Ngaba unentsholongwane ebangelwa yintsholongwane? Masifunde ngovavanyo lweGram Stain.

Usenokuba uzibuza ukuba yintoni le "Gram Stain". Usenokuba novalo kancinci xa ugqirha ekucela ukuba wenze olu vavanyo. Kodwa ungakhathazeki. Olu luvavanyo olulula kakhulu, nolubaluleke kakhulu oluqhutywa rhoqo. Namhlanje, siza kuthetha ngalo ngokweenkcukacha, ngokulula.

Yintoni uvavanyo lweGram Stain?

Ngamafutshane, i-Gram stain luvavanyo lwelabhoratri olwenziwa ukuze kubonwe ukuba kukho usulelo na emzimbeni wakho, kwaye ukuba kunjalo, nokuba lubangelwa yintsholongwane. Khawuthelekelele ukuba unesilonda esibuhlungu okanye inxeba elibonakala liqhuma. Emva koko ugqirha usenokucinga ukuba linxulumene nentsholongwane. Ngelo xesha, olu vavanyo lunokunika umbono ngokukhawuleza ngalo.

Oku kuquka ukuthatha isampuli yomchamo wakho, ubomvu obuvela kwinxeba, okanye into efana nalo uze uyijonge ngemakroskopu. Oku kunika umbono ocacileyo wokuba kukho iibhaktheriya na, kwaye ukuba zikho, zibukeka njani. Oku kunceda ugqirha ukuba agqibe ukuba zeziphi amayeza ekufuneka akunike wona kunye nezinye iimvavanyo ekufuneka uzenze.

Intshayelelo emfutshane malunga neebhaktheriya

Iibhaktheriya zizinto eziphilayo ezincinci kakhulu, ezineseli enye. Zifumaneka emizimbeni yethu, eluswini lwethu, naphi na kwindawo esingqongileyo. Ezinye iintlobo zeebhaktheriya azisibangeli monakalo, kwaye ezinye zisinceda. Kodwa kukho iintlobo zeebhaktheriya ezibangela usulelo nezifo ezahlukeneyo. Uvavanyo lweGram stain lunceda kakhulu ekuchongeni ezo bhaktheriya ziyingozi.

Kolu vavanyo, iintsholongwane zijika zibe nemibala eyahlukeneyo ngokusekelwe kwiimpawu zeekhemikhali kunye nezomzimba zeendonga zazo zeseli. Ngoko ke, zihlelwa njenge "gram-positive" okanye "gram-negative". Kodwa into enye ekufuneka uyikhumbule kukuba ayizizo zonke iintsholongwane ezichaphazeleka yile ndlela yeGram stain. Kwakhona, kukho amaxesha apho olu vavanyo lodwa lungenakukwazi ukuxelela ukuba siyintoni na isifo. Nangona kunjalo, lunika ulwazi olukhulu malunga nohlobo lweentsholongwane, nto leyo eluncedo kakhulu ekuqaliseni unyango.

I-Gram stain yindlela ebaluleke kakhulu yokudaya esetyenzisiweyo kwi-microbiology kangangeminyaka engamakhulu. Yaqala ukwaziswa ngo-1882 yingcali yeebhaktheriya yaseDenmark uHans Christian Gram. Waqala ukuyisebenzisa ukuchonga izinto eziphilayo ezibangela i-pneumonia.

Zithini iintsholongwane zeGram-positive kunye neGram-negative?

Ngoku masibone ukuba yintoni le nto i-Gram-positive kunye ne-Gram-negative. Olu hlu lusekelwe kwindlela iibhaktheriya ezisabela ngayo xa idayi yongezwe kwisampuli ngexesha lovavanyo lwe-Gram stain. Ezinye iibhaktheriya zijika zibe nombala omfusa-oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, ngelixa ezinye zijika zibe nombala opinki-obomvu.

Apha , igama elithi "positive" alithethi "ukulunga", kwaye alithethi "ukungabi namdla".I-Negative ayithethi "imbi" okanye "akukho bacteria." Luhlobo nje olusekelwe kwindlela iibacteria ezisabela ngayo kwidayi. Ngamanye amaxesha, iintsholongwane zikwabizwa ngokuba yi-"gram-variable." Oku kuthetha ukuba azinabala ngendlela efanayo, kwaye zinokubonakala zixubene ngombala opinki nomfusa.

Iintsholongwane ezinegram

Iindonga zeseli zebhaktiriya ezineGram zenziwe ngamaleko amakhulu ento ebizwa ngokuba yipeptidoglycan . Ipeptidoglycan yeyona nto iphambili kwiindonga zeseli zebhaktiriya ezininzi. Yenza malunga ne-90% yeendonga zeseli zebhaktiriya ezineGram. Yiyo loo nto zibonakala ziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ukuya komfusa kwibala leGram.

Ezinye iintlobo zebhaktheriya ezineGram-positive zezi:

• `Iintlobo zeStaphylococcus`
• `Iintlobo zeStreptococcus`
• `Iintlobo zeCorynebacterium`
• `Iintlobo zeClostridium`
• `Iintlobo zeListeria`

Iintsholongwane ezingenayo igram

Iibhaktheriya ezine-gram-negative zinomgca omncinci we-peptidoglycan (malunga ne-10% yodonga lweseli) eludongeni lweeseli zazo. Zikwanayo nepesenti ephezulu ye-lipids (oko kukuthi, ii-fatty acids) eludongeni lweeseli zazo. Yiyo loo nto zibonakala zibomvu ukuya kupinki kwibala le-Gram.

Ezinye iintlobo zebhaktheriya ezineGram-negative zezi:

• `I-Neisseria gonorrhoeae kunye ne-Neisseria meningitides`
• `Iintlobo zeMoraxella`
• `I-Escherichia coli (E. coli)`
• `Iintlobo zePseudomonas`
• `Iintlobo zeProteus`
• `Iintlobo zeKlebsiella`

Yintoni umahluko phakathi kwebala leGram kunye nenkcubeko yebhaktheriya?

Ukuba ugqirha wakho ukrokrela ukuba unesifo sebhaktiriya, badla ngokuyalela uvavanyo lweGram stain kunye novavanyo lwebacteria. Nangona kunjalo, ulwazi olufunyenwe kwezi mvavanyo zimbini lwahlukile.

Cinga ngale ndlela, ibala elimdaka lifana nepolisa eliya kwindawo yolwaphulo-mthetho lize libhale ngokukhawuleza inkcazo engeyiyo yabarhanelwa (njengobude, umbala, kunye nempahla). Oku kukunika umbono okhawulezileyo wokuba ngubani olapho.

Ukulima iintsholongwane yinkqubo apho iintsholongwane ezikwisampuli zikhuliswa kwindawo ekhethekileyo yezakhamzimba kwilebhu zize zichongwe ngegama. Oku kungathatha iintsuku ezininzi, njengoko ezinye iintsholongwane zikhula kancinci. Kodwa kukwanceda ukuchonga iintsholongwane ezichanekileyo kunye nonyango olufanelekileyo lwazo.

Ngoko ke, isiphumo esikhawulezileyo esivela kwibala leGramNokuba ifunyenwe, idla ngokukuxelela uhlobo lwebhaktheriya kuphela. Kodwa olo lwazi lubaluleke kakhulu ukuba ugqirha aqalise unyango ngokukhawuleza. Ukukhula kwebhaktheriya yeyona ndlela yokuchonga ngokuchanekileyo ibhaktheriya.

Zeziphi izifo ezinokunceda uvavanyo lweGram stain ukuba luchonge?

Oogqirha bayalela uvavanyo lweGram stain ukunceda ekuxilongeni nasekunyangeni izifo ezithile zebhaktiriya. Umzekelo, isetyenziselwa ukuxilonga izifo ezifana nosulelo lwendlela yomchamo (UTIs) kunye ne-bacterial pneumonia. Nangona kunjalo, ayi-odolwa kuzo zonke izifo zebhaktiriya. Umzekelo, iGram stain ayiqhelekanga ukwenziwa kwinto efana netyhefu yokutya, kodwa inokwenziwa kwisampuli yesitulo ukuba kuyimfuneko.

Iibhaktheriya eziqhelekileyo zeGram-negative kunye nezifo ezibangelwa zizo

Nazi ezinye iintsholongwane zeGram-negative kunye nezifo ezinokubangela:

• I- Escherichia coli : Usulelo lwendlela yomchamo (UTIs), ukutyhefeka kokutya.
• `Isifo seLegionella pneumoniae : Isifo seLegionnaires`.
• I- Salmonella : Ityhefu yokutya, umkhuhlane weTyphoid.
• ` Klebsiella : Isifo semiphunga, usulelo lwegazi, usulelo lwamanxeba okanye kwindawo yotyando, i-bacterial meningitis.`
• ` Neisseria gonorrhoeae : I-Gonorrhea.`
• I- Proteus : Usulelo lwendlela yomchamo (ii-UTI).`
• ` UMorganella morganii : Usulelo lwendlela yomchamo (UTIs), i-sepsis, i-pneumonia, usulelo lwamanxeba, usulelo lwemisipha, usulelo lwenkqubo yemithambo-luvo ephakathi, kunye ne-pericarditis (ukudumba kwenwebu ejikeleze intliziyo).`
• I- Aeromonas : usulelo lwamehlo, i-osteomyelitis (usulelo lwamathambo), i-meningitis yebhaktheriya, usulelo lokuphefumla "oluphantse lutshone", usulelo lwamalungu.

Iibhaktheriya eziqhelekileyo zeGram-positive kunye nezifo ezibangelwa zizo

Nazi ezinye iintsholongwane ezineGram-positive kunye nezifo ezinokubangela:

• ` I-Streptococcus pneumoniae : I-pneumonia yebhaktiriya.`
• I- Staphylococcus aureus : I-bacterial pneumonia, i-methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) kunye ne-toxic shock syndrome.
• Uhlobo lweStreptococcus lweQela A : Usulelo lomphimbo olubangelwa yiStrep.
• ` IListeria : Ityhefu yokutya.`
• ` I-Clostridium : Ityhefu yokutya.`
• "IClostridium botulinum kunye neClostridium butyricum: IBotulism.`

Uvavanyo lweGram lwenziwa nini?

Ukuba ugqirha wakho ukrokrela ukuba unesifo sebhaktiriya, ngamanye amaxesha isifo sefungus, badla ngokufuna ibala leGram kunye nenkcubeko yebhaktiriya. Le yindlela eqhelekileyo yokuchonga ngokukhawuleza isifo sebhaktiriya emzimbeni wakho.

Ngubani owenza uvavanyo lweGram Stain?

Ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo losulelo onokuba unalo, iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zababoneleli bezempilo zinokuqokelela isampuli yovavanyo lweGram stain. Umzekelo, ugqirha wezifo zabesifazane unokuthatha iswab yovavanyo lweGram stain yegonorrhea. Ingcali yezifo zamaphaphu ingathatha isampuli yephlegm ekukhwehleleni okanye kwi-sputum yakho ize iyithumele kuvavanyo lweGram stain ye-pneumonia yebhaktiriya.

Ugqirha wakho uza kubeka isampuli kwisikhongozeli esingenazintsholongwane aze ayithumele kwilebhu ukuze ivavanywe. Isazinzulu selabhoratri yezonyango siza kuyithambisa isampuli kwiislayidi zemakroskopu, sisebenzise uthotho lweedayi, size siyijonge phantsi kwemakroskopu. Baza kubhala ingxelo baze bayinike ugqirha wakho.

Ulungiselela njani uvavanyo lweGram Stain?

Iindaba ezimnandi! Akukho mfuneko yokwenza nantoni na ekhethekileyo ukuze ulungiselele uvavanyo lweGram stain.

Lwenziwa njani uvavanyo lweGram Stain?

Ngokubanzi kukho amanyathelo amathathu aphambili kuvavanyo lweGram stain:

• Ukuqokelela isampulu.
• Ukulungiselela isampuli.
• Ukuvavanya isampulu.

Ukuqokelela isampuli yebala leGram

Oku kuquka ukuthatha isampuli kwindawo apho ugqirha wakho ekrokrela ukuba kukho usulelo. Nazi ezinye iindlela zokuthatha isampuli enjalo:

• Ukukhuhla okanye ukuxubha izicwili kumphezulu wenxalenye yomzimba wakho.
• Ukuqokelela ulwelo okanye ukukhupha amanzi emzimbeni wakho.
• Ukufunxwa ngenaliti encinci kukususa isampuli yolwelo kwindawo ethile emzimbeni wakho kusetyenziswa inaliti encinci.

Nazi iindawo apho ungathatha khona iswab okanye uxukuxe isampuli:

• Umqala
• Iimpumlo
• Izini
• Izilonda zesikhumba

Iisampulu onokuziqokelela ngqo kwisikhongozeli esingenazintsholongwane zezi:

• I-saliva (i-sputum)
• Umchamo
• Isitulo

Iindawo zomzimba apho kufuneka khona ukufunxwa ngenaliti encinci ziquka:

• Ulwelo lwe-synovial kumalungu akho.
• Ulwelo olujikeleze intliziyo yakho (ulwelo lwe-pericardial).
• Ulwelo lwePleural lulwelo olujikeleze imiphunga yakho.
• Ulwelo lweCerebrospinal (CSF) lulwelo olujikeleze umqolo wakho.

Emva koko ugqirha ubeka isampuli kwisikhongozeli esingenazintsholongwane aze ayithumele kwilebhu.

Indlela yokwenza i-Gram staining

Kwilabhoratri, isazinzulu selabhoratri yezonyango sisasaza isampuli kwiislayidi zeglasi zemicroscope. Ezi slayidi zibizwa ngokuba yi "smears." Emva koko bafaka uthotho lweedayi kwismear baze benze iGram stain.

Inkqubo yokufaka idayi yeGram ibandakanya amanyathelo amane asisiseko:

• Ukusetyenziswa kwepigment ephambili (i-crystal violet).
• Ukongeza isixhobo sokulungisa imibala (i-iodine kaGram).
• Ukutshintsha umbala ngokukhawuleza nge-ethanol, i-acetone, okanye umxube wazo zombini.
• Ukucoca nge-safranin.

Ukujonga ibala leGram

Emva koko, xa isazinzulu selabhoratri yezonyango siyijonga phantsi kwemakroskopu, sihlela naziphi na iintsholongwane ezinokuba zikhona ngokombala kunye nokuma kwazo:

• Umbala : Iintsholongwane ezinegram zihlala zibonakala zimfusa ukuya kubhlowu, ngelixa iintsholongwane ezinegram zibonakala zipinki ukuya kubomvu.
• Imilo : Ezona imilo zixhaphakileyo zingqukuva (cocci) okanye ezimile okwentonga (bacilli).

Kwakhona, isazinzulu selabhoratri yezonyango sijonga amaqela eebhaktheriya kwisilayidi size sijonge nezinye iimpawu zesampulu. Umzekelo:

• Ngaba ii-cocci zifumaneka zodwa, ngababini, ngamaqela amane, ngamaqela, okanye ngamatyathanga?
• Ingaba ii-bacilli zityebile, zincinci, zimfutshane, zinde, okanye zinezingxobo ezinkulu kwelinye icala?
• Ngaba kukho iintsholongwane ngaphakathi kwiiseli ezimhlophe zegazi?

Isazinzulu selabhoratri yezonyango siya kulungiselela ingxelo size siyithumele kugqirha wakho.

Zithini iingozi zovavanyo lweGram stain?

Akukho mngcipheko wokuthatha isampuli yeswab, okanye wokuthatha isampuli yamathe, umchamo, okanye yendle.

Ngokuphathelele uvavanyo lwegazi, iingozi ziphantsi kakhulu. Kusenokuba kukho ukuqaqamba kunye nokukrweleka apho igazi litsalwe khona, kodwa kuya kuphola ngokukhawuleza.

Iingozi ezinokubakho zokufunxwa ngenaliti encinci zezi:

• Ukuva ubuhlungu okanye ukungakhululeki.
• Ukopha.
• Usulelo.
• Ukonakala kwezicubu ezingqongileyo.

Zithetha ukuthini iziphumo zeGram stain?

Iziphumo zovavanyo lwe-Gram stain zibonisa izinto ezimbini eziphambili: "i-Gram stain engeyiyo" okanye "i-Gram stain entle". Oku akufanele kudidaniswe negama elithi "gram-negative" okanye "gram-positive" bacteria.

Ibala leGram elibi

Ukuba iziphumo zovavanyo lwakho zithi "i-Gram stain negative" okanye "akukho nto ibonwayo," oko kuthetha ukuba bekungekho bhaktheriya yaneleyo yokubonwa yi-Gram stain. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba wenza i-culture yesampulu efanayo, usenokufumana iibhaktheriya.

Ibala leGram elihle

Ukuba iziphumo zovavanyo lwakho zithi "positive Gram stain", oko kuthetha ukuba bekukho iintsholongwane kwisampulu yakho. Ukuba iziphumo zakho zichanekile, zihlala ziquka ulwazi olufana nolu:

• Uhlobo lwebhaktheriya : I-Gram-positive okanye i-Gram-negative.
• Imilo yebhaktheriya : nokuba yingqukuva (i-cocci) okanye imile okwentonga (i-bacilli).
• Ezinye iimpawu zebhaktiriya : ubungakanani bebhaktiriya, ubuninzi bazo (inani), kunye/okanye indlela ezihlanganiswe ngayo iibhaktiriya, ukuba kuyasebenza.
• Ezinye iiseli : Nokuba kukho iintsholongwane ngaphakathi kwezinye iiseli (ngaphakathi kweeseli), iiseli ezibomvu zegazi, okanye iiseli ezimhlophe zegazi.
• Ifungi : Uvavanyo lweGram stain lunokukhangela ifungi ngohlobo lweyeast okanye imolds. Nangona kunjalo, kufuneka uvavanyo olongezelelweyo ukuze kuchongwe ukuba loluphi uhlobo lwefungus.

Olu lwazi, kunye neempawu zakho kunye nezinye iziphumo zonyango, lunokunceda ugqirha wakho ukuba agqibe ukuba loluphi unyango olusebenzayo. Ngamanye amaxesha, oku kunokuba luncedo ngaphambi kokuba kufumaneke iziphumo zenkcubeko yebhaktheriya.

Kuthatha ixesha elingakanani ukwazi iziphumo zovavanyo?

Uvavanyo lwe-gram stain ludla ngokunika iziphumo ezikhawulezayo. Nangona kunjalo, iziphumo ze-gram stain zihlala zithathwa njengeziza kuqala . Oku kuthetha ukuba zodwa azinakwenza uxilongo rhoqo. Uvavanyo lwebhaktheriya kunye/okanye olunye uvavanyo (umzekelo, uvavanyo lwe-antigen kunye ne-antibody kwiintlobo ezithile zebhaktheriya) lunokufuneka ukuqinisekisa uxilongo.

Ndifanele ndibize ugqirha wam nini?

Ukuba ufunyaniswe unentsholongwane kwaye uneengxaki ngonyango olufumanayo, okanye ukuba usulelo lwakho alubi ngcono, qiniseka ukuba uqhagamshelana nogqirha wakho.

Ibala legram luvavanyo oluqhelekileyo, oluhlala lungenabuhlungu, olusetyenziselwa ukujonga usulelo lweentsholongwane okanye lwefungus. Ukulinda iziphumo zovavanyo lokuxilonga kunokuba nzima kakhulu. Kodwa khumbula, nokuba zithini na iziphumo, iqela lakho lezonyango likhona ukukunceda. Musa ukoyika ukubuza imibuzo malunga novavanyo lwakho okanye iziphumo.

Umyalezo Wokuya Ekhaya

Kulungile, ngoko ke ngokwezinto esizithethileyo, ndiyathemba ukuba unoluvo oluhle malunga novavanyo lweGram Stain. Izinto eziphambili ekufuneka uzikhumbule zezi:

• I-Gram stain luvavanyo olukhawuleza lugqibe ukuba kukho iibhaktheriya kwaye ziluhlobo luni .
• Oku kwahlula iintsholongwane njenge -gram-positive okanye i-gram-negative . Kunceda ugqirha ukuba akhethe amayeza.
• Nangona iziphumo zikhawuleza, ngamanye amaxesha ziba zezokuqala . Kunokufuneka inkcubeko yeebhaktheriya ukuze kufunyanwe eyona bhaktheriya ichanekileyo.
• Akukho mngcipheko mkhulu kolu vavanyo.
• Ukuba unemibuzo, ungaze woyike ukubuza ugqirha wakho .

Ngoko ke, ukuba ugqirha ukucela ukuba wenze uvavanyo olufana nolu, eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukungaxhalabi ngaloo nto, kodwa kukuqonda ukuba le yinto ebalulekileyo kwimpilo-ntle yakho.

I- Gram stain, i-Gram stain, iibhaktheriya, usulelo, i-Gram positive, i-Gram negative, uvavanyo lwelebhu