Yonke into malunga neentsholongwane - iintshaba ezincinci esingenakuzibona - ngokulula!

Sonke sivile ngeentsholongwane, akunjalo? Ingakumbi kutshanje nge-`(COVID-19)`, igama elithi intsholongwane libe yinxalenye yobomi bethu. Kodwa yintoni kanye kanye intsholongwane? Zisigulisa njani? Ungakhathazeki, namhlanje siza kuthetha ngazo zonke ezi zinto ngokulula nangokucacileyo, ngokungathi sithetha nomhlobo.

Yintoni intsholongwane? (Yintoni intsholongwane?)

Ngamafutshane, intsholongwane yintsholongwane encinci kakhulu . Zincinci kangangokuba asinakuzibona ngamehlo ethu, zifana nabahlaseli abancinci. Ezi ntsholongwane zingosulela kungekuphela nje abantu, izilwanyana, izityalo, kodwa neebhaktheriya kunye nefungi. Kodwa kukho into enye ekhethekileyo, ayizizo zonke iintsholongwane ezichaphazela wonke umntu. Zisosulela kuphela ngokuzifumanela "ikhaya" elifanelekileyo. Oku sikubiza ngokuba yi-host specificity .

Xa intsholongwane ingena emzimbeni, ngamanye amaxesha inokuba buhlungu ngokupheleleyo. Kodwa ngamanye amaxesha inokuba yingozi kakhulu. Nazi ezinye zezifo ezibangelwa ziintsholongwane:

• Izifo ezibangela ubunzima bokuphefumla (umz. umkhuhlane, umkhuhlane)
• Ukuphazamiseka kwesisu, ukuhlanza, urhudo
• Izifo ezidluliselwa ngesondo (iiSTI)
• Izifo zesikhumba (umz., i-chickenpox, ii-warts)

Cinga ngale ndlela: intsholongwane ifana neqhekeza elincinci lolwazi lwemfuza olusongelwe "kwiphakheji" encinci. Le phakheji, okanye iqokobhe elikhuselayo, libizwa ngokuba yi-capsid . Iintsholongwane azenziwanga ngeeseli. Ngoko ke azinakwenza ezinye iintsholongwane zodwa. Into eziyenzayo kukuthatha imiyalelo yazo, zingene kwiseli yomninimzi efana neyethu, kwaye zisebenzise izixhobo ezikuloo seli ukuze zenze iikopi zazo.

Kufana nomntu ongena ekhitshini lakho ngokunyenya, ezisa iresiphi yakhe, aze asebenzise iimbiza zakho, iipani, kunye nesitovu ukupheka ukutya kwakho. Ngelishwa, bagqibela besenza ingxolo ekhitshini xa begqibile!

Iintsholongwane ngamanye amaxesha zibizwa ngokuba "zii-virions".

Ziziphi iimpawu eziqhelekileyo zeentsholongwane?

Phantse zonke iintsholongwane zineempawu ezimbalwa ezifanayo. Jonga:

• Zenziwe ngezinto zemfuza (i-RNA okanye i-DNA) kunye ne-protective protein coat (i-capsid) ezijikelezileyo.
• Ezinye iintsholongwane zinesigqubuthelo sangaphandle phezu kwesi sigqubuthelo. Oku kubizwa ngokuba yi-envelope . Iintsholongwane ezingenaso isigqubuthelo esinjalo zibizwa ngokuba yi-"naked viruses".
• Iintsholongwane zifana neeparasite . Zidinga iseli yomninimzi ukuze zizale. Zingaphila ngaphandle komninimzi okwethutyana, kodwa kuphela de i-capsid yonakale.
• Incinci ngokuphindwe kayi-100 ukuya kwi-1000 kuneeseli zomzimba wethu. Kunzima ukuyicinga, akunjalo?

Ziziphi iintlobo zeentsholongwane?

Oogqirha noososayensi bahlulahlula iintsholongwane ngokwembonakalo yazo (ubungakanani, imilo) kunye nohlobo lwezinto eziqulathwe yimfuza. Zahlulwe ngokweentsapho, njengezizwe. Nazi ezinye zeentlobo zeentsholongwane osenokuba ukhe weva ngazo:

Ezinye zeentlobo zeentsholongwane esihlala siziva ngazo

• Iintsholongwane zomkhuhlane: Ezi zezona zibangela umkhuhlane oqhelekileyo (umkhuhlane). Ezi ntsholongwane zomkhuhlane zikwabangela izinto ezifana nomkhuhlane weentaka kunye nomkhuhlane weengulube (H1N1).
• Iintsholongwane ze-herpes zomntu: Olu lusapho olukhulu lweentsholongwane. Zingunobangela wezifo ezininzi, eziquka i-herpes yomlomo neyesini, i-chickenpox, i-herpes zoster (shingles), i-Epstein-Barr virus, kunye ne-cytomegalovirus (CMV).
• ICoronavirus: Wonke umntu uyayazi le gama ngoku, akunjalo? Intsholongwane ebangela i-COVID-19 lelona lungu lidumileyo kolu sapho. Kodwa ezinye iintsholongwane kolu sapho zibangela nezifo ezincinci njengomkhuhlane oqhelekileyo.
• Iintsholongwane zeHuman Papilloma (HPV): Ezi zezona zinto zibangela iintsumpa. Ezinye iintlobo zeHPV zinokubangela nomhlaza.
• Iintsholongwane ze-Enterovirus: Ezi ntsholongwane zibangela usulelo emathunjini ethu. Zingunobangela wezinto ezifana ne-polio kunye nesifo sezandla, iinyawo, kunye nomlomo.
• IiFlavivirus: Eli qela leentsholongwane lisasazeka kakhulu ziingcongconi. Zibangela izifo ezifana nomkhuhlane weDengue, iZika, kunye neWest Nile.
• Iintsholongwane ze-Orthopox: Ezi ntsholongwane zibangela amaqhuqhuva eluswini. I-Mpox kunye ne-smallpox zimizekelo yolu hlobo lwentsholongwane.
• Iintsholongwane zeHepatitis: Nangona ezi ntsholongwane zingezizo ezosapho olunye, zonke zichaphazela isibindi sethu. IHepatitis A, B, kunye no-C zezona zixhaphakileyo.

Iintlobo ezikhethekileyo zeentsholongwane

Kukwakho nezinye iintlobo ezikhethekileyo zeentsholongwane:

• IiRetrovirus: Ezi zii-RNA virus. Zisebenzisa iiproteni ezikhethekileyo ukuguqula i-RNA yazo ibe yi-DNA. Emva koko zifaka loo DNA kwi-DNA yeeseli zethu. Iiseli zethu emva koko ziqala ukufunda i-DNA yentsholongwane ngokungathi yimiyalelo yazo. I-HIV ( intsholongwane ebangela i-AIDS) kunye ne-HTLV-1 zimizekelo yee-retrovirus ezinjalo.
• Iintsholongwane ze-Oncovirus: Ezi ziintsholongwane ezinokubangela umhlaza. Iintsholongwane ezifana ne-HPV, i-Epstein-Barr virus, i-HIV, i-hepatitis B kunye ne-C, i-HTLV-1, kunye ne-human herpes virus 8 (HHV-8) ziye zanxulunyaniswa nezinye iintlobo zomhlaza.
• Iintsholongwane zesathelayithi: Ezi ntsholongwane azikwazi ukuzala ngokwazo. Zifuna intsholongwane "encedisayo". Ezi zifumaneka kakhulu kwizityalo.
• Iibhakteriophages:Ezi zikwabizwa ngokuba zii-"phages" ngamafutshane. Ezi ntsholongwane zosulela ngokukodwa iintsholongwane. Izazinzulu ngoku ziphanda unyango lwe-bacteriophage njengonyango lwezifo zentsholongwane ezinganyangekiyo kwii-antibiotics.

Iintsholongwane zingena njani emizimbeni yethu?

Iintsholongwane zihlala zingena emizimbeni yethu ngeenwebu zethu zomlomo. Oko kuthetha iindawo ezifana namehlo, impumlo, umlomo, amalungu esini, i-vagina, kunye ne-anus. Ezinye iintsholongwane zinokungena emzimbeni ngokuqhekeka eluswini, okanye kwingcongconi okanye kwi-tick.

Zisebenza njani iintsholongwane?

Intsholongwane ihlasela iseli kwaye ilandela amanyathelo aliqela ukuze yenze iikopi zayo.

1. Uncamathiselo: Intsholongwane iqale inamathele kwiseli yomninimzi.

2. Ukungena: Emva koko kufakwa iseli.

3. Ukuphindaphinda: Iseli yenza iikopi zezinto zayo zofuzo kunye neeproteni ngaphakathi kuyo.

4. Ukuhlanganiswa: Amalungu amatsha ahlanganiswa ukuze enze intsholongwane epheleleyo.

5. Ukukhululwa: Intsholongwane entsha iyaphuma kwiseli ize yosulele ezinye iiseli.

Ukufaka iseli

Iintsholongwane zisebenzisa iindlela ezintathu zokungena kwiiseli:

• Ukubopha ii-receptor: Iiseli zethu zine-receptors ngaphandle ezisebenza "njengamasango." Ezinye iintsholongwane zikhohlisa ezi seli zicinge ukuba zinemvume yokungena, kwaye zingene ngala masango.
• Ukudibana ngqo: Ezinye iintsholongwane zinamathela ngqo kwiseli yomsingathi kwaye zingene kuyo.
• Iintsholongwane ze-bacteriophages zi-virus ezifaka kuphela izinto zazo zemfuza kwiseli yebhaktiriya. Akufuneki ukuba i-virus yonke ingene.

Kwenzeka ntoni emva kokungena? (Ukwenza iikopi)

Xa intsholongwane okanye izinto zayo zofuzo zingena kwiseli, isebenzisa iindlela ezimbini ukwenza iikopi zayo. Ezinye iintsholongwane ngamanye amaxesha zisebenzisa zombini ezi ndlela.

• Umjikelo weLytic: Kulo mjikelo, intsholongwane isebenzisa izixhobo zeseli ephetheyo (njengezixhobo zasekhitshini) ukwenza iikopi ezininzi zayo. Amasuntswana entsholongwane ayahlangana, kwaye izinto zemfuza ziya ngaphakathi kwi-capsid. Xa iikopi ezininzi zentsholongwane zenziwa ngale ndlela ngaphakathi kwiseli, iseli ekugqibeleni iyaqhuma. Emva koko iintsholongwane ezintsha ziyaphuma zize zosulele ezinye iiseli.
• Umjikelo weLysogenic: Ezinye iintsholongwane zinexesha "elizolileyo" okanye "elifihliweyo". Zingena kwiiseli zize zihlale apho okwethutyana, zingenzi nto. Kufana nokuchwechwa ungene ekhitshini lakho uze ubhale iresiphi yazo kwincwadi yakho yeresiphi endaweni yokupheka. Iseli ayiqapheli ukuba kukho intsholongwane ngaphakathi, ngoko ke iseli iyahlukana kwaye iphindaphindeke ngokuqhelekileyo. Yonke iseli entsha eyenzekayo inekopi yaloo ntsholongwane. Emva koko, uxinzelelo, ngenxa yezinto ezifana neekhemikhali ezithile okanye utshintsho lobushushu, intsholongwane efihlakeleyo iyasebenza, iqhume kwiiseli, kwaye amasuntswana eentsholongwane asasazeka emzimbeni wonke.

Iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeentsholongwane

Iintsholongwane zinokuchazwa ngeempawu ezahlukeneyo:

• Indlela ezibonakala ngayo (imilo nobukhulu).
• Iimpawu zabo ze-genome.
• Nokuba kukho iiproteni zesakhiwo kunye ne-envelope okanye akunjalo.

Iintlobo zeentsholongwane

Iintsholongwane zinokubonakala zahlukile kakhulu enye kwenye. Izazinzulu ziwahlulahlula ngokwemilo yazo:

• Icosahedral okanye ipolyhedral: Le yimilo yejometri enamacala amaninzi, njengebhola ekhatywayo. Uninzi lweentsholongwane ezisulela abantu zinale milo.
• I-Helical: Le ntsholongwane imile okwesilinda. Ulwazi lwayo lwemfuza lujikelezwe ngaphakathi njengesipilingi.
• I-Spherical: Iintsholongwane ze-Spherical ziintsholongwane ezinesigqubuthelo esizijikelezileyo, nokuba zijikelezwe yi-spiral okanye zineeleya ezininzi. Zimile njengebhola.
• Intsonkothile: Iintsholongwane ezintsonkothileyo zinemilo engaphezu kwesinye zidibene. Iintsholongwane ezisulela iintsholongwane zine "ntloko" enezintlu ezininzi kunye "nomzimba" ojikelezayo.

Ubungakanani bentsholongwane

Zonke iintsholongwane zincinci kakhulu – zincinci kakhulu ukuba zingabonwa ngaphandle kwe-microscope enamandla. Xa zilinganiswa, uninzi lwazo luphakathi kwe-20 nanometers (nm) kunye ne-400nm. Cinga ngayo, loo nto incinci ngokuphindwe ka-2000 kunesanti ! Zincinci ngokuphindwe ka-100 ukuya kwi-1000 kuneeseli emizimbeni yethu.

Kodwa ubukhulu bazo bunokwahluka kakhulu. Umzekelo, intsholongwane yemasisi inkulu ngokuphindwe kahlanu kunentsholongwane yeZika.

Ulwazi lwemfuza ngeentsholongwane

Ulwazi olugcinwe kwintsholongwane – izinto zayo zemfuza – luba yi-`(DNA)` okanye yi-`(RNA)`. `(DNA)` lufana nencwadi yemiyalelo exelela intsholongwane indlela yokuyenza. `(RNA)` lufana nemiyalelo efundwa ngumatshini weseli kwaye iguqulelwe kulwimi olunokwenza iiproteni. Intsholongwane ingaba yi-`(DNA)` okanye yi-`(RNA)` ngolu hlobo:

• Imigca ethe tyaba okanye ejikelezayo .
• Ingqiqo elungileyo okanye engalunganga: I-RNA enengqondo elungileyo ingasetyenziswa njengemiyalelo yokwenza amasuntswana eentsholongwane ngokuthe ngqo ngaphandle kwamanyathelo ongezelelweyo. Iintsholongwane ze-RNA engenangqondo embi zifuna ii-enzymes ezikhethekileyo ukwenza i-RNA enengqondo elungileyo ngaphambi kokuba zenze iikopi zentsholongwane.
• I-single-strand okanye i-double-strand: Iintsholongwane ze-DNA zinokuba nezinto zazo zemfuza njenge-single strand (ssDNA) okanye njenge-two strings ezidityanisiweyo (dsDNA). (I-DNA yomntu i-double-strand). Iintsholongwane ze-RNA zihlala zi-single-strand, kodwa kukwakho nezinye iintsholongwane ze-RNA ezi-double-strand.

Ngaba iintsholongwane ziyaphila okanye aziphili?

Lo ngumbuzo onomdla kancinci. Izazinzulu azidli ngokucinga ukuba iintsholongwane zizinto eziphilayo.Oku kungenxa yokuba azikwazi ukwenza ezinye zezinto ezenziwa zizinto eziphilayo, njengokuguqula ukutya kube ngamandla (i-metabolism). Azikwazi nokuphila okanye ukuzala ngaphandle kweseli yomninimzi.

Kodwa kwelinye icala, zinokuphindaphindeka ngaphakathi kwiseli efanelekileyo yomgcini, kwaye zinokutshintsha (ziguquke) ngokuhamba kwexesha ukuze ziphile. Azipheleli apho, kodwa zingonakalisa kwaye zitshabalalise iiseli zomgcini kule nkqubo. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, abantu abaninzi babona iintsholongwane njengento ekhoyo kwindawo engwevu, kumda phakathi kwezinto eziphilayo nezingaphiliyo.

Ziziphi izifo ezibangelwa ziintsholongwane?

Njengoko besitshilo ngaphambili, iintsholongwane zinokubangela izifo ezahlukeneyo. Ezinye zezona zifo zixhaphakileyo zezi:

• Okubandayo Okunye
• Umkhuhlane `(Umkhuhlane)`
• I-Covid-19 `(COVID-19)`
• Intsholongwane ye-syncytial yokuphefumla `(RSV)`
• Iqhwiqhwi
• I-Mascus
• I-HIV/AIDS
• Iintsholongwane ze-Human papillomavirus/iintsholongwane ze-genital (HPV/iintsholongwane ze-genital)
• I-herpes yesini (HSV)
• Ipoliyo
• Isifo seRabies
• UMpox `(Mpox)`
• IZika
• I-Hepatitis

Izinto ekufuneka sizikhumbule (Umyalezo Wokuya Ekhaya)

Okwangoku kufuneka ube nolwazi oluhle lokuba zeziphi iintsholongwane. Khumbula, iintsholongwane zizinto ezincinci eziza ngazo zonke iimo nobukhulu. Zifuna umntu oza kusosulela. Kodwa ayizizo zonke iintsholongwane ezisigulisayo. Enyanisweni, izazinzulu zithi kunokubakho izigidigidi zeentsholongwane ezihlala emizimbeni yethu, zingenzanga monakalo!

Nangona kunjalo, iintsholongwane ezisibangela ukugula zifana neendwendwe ezingafunwayo eziza emakhayeni ethu. Ngoko ke, sinokuzikhusela kwezi ntsholongwane ngokuhlala sicocekile, sihlambe izandla zethu rhoqo, size sigonyelwe izifo ezithile. Ukuba unesifo esithile, ungalibali ukufuna ingcebiso kagqirha. Hlala usempilweni!

Iintsholongwane , usulelo lweentsholongwane, iintlobo zeentsholongwane, izifo, impilo, ukhuseleko lomzimba, izifo