Izinto ekufuneka uzazi malunga novavanyo lweziyobisi!

Ukuba ucelwe ukuba wenze uvavanyo lweziyobisi, olubizwa ngokuba yi-'Drug Test', kuyinto eqhelekileyo ukuziva usoyika kwaye unexhala. 'Kutheni oku?' 'Kuza kwenzeka ntoni?' Imibuzo emininzi inokuvela engqondweni. Ngoko ke, namhlanje siza kuthetha ngokuba olu vavanyo lweziyobisi luyintoni kanye kanye, ukuba lwenziwa nini, lwenziwa njani, kwaye ungaluqonda njani iziphumo. Xa uzazi kakuhle ezi zinto, ungaluphepha uloyiko olungeyomfuneko.

Yintoni uvavanyo lweziyobisi?

Ngamafutshane, uvavanyo lweziyobisi luvavanyo olusebenzisa isampulu yebhayoloji emzimbeni wakho - into efana nomchamo, igazi, iinwele, okanye amathe - ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba usebenzise iyeza elisemthethweni okanye elingekho mthethweni. Olu vavanyo lwenziwa ngezizathu ezahlukeneyo kwaye kusetyenziswa iindlela ezahlukeneyo.

Xa sisithi iziyobisi, asithethi nje kuphela ngotywala necuba elisemthethweni, kodwa sithetha nangamayeza athengiswa ngaphandle kwemvume kagqirha, amayeza kagqirha, kunye neziyobisi ezingekho mthethweni. Kodwa into enye ekufuneka uyikhumbule kukuba uvavanyo olunye lweziyobisi alunakuxelela ukuba umntu ebesebenzisa iziyobisi ixesha elingakanani okanye kangakanani. Oko kukuthi, kunzima ukufumanisa ukuba umntu usebenzisa iziyobisi ngokungacwangciswanga okanye unengxaki yokusebenzisa iziyobisi.

Izinga lee-metabolite ezisetyenziswa yimizimba yethu kukutya amayeza ahlukeneyo liyahluka. Ke ngoko, ixesha elithathwayo ukuze kufunyanwe amayeza athile emzimbeni lixhomekeke kwiyeza ngalinye kwaye linokwahluka kakhulu. Okwangoku, uvavanyo olusetyenziswa kakhulu ekufumaneni amayeza kukuvavanya amayeza omchamo (UDT).

Kufuneka ndenze uvavanyo lweziyobisi nini?

Kukho izizathu ezahlukeneyo zokuba kutheni ungafuna ukwenza uvavanyo lweziyobisi. Makhe sijonge ukuba zeziphi.

Uvavanyo lweNdawo yoMsebenzi

Uvavanyo lweziyobisi ludla ngokwenziwa emsebenzini. Abaqeshi banokucela olu vavanyo ngezizathu ezahlukeneyo:

• Ngaphambi kokuqesha umqeshwa omtsha: Eminye imibutho yenza olu vavanyo ngaphambi kokuqesha umqeshwa omtsha.
• Ngethuba usemsebenzini: Eminye imibutho ivavanya abasebenzi bayo ngokungacwangciswanga okanye ngokweshedyuli.
• Ukuba kurhanelwa ukuba umntu usebenzisa iziyobisi: Ukuba indlela aziphatha ngayo okanye iimpawu zomsebenzi zibonisa ukuba usebenzisa iziyobisi.
• Ukuba kwenzeka ingozi emsebenzini: Ukuba umqeshwa ubandakanyeka engozini emsebenzini, olu phando lunokwenziwa ukuze kufunyaniswe unobangela.

Izizathu Zonyango kunye Nonyango Lokulutha

Olu vavanyo lusetyenziselwa ukuxilonga, ukunyanga, kunye nokubeka esweni iingxaki zokusebenzisa utywala kunye nezinye iingxaki zokusebenzisa iziyobisi. Zinokunceda ekuqinisekiseni ukuba umntu usabela kakuhle kangakanani kunyango, nokuba uhlala engaselanga tywala, okanye ukuba ubuyele kwiziyobisi kwakhona.

Olu vavanyo lunokufuneka ngexesha leenkqubo zonyango eziyalelwe yinkundla, amaxesha ovavanyo, okanye xa uthatha inxaxheba kwiinkqubo zonyango lokulutha iziyobisi.

Ezinye izizathu

Kukho nezinye iimeko apho kufuneka uvavanyo lwamayeza.

• Uvavanyo lwezonyango kunye nokuxilongwa: Oogqirha banokwenza olu vavanyo ukuze bafumane unobangela weempawu zomntu, okanye kwimeko engxamisekileyo ukuba bakrokrela ukuba usela amayeza amaninzi okanye utyhefekile. Umzekelo, ukuba umntu ulahlekelwa zingqondo ngequbuliso, oku kunokunceda ekuqinisekiseni ukuba ukhe wawasela na amayeza.
• Ngeenjongo zomthetho: Olu vavanyo lusetyenziswa kwiinkqubo zomthetho ukuqokelela ubungqina obunxulumene nolwaphulo-mthetho, ukuphanda amatyala okuxhatshazwa okanye ukubekwa emngciphekweni kwabantwana, kunye nokufumanisa ukuba umntu uqhuba ephethe utywala okanye ezinye iziyobisi.
• Ukubeka esweni ukusetyenziswa gwenxa kweziyobisi ngugqirha: Ukuba uthatha iyeza elinomlutha kakhulu nelithanda ukusetyenziswa gwenxa, njengee-opioids, ugqirha wakho unokuyalela olu vavanyo ukuze abone ukuba lingakanani elo yeza emzimbeni wakho.
• Kwabadlali: Abadlali abaziingcali kufuneka bangene kwezi zilingo ukuze kubonwe ukuba basebenzise amayeza okuphucula ukusebenza okanye ezinye izinto ekukholelwa ukuba ziyabanceda ekwenzeni ngcono ukusebenza kwabo.

Ziziphi iintlobo zovavanyo lwamayeza ezikhoyo?

Kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zovavanyo lwamayeza, kuxhomekeke kwisampulu yebhayoloji esetyenzisiweyo kunye nohlobo lwamayeza avavanywayo.

Makhe sibone ukuba zeziphi iintlobo eziphambili zovavanyo ngokwesampulu:

• Uvavanyo lweMithi yoMchamo (UDT): Olu lolona vavanyo luqhelekileyo . Lufuna isampulu yomchamo wakho. Lusetyenziswa kakhulu ekufumaneni izinto ezifana notywala, ii-amphetamines, ii-benzodiazepines, ii-opioids, i-cocaine, kunye ne-marijuana (THC).
• Uvavanyo lweMithi yeGazi: Oogqirha bayisebenzisa kakhulu kwiimeko ezingxamisekileyo. Ikwasetyenziselwa ukufumanisa inqanaba elichanekileyo lotywala (i-ethanol) kuba inokunika uhlalutyo oluchanekileyo.
• Uvavanyo lweMithi yeFollicle yeenwele:Isampuli yeenwele ingakuxelela ukuba umntu ebesebenzisa iziyobisi ixesha elide. Iinwele ezivela entlokweni zinokubona ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi kwisithuba seenyanga ezintathu. Iinwele ezivela kwezinye iindawo zomzimba zinokubona ukuya kuthi ga kwiinyanga ezili-12! Nangona kunjalo, iziphumo zingahluka kumntu nomntu, kuxhomekeke kuhlobo lweenwele. I-Cocaine, i-Phencyclidine (PCP), i-Amphetamines, i-Opioids, kunye ne-3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) zinokufunyanwa kusetyenziswa le ndlela.
• Uvavanyo lweMithi yoMphefumlo: Oku kusetyenziswa kakhulu ukubona ukuba umntu usandul’ ukusela utywala. Isiphumo sibizwa ngokuba yiBreath Alcohol Concentration (BrAC). Amagosa asebenzisa oku ukuqikelela umxholo wotywala egazini lomntu (BAC). Nangona kunjalo, ngamanye amaxesha ixabiso leBrAC linokuba phezulu okanye lingaphantsi kunexabiso leBAC. Kukwaqhutywa uphando olutsha ukubona ukuba izinto ezifana necocaine, i-marijuana, i-benzodiazepines, i-amphetamines, i-opioids, i-methadone, kunye ne-buprenorphine zinokufunyanwa na xa umntu ephefumla.
• Uvavanyo lweMithi yokuFutha: Oku kuquka ukubeka iphedi yokufutha eluswini kwaye uyisuse emva kwexesha elithile ukuze uyivavanye. Oku kunika ulwazi malunga nokuba umntu usebenzise amayeza angakanani kulo lonke ixesha iphedi enxityiweyo. Uvavanyo lokuFutha lunokufumanisa ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi kwixesha leeyure ukuya kwiiveki.

Uvavanyo lweziyobisi lufumanisa ntoni?

Xa umntu esela iyeza, lifunxwa kwindlela yethu yokugaya ukutya lize lisasazwe kuwo wonke umzimba. Emva koko, isibindi sethu kunye nezinye izitho zomzimba ziyaliqhekeza eli yeza, okanye zilisebenzise. Ngenxa yale nkqubo ye-metabolism, eli yeza liguqulwa libe zezinye iikhemikhali. Ezi zibizwa ngokuba zii-metabolites. Emva kwexesha elithile, eli yeza kunye/okanye ii-metabolites zalo ziyasuswa emzimbeni, ikakhulu kumchamo.

Ngoko ke, uvavanyo lweziyobisi lwenziwa ukujonga ubukho bamachiza athile kunye/okanye ii-metabolites zawo kwisampulu yebhayoloji (umz. umchamo, igazi).

Le nkqubo ye-metabolism yenzeka ngamanqanaba ahlukeneyo kwiyeza ngalinye. Ke ngoko, ixesha elithathwayo ukuze ichiza ngalinye kunye nee-metabolites zalo zifunyanwe ngovavanyo lahlukile.Cinga ukuba amanye amayeza, anjengee-amphetamines, anokufunyanwa kumchamo njengeyeza elingumzali. Nangona kunjalo, kwamanye amayeza amaninzi, ii-metabolites zazo zinokufunyanwa ixesha elide kuneyeza elingumzali.

Ngamanye amaxesha uvavanyo lweziyobisi lunokufumanisa ichiza elinye kuphela. Nangona kunjalo, amaxesha amaninzi, amayeza amaninzi ayavavanywa kwisampulu enye. Oku kubizwa ngokuba yi-'Drug Panel Test'. Iindidi zamayeza eziqukwe kweli candelo ziyahluka ngokuxhomekeke kwisizathu sovavanyo, kodwa icandelo elisetyenziswa rhoqo ukufumanisa ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi ngokungekho mthethweni lidla ngokujonga ezi zinto zintlanu:

• Ii-Amphetamines
• I-cocaine
• Intsangu (iHemp)
• Ii-opioids
• I-Phencyclidine `(PCP)`

Ezinye izinto ezivavanywa rhoqo zezi:

• Utywala (i-ethanol)
• Amayeza okudakumba
• IiBarbiturates
• IiBenzodiazepines
• I-Fentanyl
• I-Heroin
• I-Hydrocodone
• I-Methadone
• I-Methamphetamine
• I-Morphine
• I-Nicotine kunye ne-cotinine (efumaneka kwicuba)
• I-Oxycodone

Ngaba kukho naluphi na uvavanyo lweziyobisi ekhaya?

Ewe, zikhona. Kukho ezinye izixhobo ezikuvumela ukuba uvavanye isampuli yomchamo ekhaya, ngokwakho. Ezinye izixhobo zinokusebenzisa umoya, amathe, okanye iinwele. Nangona kunjalo, ukuchaneka kwezi mveliso akufani, oko kuthetha ukuba zinokuhluka. Azisoloko zinobuthathaka njengovavanyo lwelebhu. Oku kuthetha ukuba nokuba uvavanyo lwasekhaya lunika iziphumo ezingezizo, isampuli efanayo isenokunika iziphumo ezilungileyo ukuba ithunyelwe kwilebhu.

I-American Academy of Pediatrics icebisa abazali ukuba baphephe ukuvavanya abantwana babo iziyobisi ekhaya. Uphando lubonise ukuba uvavanyo lwasekhaya alunciphisi ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi. Kukwakho nomngcipheko wokuba iziphumo zovavanyo lwasekhaya zinokutolikwa gwenxa. Oku kunokuchaphazela kakubi ubudlelwane phakathi kwabantwana abancinci nabazali.

Ndingazilungiselela njani uvavanyo lweziyobisi?

Enyanisweni, akukho nto ifunekayo ngokukodwa ukuze ulungiselele uvavanyo lweziyobisi.

Olu vavanyo lunokwenziwa xa kukho imeko engxamisekileyo, lucwangciswe kwangaphambili, okanye lungenziwa ngokungacwangciswanga (umzekelo, njengesidingo esiqhubekayo emsebenzini).

Ngokuxhomekeke kwimeko, unokubuzwa malunga namayeza okanye izongezo ozisebenzisayo, njengoko amanye amayeza anokuchaphazela iziphumo zovavanyo.

Yintoni omawuyilindele xa uthatha uvavanyo lweziyobisi?

Uvavanyo lweziyobisi lunokwenziwa ngesampulu encinci yegazi lakho, iinwele, amathe, umoya, okanye, ngokwesiqhelo, umchamo (umchamo).

• Kwisampuli yomchamo: Kuya kufuneka uchamele kwisitya esicocekileyo osinikiweyo. Kwezinye iimeko, unokucelwa ukuba unike isampuli yomchamo phambi komongikazi okanye ingcali ukuqinisekisa ukuba isampuli yeyakho ngokwenene.
• Kwisampuli yegazi: Umntu oqeqeshwe ukuthatha iisampulu zegazi (ingcali ye-phlebotomist) uza kuthatha igazi elincinci kumthambo osesandleni sakho okanye esandleni sakho.

Emva kokuba isampuli ithathiwe, ithunyelwa kwilebhu ukuze ihlalutywe.

Kuthatha ixesha elingakanani ukufumana iziphumo zovavanyo lweziyobisi?

Ixesha elithathwayo ukufumana iziphumo kuvavanyo lweziyobisi liyahluka, kuxhomekeke kwisizathu sovavanyo (umz., imeko engxamisekileyo, enxulumene nomsebenzi), kunye nohlobo lovavanyo.

Iziphumo zovavanyo lomchamo negazi zihlala zifumaneka ngokukhawuleza kuneziphumo zovavanyo lweenwele.

Buza kwiziko elicele uvavanyo ukuze ufumane ukuba ungalindela nini iziphumo.

Zithini iziphumo zovavanyo lweziyobisi?

Iziphumo zovavanyo lweziyobisi zihlala zixelwa njengezithi ‘zilungile’ okanye ‘zingalunganga’.

• Iziphumo ezilungileyo zithetha ukuba iyeza lifunyenwe kuluhlu okanye ngaphezulu koluhlu oluchaziweyo lovavanyo.
• Isiphumo esibi sithetha ukuba iyeza elikuthethwa ngalo alikhange lifunyanwe, okanye alikho kwinqanaba elaneleyo lokuvelisa iziphumo ezilungileyo.

Zithini iziphumo zovavanyo lweziyobisi?

Kukho izinto ezininzi ekufuneka uzikhumbule xa utolika iziphumo zovavanyo lweziyobisi.

Ukuqonda isiphumo esihle

Iziphumo zovavanyo lweziyobisi ezibonisa ukuba umntu uneziyobisi ezininzi emzimbeni wakhe ngexesha elithile. Iziphumo ezibonisa ukuba umntu uneziyobisi ezininzi azithethi ukuba wayenxilile ngelo xesha, kwaye azithethi ukuba unengxaki yokusebenzisa iziyobisi.

Ukuba uvavanyo lokuqala lweziyobisi luvelisa iziphumo ezilungileyo, uvavanyo lokuqinisekisa ludla ngokufuneka. Olu vavanyo lokuqinisekisa lwenziwa kusetyenziswa uhlobo olwahlukileyo lwendlela yokuvavanya iziyobisi. Oku kunciphisa umngcipheko weziphumo ezilungileyo ezingezizo - oko kukuthi, umntu ongazange asebenzise iziyobisi kodwa esafumana iziphumo ezilungileyo - kwaye kwandisa ukuchaneka kovavanyo lweziyobisi ngokubanzi.

Amanye amayeza nokutya kunokubangela iziphumo ezingezizo ezilungileyo. Umzekelo, ukutya imbewu yepoppy kunokubangela iziphumo ezilungileyo kuvavanyo lwe-opioid. Ngokufanayo, ukuthatha amanye amayeza abandayo ngaphandle kwemvume kagqirha kunokubangela iziphumo ezilungileyo ze-phencyclidine (PCP).

Ukuqonda Isiphumo Esibi

Iziphumo ezingezizo ezilungileyo kuvavanyo lweziyobisi zithetha nje ukuba ichiza elithethwayo alikhange lifunyanwe. Oku kusenokuba kungenxa yokuba inqanaba lechiza belingekho phezulu ngokwaneleyo ukuba lifunyanwe, okanye ngenxa yokuba ichiza lisetyenziswe ngaphandle kwefestile yokufunyanwa. Nangona kunjalo, iziphumo ezingezizo ezilungileyo azikuthinteli ngokupheleleyo ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi kutshanje okanye ingxaki yokusebenzisa iziyobisi.

Iziphumo ezingezizo ezilungileyo – oko kukuthi, uvavanyo oluthi ‘hayi’ nangona umntu esebenzise iziyobisi – lunokwenzeka ngezizathu ezahlukeneyo:

• Isampulu ayiqokelelwanga kakuhle okanye uvavanyo alwenziwanga kakuhle.
• Umntu okuthethwa ngaye uzama ukukopa kuvavanyo (umz., ukunika isampuli yomchamo yomnye umntu).
• Ukungaphumeleli ukuvavanya ichiza elichaphazelekayo ngovavanyo oluthile (umz., uvavanyo lwe-amphetamine alufumani zonke iintlobo ze-amphetamine).

Okokugqibela, izinto ekufuneka uzikhumbule (Umyalezo Wokuya Ekhaya)

Uvavanyo lwamayeza lusetyenziswa ngezizathu ezahlukeneyo. Ukuba kufuneka wenze uvavanyo lwamayeza, kunokuba nzima kancinci. Kodwa khumbula, oogqirha kunye namagosa bahlalutya ezi ziphumo ngononophelo olukhulu baze bazame ukuziqonda. Kwiimeko ezininzi, ukuba iziphumo ezilungileyo zibuya, kufuneka uvavanyo lokuqinisekisa ukuze kupheliswe amathuba okuba iziphumo zibe zibuxoki.

Ukuba unemibuzo malunga nenkqubo yovavanyo lwamayeza okanye ixesha leziphumo, zive ukhululekile ukubuza umntu oye wayalela uvavanyo okanye ugqirha. Lilungelo lakho. Ndiyathemba ukuba olu lwazi luya kukunceda uqonde kakuhle oku.

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