Ngubani utata wokwenene womntwana wakho? Yonke into malunga novavanyo lobuzali lwe-DNA!

Ngaba wakha wazibuza ukuba ikho na indlela yokwazi ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba ngubani uyise wokwenene womntwana? Ngamanye amaxesha imibuzo enjalo inokuvela kwiintsapho, kwimicimbi yezomthetho, okanye xa ucinga ngempilo yomntwana kwixesha elizayo. Kulapho uvavanyo lwe-DNA lukayise luba lubaluleke kakhulu. Namhlanje, siza kuthetha ngokuba olu vavanyo lwe-DNA lukayise luyintoni, ukuba lwenza ntoni, lwenziwa njani, kwaye zeziphi izinto ezilungileyo nezingalunganga.

Yintoni iDNA Paternity Test? Masiyiqonde ngokulula!

Ngamafutshane, uvavanyo lwe-DNA lukatata yindlela yesayensi esetyenziselwa ukufumanisa ukuba ngubani uyise womntwana ophilayo. Lusebenzisa into ebizwa ngokuba yi-DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) . Cinga ngayo njengencwadi encinci yemiyalelo ngaphakathi kweeseli emzimbeni wethu. Umbala weenwele zakho, umbala wamehlo, kunye nokuphakama kwazo zonke zimiselwa yile DNA.

Into ebalulekileyo kukuba, sifumana le DNA kumama notata wethu. Ngokuchanekileyo , isiqingatha seDNA kamama kunye nesiqingatha seDNA katata ziyadibana ukuze zenze iDNA yomntwana. Igama elithi "ubaba" lithetha utata. Ngoko ke olu vavanyo lwenziwa ngokuthelekisa iindawo zeDNA yomntwana neDNA yomntu okholelwa ukuba ngutata.

Kutheni siludinga olu hlobo lovavanyo? Kukho izizathu ezahlukeneyo!

Zininzi izizathu zokufumana uvavanyo lwe-DNA lokuba nguyise. Ezinye zisemthethweni, ezinye zezomntu siqu. Jonga ukuba ezi zizathu ziyasebenza na kuwe:

• Amalungelo asemthethweni: Ukumisela ubutata kunokuba yimfuneko ukuze kufunyanwe izinto ezifana nenkxaso yomntwana , ukugcinwa komntwana , izibonelelo zoKhuseleko lweNtlalo, kunye nelifa .
• Izizathu zempilo: Ezinye izifo zemfuza zifunyanwa njengelifa. Umzekelo, iimeko ezifana ne-`(Cystic Fibrosis)`, `(Down Syndrome)`, okanye ezinye iintlobo zomhlaza. Xa usazi ukuba ngubani utata womntwana, ungazi kwangaphambili ukuba kukho umngcipheko wokufumana ezo zifo. Emva koko kulula ukunyamekela impilo yomntwana ixesha elide.
• Imbali yoSapho: Abanye abantwana banomdla kakhulu wokufunda ngembali yosapho lwabo kunye nookhokho babo. Olu vavanyo lunokunceda nakwelo.

Olu vavanyo lweDNA lwenziwa nini?

Kukho iindlela ezimbini zokuthatha uvavanyo lwe-DNA lukayise:

1. Ngaphambi kokubeletha (ngexesha lokukhulelwa): Ewe, ungamangaliswa! Olu vavanyo lungenziwa ngaphambi kokuba umntwana azalwe, oko kukuthi, ngelixa umama esakhulelwe. Kukho iindlela ezinokwenziwa kwangethuba kwiiveki ezi-8 zokukhulelwa .

2. Emva kokubeleka (emva kokuba umntwana ezelwe): Olu vavanyo lungenziwa nangaliphi na ixesha emva kokuba umntwana ezelwe.

Lusebenza njani olu vavanyo? Lunomdla kakhulu!

Kuvavanyo lwe-DNA lukayise, iisampulu zihlala zithathwa kwezi:

• Umama wendalo
• Umntu ocinga ukuba angaba ngutata
• Ngamanye amaxesha, umntwana ongekazalwa esibelekweni okanye umntwana ongakazalwa

Isampulu eqhelekileyo esetyenziswayo yiswabu yesihlathi. Le yiswabu encinci ekhuhlwa kancinci ngaphakathi emlonyeni ecaleni kwesihlathi. Ngamanye amaxesha, isampuli yegazi ingathathwa.

Emva koko isampuli ithunyelwa kwilebhu. Iingcali apho zihlalutya i-DNA zize zikhangele iimpawu zemfuza . Iimpawu zemfuza ziimpawu ezikhethekileyo kulandelelwano lwe-DNA. Zijonga ukubona ukuba ezi zimpawu zemfuza kwi-DNA yomntwana (okanye yomntwana ongekazalwa) zifana kangakanani neempawu zemfuza zikamama kunye notata ocingelwayo.

Yintoni onokuyilindela ngaphambi kovavanyo lwe-DNA lukayise?

Ukuba ulungiselela uvavanyo lwe-DNA, kukho izinto ezimbalwa ekufuneka uzikhumbule.

• Ukuba unika iswabhu yesihlathi:
• Musa ukuxubha amazinyo akho ubuncinane iyure ngaphambi kokuba uthathe isampuli.
• Musa ukusebenzisa isicoci somlomo.
• Ukuba une-toothpaste efakwe kuyo, yisuse.
• Musa ukwenza izinto ezinje ngokutshaya okanye ukuhlafuna itshungama.

Ezi zinto zinokuchaphazela umgangatho wesampulu yesihlathi sakho.

• Ukuba unika isampuli yegazi:
• Sela ulwelo oluninzi olufana namanzi.
• Yitya ukutya okunesondlo.
• Gcina izandla zakho zimanzi.
• Ugqirha angakuxelela ukuba wenze umthambo olula ukuze unyuse uxinzelelo lwakho lwegazi kancinci.

Ukuba ungumama okhulelweyo, kunokufuneka ukuba wenze i -ultrasound scan ngaphambi kolu vavanyo lwe-DNA ukuze kufunyaniswe ukuba umntwana uneminyaka emingaphi (ubudala bokukhulelwa).

Ziziphi iintlobo zovavanyo lwe-DNA lukayise ezikhoyo?

Ngoku makhe sibone ukuba zeziphi iindlela eziphambili zokwenza olu vavanyo.

Uvavanyo Lobutata Bomntwana Ngaphambi Kokuzalwa Olungangenisi Umzimba (Uvavanyo lwe-NIPP)

Le yeyona ndlela ixhaphakileyo, ikhuselekileyo, kwaye ichanekileyo esetyenziswa ngexesha lokukhulelwa. Uvavanyo lwe-NIPP luhlalutya i-DNA yomntwana kwisampulu yegazi likamama. Ayimangalisi na? Ewe, kukho inani elincinci le-DNA yomntwana egazini likamama. Le sampulu yegazi ithathwa emva kweeveki ezi-8 zokukhulelwa, kwaye i-DNA yomntwana egazini ithelekiswa kwilebhu ne-DNA evela kwi-swab yesihlathi sikatata otyholwayo.

• Ukuchaneka: Oku kuchanekile nge-99.9%.
• Ukhuseleko: Lukhuselekile kakhulu.
• Iingozi: Kusenokuba kukho iintlungu, ukopha, ukukrweleka, ukuquleka, okanye ukusuleleka rhoqo xa kutsalwa igazi.

I-Amniocentesis

Olu luvavanyo oluqhutywa ngexesha lokukhulelwa. Nangona kunjalo, luyinkqubo ehlaselayo kancinci. Idla ngokwenziwa kwikota yesibini okanye yesithathu yokukhulelwa (phakathi kweeveki ezili-15-20).

Ugqirha ufaka inaliti encinci esiswini sakho aze athathe isampuli encinci yolwelo lwe-amniotic olujikeleze umntwana wakho. Emva koko isampuli ithelekiswa ne-DNA evela esidleleni somntu abakholelwa ukuba ngutata.

• Iingozi: Iingozi ze-amniocentesis ziphantsi kakhulu. Nangona kunjalo, kwiimeko ezingaqhelekanga, ukuphuphuma kwesisu okanye ukuzala ngaphambi kwexesha kunokwenzeka.

Isampuli yeChorionic Villus (CVS)

I-CVS iyafana ne-amniocentesis. Idla ngokwenziwa phakathi kweeveki ezili-10 ukuya kwezili-13 emva kokuba ugqibile ukuya exesheni.

Ugqirha usebenzisa inaliti encinci ukuthatha isampuli encinci yeeseli (iiseli ze-chorionic villi) kwi-placenta . Oku kungenziwa ngesibeleko okanye ngesisu. Emva koko, kwilebhu, le sampuli ithelekiswa ne-DNA esidleleni somntu ekucingelwa ukuba ngutata.

• Iingozi: Iingozi ziphantsi, kodwa kwiimeko ezingaqhelekanga, ukuphuphuma kwesisu okanye usulelo lunokwenzeka.

Iiswabhu zeSihlathi

Le yeyona ndlela ixhaphakileyo emva kokuba umntwana ezelwe. Umntu ocingelwa ukuba ngutata kunye nomntwana bathatha iisampulu ze-"buccal cells" ngaphakathi ezidleleni zabo. Ezi zixhobo zokufaka i-cotton swab emva koko zithunyelwa kwi-lab ekhethiweyo ukuze zihlolwe. Ukuba ezi sampuli zithathwa kwiziko lezonyango, bazithumela kwi-lab.

Zithini iingozi zovavanyo lwe-DNA lokuba nguyise?

Oku kuxhomekeke ngokwenene kuvavanyo olukhethileyo. Umzekelo, umngcipheko we-`(NIPP)` uphantsi kakhulu. `(Amniocentesis)` kunye ne-`(CVS)` zinomngcipheko omncinci, kodwa nazo azixhaphakanga kakhulu. Ugqirha uza kukuchazela zonke ezi ngozi ngokucacileyo aze aphendule yonke imibuzo yakho. Ngoko ke akukho nto umele uyoyike.

Zithatha ixesha elingakanani ezi mvavanyo?

• Ukuthatha i-swab yesihlathi kuthatha ngaphantsi komzuzu.
• Kuthatha imizuzu embalwa ukufumana isampuli yegazi (ukutsalwa kwegazi) .
• Uvavanyo lwe-amniocentesis luthatha malunga nemizuzu eli-10.
• Uvavanyo lweCVS luthatha malunga nemizuzu eli-10.

Uyabona? Uvavanyo aluthathi xesha lide kangako.

Ndingenza uvavanyo lwe-DNA lokuba nguyise ekhaya?

Ewe, ngoku kukho izixhobo zovavanyo lwe-DNA lukayise ekhaya. Ungathenga enye yezi zixhobo. Idla ngokuquka ezi zinto zilandelayo:

• Iiswabu zehlathi
• Iityhubhu ezincinci (iityhubhu zokuqokelela) okanye iimvulophu zokugcina iisampulu.
• Imvulophu yokuthumela iposi ukuze ithunyelwe kwilabhoratri

Bobabini utata otyholwayo kunye nomntwana kufuneka bathathe iisampulu ze-DNA ngaphakathi kwezidlele zabo besebenzisa la maqhuqhuva ekotoni. Emva koko, iisampulu kufuneka zifakwe kwiityhubhu okanye kwiimvulophu, zivalwe, zize zithunyelwe kwilebhu ngeposi. Iziphumo zihlala zithatha malunga neveki okanye ezimbini.

Ziziphi iingenelo kunye neengxaki zovavanyo lwe-DNA lwasekhaya?

Xa ucinga ngovavanyo lwasekhaya, kubalulekile ukwazi ezi zinto zilandelayo:

Iingenelo:

• Ixabiso liphantsi kunovavanyo kwiziko lezonyango.
• Ungakwenza ngokulula ekhaya.

Iingxaki:

• Iziphumo zovavanyo lwasekhaya zisenokungachaneki njengeziphumo zovavanyo lwelabhoratri.
• Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukuba iziphumo zovavanyo lwasekhaya azamkelwa njengobungqina enkundleni.
• Xa ukhetha ikhithi yovavanyo, khangela enye ehlalutya inani elikhulu leempawu zemfuza . Umgangatho uhlala uli-16, kodwa ezinye izixhobo zasekhaya zihlalutya ngakumbi. Okukhona iimpawu zemfuza zininzi, kokukhona iziphumo zichaneka ngakumbi.
• Qinisekisa ukuba ikhithi oyithengayo ihlangabezana nemigangatho engqongqo yovavanyo kunye nokuchaneka. Umzekelo, jonga ukuba ivunyiwe na yintlangano ehloniphekileyo efana ne -American Association of Blood Banks (AABB) .

Khumbula, ngeenjongo zomthetho, kufuneka wenze uvavanyo kwiziko lezonyango nakwilabhoratri eyaziwayo.

Zinjani iziphumo? Zisixelela ntoni?

Iziphumo zovavanyo lwe-DNA paternity zihlala zinikwa "njengokunokwenzeka kokuba ngutata." Oku kungaba linye lamaxabiso amabini: 0% okanye 99.9% .

• Ukuba isiphumo singu- 0% , oko kuthetha ukuba akukho kuhambelana kwemfuza phakathi kotata otyholwayo nomntwana (okanye umntwana ongekazalwa). Ngamafutshane, akanguye uyise womntwana ozelweyo.
• Ukuba isiphumo singama -99.9% (okanye ngaphezulu), oko kuthetha ukuba umntu ocingelwa ukuba ngutata kusenokwenzeka ukuba ngumzali womntwana (okanye umntwana ongekazalwa).

Kuthatha ixesha elingakanani ukufumana iziphumo zovavanyo lwe-DNA lukayise?

Oku kunokwahluka ngokwelabhoratri kwaye kuxhomekeke kwindlela yokuvavanya oyikhethileyo.

• Iziphumo zihlala zifumaneka kwiintsuku ezimbalwa.
• Nangona kunjalo, kungathatha iiveki ezininzi ukuba iziphumo zovavanyo olufana ne-CVS okanye i-Amniocentesis zifike.
• Amanye amaziko akwabonelela ngeziphumo zosuku olunye okanye zosuku olunye ngentlawulo eyongezelelweyo.
• Iziphumo zovavanyo lwasekhaya zihlala zifumaneka kwiveki okanye ezimbini emva kokuba isampulu ifunyenwe kwilebhu.

Ngaba uvavanyo lwe-DNA lunokubonisa ukuba nguyise?

Hayi. Uvavanyo lwe-DNA yookhokho lunokukunceda ufumane ukuba ngoobani ookhokho bakho, ngoobani izalamane zakho, nokunye. Ngamanye amaxesha lunokuchonga abantu abanomlinganiso we-DNA. Nangona kunjalo, uvavanyo lobuzali lwe-DNA kuphela olunokubonisa umlinganiso we-DNA phakathi komntwana notata.

Ixabisa malini uvavanyo lwe-DNA ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba utata ngubani?

Oku kuyahluka ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo lovavanyo lwe-DNA lukayise olukhethileyo.

• Uvavanyo lwasekhaya lunokubiza naphi na ukusuka kwi-$15 ukuya kwi-$200 (malunga ne-Rs. 4500 – 60,000 ngemali yaseSri Lanka). Ukongeza, iifizi zelebhu kunye neposi zongezwa. Iifizi zelebhu zihlala zingaphezulu kwe-$100 (malunga ne-Rs. 30,000).
• Uvavanyo lwe-DNA lokuba nguyise kwiziko lezonyango lubiza ngaphezulu, ukuya kuthi ga kwi-$500 (malunga ne-Rs. 150,000).
• I-inshurensi yezempilo ngokubanzi ayigubungeli iindleko zezi mvavanyo.

Ekubeni ezi ntlawulo zinokwahluka ngokwamazwe ngamazwe, kungcono ukubuza kwiziko elifanelekileyo ngexabiso elichanekileyo ngaphambi kokuba wenze uvavanyo.

Ngaba uvavanyo lwe-DNA lokuba nguyise lungenziwa ngaphandle kotata?

Eyona ndlela ichanekileyo yokwenza uvavanyo lwe-DNA lukayise kukufumana isampuli ye-DNA kumntu okholelwa ukuba nguyise.

Kodwa, masithi loo mntu ufile. Kwimeko enjalo, ungabona ukuba isampulu yomzimba wakhe ingafunyanwa kwiziko lezonyango, kwiofisi yogqirha, okanye kwinto efanayo.

Okanye, ukuba umntu ulahlekile okanye akakwazi ukuqhagamshelana naye, kunokwenzeka ukuba athathe isampuli kwizalamane zakhe ezisondeleyo zegazi, njengabazali bakhe bokwenyama, ootatomkhulu noomakhulu, oomalume, oomalume, kunye nabantakwabo, aze avavanye. Oku kungenxa yokuba izalamane zakhe ezisondeleyo zegazi zifana kakhulu kwi-DNA. Nangona kunjalo, ukuchaneka kweziphumo kunokuncipha kancinci kule meko.

Ngaba kukho imithetho ekhethekileyo yezi mvavanyo kwamanye amazwe/imimandla?

Ewe, elo linqaku elibalulekileyo. Umzekelo, kwamanye amazwe, njengaseNew York e-US, akukho mthethweni ukwenza uvavanyo lwe-DNA lukayise ekhaya. Kufuneka uye kwiziko elivunyiweyo ngurhulumente ukuze wenze uvavanyo. Ke ngoko, bubulumko ukwazi ukuba yeyiphi imithetho kwilizwe okanye kummandla wakho malunga noku.

Okokugqibela, izinto ekufuneka uzikhumbule (Umyalezo Wokuya Ekhaya)

Uvavanyo lwe-DNA lukayise yindlela ebaluleke kakhulu yokuqinisekisa ukuba ngubani uyise womntwana ophilayo. Oku akupheleli nje ekubeni neengenelo zomthetho , kodwa kunceda nasekufundiseni ngempilo yomntwana .

• Uvavanyo lwasekhaya lulula kwaye alubizi mali ingako, kodwa iziphumo zalo azivumelekanga enkundleni kwaye zisenokungachaneki kangako. Nangona kunjalo, zinokuba luncedo ekususeni amathandabuzo obuqu.
• Ukuba ufuna iziphumo ezichanekileyo ngakumbi ngeenjongo zomthetho okanye iziphumo ezichanekileyo ngakumbi, qiniseka ukuba uvavanyo lwenziwa kwiziko lezonyango nakwilebhu eyaziwayo.
• Ukuba uneminye imibuzo okanye iinkxalabo, ungathandabuzi ukuthetha nogqirha wakho. Angachaza yonke into, kuquka indlela yovavanyo efanelekileyo kuwe kunye noko ungakulindela.

Ndiyathemba ukuba olu lwazi luluncedo kuwe!

"Uvavanyo lwe-DNA, uvavanyo lukayise, ukuba ngubani utata, uvavanyo lwemfuza, utata womntwana, ubaba osemthethweni, uvavanyo lwangaphambi kokukhulelwa