Ngaba unemibuzo malunga ne-smallpox? Makhe sithethe ngayo ngokweenkcukacha!

Mhlawumbi ukhe weva nge-smallpox. Kodwa usenokuba nemibuzo malunga nokuba yintoni, yayiyingozi kangakanani ngaphambili, kwaye kutheni singazikhathazi ngayo ngoku. Namhlanje, siza kuthetha ngayo yonke into ngendlela elula onokuyiqonda. Eli libali elide, kodwa uza kufunda lukhulu.

Yintoni i-smallpox?

Ngamafutshane, i-smallpox yayisifo esibi kakhulu nesibulalayo esasikho ngaphambili. Sabulala izigidi zabantu. Xa ufumana esi sifo, ufumana amadyungudyungu aqinileyo, azele ngamanzi emzimbeni wakho. Nangona ephola, ngamanye amaxesha ashiya amanxeba amabi ebusweni nasemzimbeni wakho. Khawucinge nje, ukuba ufumana esi sifo , ngokomyinge, malunga nomntu omnye kwabathathu wafa. Yiyo loo nto imbi kakhulu.

Kodwa kukho iindaba ezimnandi. Ukususela ngeminyaka yoo-1960, iWorld Health Organisation (WHO) ibisebenza nzima ukuphelisa i-smallpox ehlabathini. Ngokusebenzisa ugonyo nokulawula ukusasazeka kwesi sifo, baye baphumelela. Ngo-1980, i-smallpox yayisele isusiwe ehlabathini. Ityala lokugqibela lendalo lesi sifo laxelwa ngo-1977.

Ingaba i-smallpox isekhona emhlabeni?

Hayi. Akukho mntu ube ne-smallpox ebantwini kangangeminyaka engaphezu kwama-45. Ayisasazeki ngokwendalo. Nangona kunjalo, iisampulu zentsholongwane ebangela i-smallpox zigcinwa ngeenjongo zophando kuphela kwilabhoratri enye eMelika kunye nenye eRashiya. Kodwa oko akuyonto yokoyika.

Sayisusa njani i-smallpox ehlabathini?

Le yimpumelelo enkulu. Ukupheliswa kwe-smallpox kusenokwenzeka ukuba kwenzeke ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukeneyo:

• Esi sifo sichaphazela abantu kuphela. Asisasazwa zizilwanyana okanye zizinambuzane. Ngenxa yoko, zimbalwa iindlela esi sifo esinokusasazwa ngazo.
• Esi sifo bekulula ukusibona. Wonke umntu ofumene i-smallpox wayebonakalisa iimpawu, ingakumbi ezo ndawo. Oko kukuthi, akukho mntu wayengazi ukuba unesifo (kwakungekho bantu bathwala iimpawu).
• Isifo sasasazeka kancinci. I-smallpox yayidla ngokuqala ukusasazeka xa isigulane sigula kakhulu ukuba singaphuma phandle. Yayidla ngokusasazeka kubantu abahlala kwikhaya elinye.
• Ukusasazeka kwalawulwa yi-"Ring Vaccination". Ekubeni esi sifo sasisasazeka kuphela phakathi kwabantu abasondeleyo, amagosa ezempilo akwazile ukunqanda ukusasazeka ngokusebenzisa indlela ebizwa ngokuba yi-"ring vaccinations". Oko kukuthi, xa umntu ogulayo efunyenwe, bagoma kuphela abo bebesondelelene naloo mntu (njenge-"ring" ejikeleze umntu ogulayo).
• Esi yayisifo ebesikhona kangangeminyaka engamawaka. Ngoko ke, abantu abaphulukene ne-smallpox babesele benamajoni omzimba. Oko kuthetha ukuba bambalwa abantu ekufuneka bagonywe ukuze kuthintelwe ukusasazeka kwesi sifo.

Khawucinge nje, kungenxa yezi zinto ezabangela ukuba kupheliswe i-smallpox, esinye sezifo ezibulalayo ngelo xesha, ehlabathini.

Zithini iimpawu ze-smallpox?

Xa isifo se-smallpox sifunyenwe, esi sifo siqhubeka ngamanqanaba ahlukeneyo. Iimpawu eziphambili zezi:

• Umkhuhlane ophezulu.
• Intloko ebuhlungu kakhulu.
• Umqolo obuhlungu.
• Intlungu yesisu.
• Ukudinwa kakhulu kunye nobuthathaka.
• Ukuhlanza.
• Amabala aqala emlonyeni, aze asasazeke ebusweni, aze adlulele emzimbeni wonke.
• Ezi ndawo kamva ziba zizilonda kwaye zibe ngamaqhuma aqinileyo (iipustules).

Iimpawu ezinje ngomkhuhlane, intloko ebuhlungu, kunye nokudinwa ziza kuqala. Zinokuhlala iintsuku ezimbini ukuya kwezine. Ngamanye amaxesha umkhuhlane usenokuqhubeka okanye ubuye nasemva kokuba kuvele amabala. Emva koko kuvela amabala. Nangona kunjalo, ayaphucuka ngokwamanqanaba.

Zibonakala njani iindawo ezibangela i-smallpox?

Izilonda ze-smallpox ziqala ukubonakala emlonyeni nasebusweni, zize zisasazeke ngokukhawuleza emzimbeni wonke. Ziqala njengamabala abomvu, emva koko zibe ngamaqhuma aqinileyo agquma aze awe. Kwindlela eqhelekileyo ye-smallpox (`i-smallpox eqhelekileyo`), izilonda zikhula ngamanqanaba aliqela:

1. Amanqanaba okuqala: Emva kweempawu zokuqala, kuvela amabala elulwimini, ngaphakathi emlonyeni, nasemqaleni. Amabala abomvu emlonyeni aba zizilonda aze aqhume.

2. Amabala asasazekayo: La mabala asasazeka ebusweni, ezingalweni, emilenzeni, emqolo, nasesifubeni. Emva kosuku olunye, asasazeka emzimbeni wonke, nkqu nasezintendeni zeenyawo.

3. Amaqhuma azaliswe yi-pus: Amaqhuma eluswini azaliswe yi-pus (ulwelo olujiyileyo). Kusenokubakho ne-dent encinci ('dent') phakathi kweqhuma ngalinye. La maqhuma athabatha malunga neentsuku ezimbini ukuzaliswa yi-pus.

4. Ukuqhambuka kwesikhumba kunye nezikhoko: Amaqhuma ajika abe ziingceba eziqinileyo nezingqukuva (ii-pustules). Kwiintsuku ezilishumi ezizayo, izikhoko zenzeka phezu kwezi zikhoko.

5. Ukuwa kwesikhumba: La mabala ayawa emva kweveki, kodwa amabala ahlala ekhona.

Ngaba kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-smallpox?

Ewe, bekukho iintlobo ngeentlobo ze-smallpox. Iimpawu ezazibangela nazo zahluka kancinci:

• Ingqakaqa eqhelekileyo: Olu yayilolona hlobo luqhelekileyo. Lwabangela iimpawu ezichazwe apha ngasentla. Malunga nama-85% azo zonke iimeko zengqakaqa zazivela kolu hlobo. Malunga nomntu omnye kwabathathu owafumana ingqakaqa eqhelekileyo wafa.
• I-smallpox yohlobo oluguquliweyo: Olu hlobo lwe-smallpox ngamanye amaxesha luvela kubantu abakhe bagonywa ngaphambili. Lufana ne-smallpox eqhelekileyo, kodwa i-rash ayibi nkulu kangako kwaye ayihlali ixesha elide. Uninzi lwabantu luyasinda kuyo.
• I-smallpox yohlobo oluthe tyaba (enobungozi): Le yayineempawu zokuqala ezibi kakhulu kune-smallpox eqhelekileyo. Amaqhuqhuva avela kumabala ahlangana kwaye awazange aqine okanye azaliswe lulwelo. Ngenxa yoko, kwavela irhashalala elithe tyaba neligudileyo, elingenaluqweqwe. Olu hlobo lwaluxhaphake kakhulu ebantwaneni. Phantse yayisoloko ibulala.
• I-smallpox ephuma igazi: Oku kwakuxhaphakile kubafazi abakhulelweyo. Yayineempawu ezimbi kakhulu kwasekuqaleni. Amabala ayengaqini okanye agcwale ulwelo. Endaweni yoko, ulusu olungaphantsi lwaluphuma igazi, nto leyo eyayisenza indawo ibonakale imnyama okanye itshile. Ukopha ngaphakathi kunye nokungasebenzi kakuhle kwamalungu omzimba nako kwakunokwenzeka. I-smallpox ephuma igazi yayiphantse ibe yingozi rhoqo.

Yintoni ebangela i-smallpox?

I-smallpox ibangelwa yintsholongwane ebizwa ngokuba yiVariola virus . Kukho iintlobo ezimbini ze-variola virus: iVariola major kunye neVariola minor (ekwaziwa ngokuba yiVariola alastrim). I-Variola major ibangele uninzi lweemeko ze-smallpox kunye nokufa. I-Variola minor ibangele iimpawu ezifanayo kodwa ezingembi kangako. I-Variola major ibangele ngaphezulu kwama-30% okufa, ngelixa i-Variola minor ibangele kuphela i-1% yokufa.

I-smallpox yasasazeka njani?

I-smallpox yayisasazeka ikakhulu ngokudibana ubuso ngobuso. Umzekelo, umntu one-smallpox wayenokosulela umntu okufutshane xa ekhohlela okanye ethetha. Ingasasazeka nangokuchukumisa izinto ezifana neebhedi kunye nempahla eyayisetyenziswa ngumntu osulelekileyo.

Ziziphi iingxaki ezinokubakho ze-smallpox?

Eyona ngxaki ixhaphakileyo ye-smallpox kukukrweleka okukhulu. Ezinye iingxaki ziquka:

• Ubumfama.
• Usulelo lobuchopho (i-Encephalitis).
• Usulelo lweengxowa zomoya ezincinci emiphungeni (iBronchopneumonia).
• Usulelo lweentsholongwane.
• Isifo samathambo.

Kutheni i-smallpox yayiyingozi kangaka?

Nangona iingcali zingaqinisekanga, kusenokwenzeka ukuba i-smallpox yabangela ukufa ngenxa yendibaniselwano yezinto:

• Le ntsholongwane ibulala inani elikhulu leeseli (i-cytotoxicity).
• Ukungasebenzi kakuhle kwezintso.
• I-pneumonia kukonakalisa imiphunga. Oku kubangela ubunzima bokuphefumla kunye nokunqongophala kweoksijini kwizicubu.
• Ukothuka kwe-Hypovolemic. Ukopha kunye nokungasebenzi kakuhle kwamalungu omzimba ngenxa ye-smallpox yokopha.

Ngaba sisagonya i-smallpox?

Oogqirha abasagonyi uluntu ngokubanzi kwi-smallpox. Nangona kunjalo, abanye abaphandi kunye nabasebenzi basemkhosini basanika amaqela athile imijovo ye-smallpox. Urhulumente wase-US ugcina inqwaba yemijovo ye-smallpox, ukuba isifo singaphinda sisasazeke kwakhona.

IMelika iyeke nini ukunika imijovo ye-smallpox?

E-United States, ugonyo lwe-smallpox lwayekiswa kwiinkqubo zokugonya eziqhelekileyo ngo-1972. Uqhambuko lokugqibela lwe-smallpox e-United States lwalungo-1949.

Ingaba isitofu sokugonya i-smallpox sihlala ubomi bonke?

Ezinye izifundo zibonisa ukuba ugonyo lwe-smallpox lunokubonelela ngokhuseleko amashumi eminyaka. Kwabo bafuna ukufumana ugonyo lwe-smallpox ngenxa yomsebenzi, i-US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) icebisa ukuba bafumane idosi yokunyusa rhoqo emva kweminyaka emithathu.

Ngaba i-smallpox yayisifo sokuqala esafunyaniswa ukuba sinesifo sokugonya?

Ewe. Ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-18, ugqirha ogama linguEdward Jenner waqinisekisa ibali lokuba amantombazana asebenza ngobisi anesifo se-cowpox, isifo esifana ne-chickenpox, akhuselwe kwi-smallpox. Ngoku siyazi ukuba i-cowpox kunye ne-smallpox ziintsholongwane ezifanayo kakhulu. Ngoko ke, xa abantu bafumana i-cowpox, isifo esincinci, baza bakhuseleka kuso, nabo bakhuseleka kwi-smallpox.

UJenner waqala ukosulela iinkomo nge-smallpox ukuthintela abantu ukuba bangafumani i-smallpox. Elo yayililogonyo lokuqala emhlabeni. Igama elithi "gonyo" livela kwigama lesiLatini elithi inkomo, "vacca."

Namhlanje, isitofu sokugonya i-smallpox senziwe ngentsholongwane ebizwa ngokuba yi-'vaccinia.' Ngenxa yokuba sifana ne-smallpox, sibonelela ngokhuseleko ngaphandle kokubangela i-smallpox.

Yintoni le 'Variation'?

Ukugonywa kwe-variolation lolona hlobo lokuqala lokugonywa. Abantu babekhuthazwa ngabom ukuba bavelise i-smallpox (i-smallpox) ngokufaka intsholongwane ye-Variola emizimbeni yabo. Oku kwenziwa ngokukrwela ulusu ngobomvu obuvela kwizilonda ze-smallpox okanye ngokuphefumla umgubo owenziwe nge-scabies. Isifo esibangelwa yi-variolation sasingesibi kangako kune-smallpox eyenzeka ngokwendalo, kwaye abantu kamva baba nokuzikhusela kwi-smallpox. Le ndlela kucingelwa ukuba ineminyaka engamakhulu ubudala.

Kutheni ugonyo lwe-smallpox lushiya isilonda?

Ngokungafaniyo nezinye izitofu zanamhlanje, izitofu ze-smallpox zisebenzisa intsholongwane ephilayo, engatshintshwanga, efana ne-smallpox (ebizwa ngokuba yi-'vaccinia'). Endaweni yokutofwa ngenaliti, umsebenzi wezempilo ufaka 'inaliti ephindwe kabini' egxalabeni lakho aze ayitofe engalweni yakho. Indawo apho inaliti inikwe khona emva koko yosulelwa yi-'vaccinia'. Olu sulelo lubangela ukuba kubekho i-blister, ethi kamva ishiye isilonda.

Abantu abafumana olu hlobo lwe-smallpox vaccine kufuneka bayikhathalele kakuhle indawo efakwe kuyo inaliti. Kungenjalo, bangosulela omnye umntu nge-'vaccinia'. Olu hlobo lwe-vaccine yi-'ACAM2000®' kunye ne-'APSV'.

Isitofu sokugonya se-`JYNNEOS™` (esikwasetyenziswa kwi-`mpox`) senziwe ngentsholongwane ebuthathaka (`encitshisiweyo`). Sinikwa njengenaliti eqhelekileyo. Sineziphumo ebezingalindelekanga ezimbalwa kunezinye izitofu zokugonya ze-smallpox. Sinikwa njengeedosi ezimbini phantsi kwesikhumba, ezishiyana ngeeveki ezine.

Ngaba kukho unyango lwe-smallpox?

Kukho amayeza amaninzi alwa neentsholongwane avunyiweyo kwi-smallpox. La ngawa:

• `I-Tecovirimat (TPOXX®)`
• `Brincidofovir (TEMBEXA®)`
• `I-Cidofovir (i-Vistide®)`

Ezi zaphuhliswa emva kokuba i-smallpox isusiwe, ngoko azikavavanywa kubantu ababene-smallpox. Kodwa, ngokusekelwe kwezinye izifundo, iingcali zicinga ukuba zingasetyenziswa njengonyango ukuba i-smallpox ingasasazeka kwakhona. Zikwavavanyiwe ukuze kubonwe ukuba zikhuselekile na ebantwini.

Yafunyaniswa njani i-smallpox?

Ngaphambili, oogqirha babexilonga i-smallpox ngokusekwe kwimbonakalo yamabala akho kunye nendlela iimpawu zakho ezibonakala ngayo. Banokuvavanya neesampuli zegazi lakho okanye zezicubu zolusu. Iisampuli zithunyelwa kwilabhoratri ukuze kukhangelwe i-'DNA' yentsholongwane okanye ii-antibodies (ii-antibodies) eziveliswa nxamnye ne-smallpox. I-smallpox ekugqibeleni yafunyaniswa ngo-1978.

Yintoni umahluko phakathi kweSmallpox, Mpox, kunye neChickenpox?

I-Smallpox (`Smallpox`) kunye ne-Mpox zombini ziyinxalenye yosapho olunye lweentsholongwane ezibizwa ngokuba yi-`Orthopoxvirus`. Zineempawu ezifanayo, kodwa i-`Mpox` ibangela isifo esingesibi kangako kune-smallpox. Isitofu se-`Vaccinia` sinokukhusela kuzo zombini.

Nangona igama elithi "pox" livela egameni layo, i-chickenpox ibangelwa yintsholongwane ebizwa ngokuba yiVaricella-zoster, enganxulumananga ne-smallpox okanye ezinye ii-Orthopoxviruses. Ngoko ke, i-chickenpox sisifo esahluke ngokupheleleyo.

Okokugqibela, izinto ezimbalwa ekufuneka uzikhumbule

Kangangeenkulungwane, i-smallpox yayiyenye yezifo ezibulalayo kwihlabathi. Kodwa namhlanje, uninzi lwethu alucingi ngayo. Akukho mntu ube ne-smallpox phantse kwiminyaka engamashumi amahlanu. Ngenxa yemizamo yezempilo yoluntu, amazwe afana ne-United States alungiselelwe unyango kunye neegonyo zokujongana naliphi na ithuba lokuba isifo siphinde sisasazeke kwakhona.

Ngoko ke, i-smallpox sisifo esongezwe kwimbali, kodwa isifundise izifundo ezininzi. Kwakhona ngumzekelo omhle wendlela nesi sifo sinzima esinokulawulwa ngayo ngamandla esayensi kunye nempilo yoluntu.

Ingxibongo , Ingxibongo, Isitofu sokugonya, Iimpawu, Ingxibongo, Intsholongwane, Ukupheliswa