso bakeng sa moriri o kobehileng. Ke nahana hore u utloisisa sena joale.

Ho thoe'ng haeba ho na le mathata ka liphatsa tsa lefutso?

Bo-rasaense ba tsoela pele ho ithuta liphatsa tsena tsa lefutso. Ba batla ho tseba hore na liphatsa tsa lefutso ka leng li etsa liprotheine life, le hore na ho etsahala'ng ka liprotheine tseo. Ba boetse ba batla ho tseba hore na ke mafu afe a bakoang ke liphatsa tsa lefutso tse sa sebetseng hantle. Re bitsa liphatsa tsa lefutso tse fetohileng ka tsela e itseng liphetoho tsa lefutso . Bafuputsi ba lumela hore liphetoho tsena tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso li ikarabella bakeng sa mafu a matšoafo, kankere le mafu a mang a mangata. Mafu a mang le mathata a bophelo bo botle a hlaha ha liphatsa tsa lefutso li le sieo kapa ha ho na le likarolo tse ling tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso kapa li-chromosome.

Tse ling tsa mathata ana a liphatsa tsa lefutso li ka futsoa ho tsoa ho batsoali ho ea ho bana. Mohlala, ha re nke liphatsa tsa lefutso tse thusang 'mele ea rona ho etsa hemoglobin . Hemoglobin ke protheine ea bohlokoa haholo e thusang lisele tse khubelu tsa mali ho jara oksijene ho pholletsa le 'mele. Haeba ngoana a rua liphatsa tsa lefutso tse fapaneng tsa hemoglobin ho tsoa ho motsoali, ngoana eo a ka khona ho etsa mofuta oa hemoglobin o sa sebetseng hantle feela. Sena se ka baka boemo bo bitsoang anemia . Anemia ke phokotso ea palo ea lisele tse khubelu tsa mali tse phetseng hantle. Sickle cell anemia ke mofuta oa anemia o futsoang ho tsoa ho batsoali ho ea ho bana ka liphatsa tsa lefutso ka tsela ena.

Cystic fibrosis, kapa CF, ke lefu le leng leo bana ba bang ba le futsang. Batsoali ba nang le gene ea CF e fetotsoeng ba ka e fetisetsa ho bana ba bona. Batho ba nang le CF ba na le bothata ba ho hema hobane 'mele ea bona e hlahisa mucus e ngata haholo - mokelikeli o teteaneng o tsoang linkong tsa rona ha re kula - 'me o khomarela matšoafong a bona. Batho ba nang le CF ba hloka ho nka kalafo bophelong bohle ba bona ho boloka matšoafo a bona a phetse hantle kamoo ho ka khonehang.

Litaba tsa morao-rao: A re ithute hanyane ka phekolo ea liphatsa tsa lefutso.

Kalafo ea liphatsa tsa lefutso ke mofuta o mocha haholo oa bongaka - o mocha hoo bo-rasaense ba ntseng ba le mothating oa lipatlisiso ho bona hore na oa sebetsa. E kenyelletsa ho sebelisa boenjiniere ba liphatsa tsa lefutso ho phekola lefu le bakoang ke liphatsa tsa lefutso tse fetotsoeng ka tsela e itseng.Ho sebelisoa theknoloji. Mokhoa o mong o ntseng o lekoa hajoale ke ho nkela liphatsa tsa lefutso tse kulang sebaka ka liphatsa tsa lefutso tse phetseng hantle. Ho tšeptjoa hore phuputso ena ea phekolo ea liphatsa tsa lefutso (ho kenyeletsoa le lipatlisiso tse sebelisoang ke batho) e tla lebisa litseleng tse ncha tsa ho phekola 'me mohlomong le ho thibela mafu a mangata nakong e tlang.

Joale, ke lintho life tseo re lokelang ho li hopola paleng ee? (Molaetsa oo re lokelang ho o isa hae)

Kahoo, mohlomong joale ua utloisisa hore liphatsa tsa lefutso ke lintho tse makatsang le tsa bohlokoa haholo tse re etsang seo re leng sona, tse amang ponahalo ea rona, botho ba rona, esita le bophelo ba rona . Li tšoana le mpho ea bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa eo re e fumanang ho batsoali ba rona.

• Lijini ke sete ea litaelo tse fumanoang ka har'a lisele tsa 'mele ea rona tse khethollang litšobotsi tsa rona.
• Tsena li bolokiloe ka har'a meaho e bitsoang li-chromosome 'me li entsoe ka DNA.
• Re fumana liphatsa tsa rona tsa lefutso ho batsoali ba rona, ke ka lebaka leo re tšoanang le bona.
• Ka linako tse ling liphetoho (liphetoho) liphatseng tsa lefutso li ka baka mathata a bophelo bo botle.
• Mekhoa e mecha ea theknoloji e kang phekolo ea liphatsa tsa lefutso e ka fana ka litharollo mathateng a joalo nakong e tlang.

Ke tšepa hore ho ithuta ka liphatsa tsena tsa lefutso ho tla u thusa ho utloisisa 'mele ea rona le liphatsa tsa rona tsa lefutso hamolemo. Haeba u na le lipotso tse ling, u se ke ua tsilatsila ho botsa ngaka kapa motho e mong ea nang le tsebo ka taba ena.

` Gene, Li-chromosome, DNA, Lefa, Bophelo bo Botle