Ngaba uyazi ngovavanyo lwe-HIV? Makhe sithethe ngalo ngokweenkcukacha!

Xa usiva igama elithi HIV, ungaziva uloyiko okanye uxhalabile. Kodwa kubaluleke kakhulu ukwazi ngayo. Kuba, ukuba iHIV ifunyenwe kwangethuba, yimeko enokulawulwa kakuhle kwaye iphile ubomi obusempilweni. Ngoko ke, namhlanje siza kuthetha ngokuba luyintoni uvavanyo lweHIV, indlela yokulufumana, kunye neziphumo.

Yintoni i-HIV? Kutheni olu vavanyo lubalulekile?

Ngamafutshane, i-HIV (i-Human Immunodeficiency Virus) yintsholongwane ehlasela amajoni omzimba emizimbeni yethu. Amajoni ethu omzimba afana nomkhosi okhusela ilizwe lethu. Intsholongwane ye-HIV ihlasela lo mkhosi kwaye iwenza buthathaka. Emva koko umzimba wethu awukwazi ukumelana nezifo ezincinci.

Ukuba usulelo lwe-HIV alunyangwa ngokufanelekileyo, ekugqibeleni lunokukhula lube yi -AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) . Lunokuba yingozi ebomini. Nangona kunjalo, eyona nto ilungileyo kukuba nokuba usulelo lwe-HIV, ukuba uxilongwe kwangethuba kwaye uqale unyango, ungahlala usempilweni ngaphandle kokufikelela kwinqanaba le-AIDS. Yiyo loo nto kubaluleke kakhulu ukwenza uvavanyo lwe-HIV.

Iindlela zokuvavanya i-HIV zangoku zisebenza kakhulu ekufumaneni intsholongwane. Ngoko ke, ukuba ucinga ukuba usenokuba semngciphekweni, kungcono ukuvavanya.

Zeziphi iintlobo zovavanyo ezikhoyo zokufumanisa i-HIV?

Kukho iintlobo ezintathu eziphambili zovavanyo lwe-HIV. Olu vavanyo lusebenzisa isampulu yegazi lakho (nokuba ngumthambo okanye ukuhlatywa ngomnwe) okanye isampulu yolwelo lomlomo. Oku kwahlukile kumathe.

1. Uvavanyo lwe-Nucleic Acid (NAT):

• Oku kujonga ngqo ubukho bezinto zofuzo zentsholongwane ye-HIV (`HIV RNA`). Kunokuqinisekisa nokuba ingakanani na intsholongwane esegazini (`umthwalo wentsholongwane`).
• Olu luvavanyo olubiza kakhulu, olwenziwa kwilabhoratri enkulu. Lubandakanya ukuthatha igazi emthanjeni.

2. Uvavanyo lwe-Antigen/Antibody:

• Oku akubhekiselele kwintsholongwane ngokwayo, kodwa yindlela umzimba wethu osabela ngayo kwintsholongwane.
• Into yokuqala ekufuneka uyijonge yinto ebizwa ngokuba yi-antigen . I-antigen yinto evuselela amasosha omzimba wethu. Ukuba une-HIV, kufuneka ube nento ebizwa ngokuba yi-p24 antigen egazini lakho.
• Okulandelayo, sikhangela ii-antibodies ze-HIV . Inkqubo yethu yomzimba yokuzikhusela yenza ezi antibodies ukulwa nentsholongwane.
• Ii-Antigens zinokubonwa egazini ngaphambi kwee-antibodies.

3. Uvavanyo lwe-Antibody:

• Oku kujonga kuphela ii-antibodies ze-HIV.

Ngokubanzi, uvavanyo lwe-`NAT` lubiza kakhulu, ngoko ke alusetyenziswa rhoqo ukuvavanya i-HIV ngaphandle kokuba uneempawu. Ukuba ufunyenwe une-HIV, ugqirha wakho unokuyalela uvavanyo lwe-`NAT` ukujonga umthwalo wakho wentsholongwane.

Inyathelo lokuqala lokuhlolwa kwe-HIV kukuvavanya i-antibody okanye uvavanyo lwe-antigen/antibody. Ukuba iziphumo zilungile, kuya kufuneka uvavanyo olongezelelweyo ukuqinisekisa oko.

Ufanele ulufumane nini uvavanyo lwe-HIV?

Ngokutsho kwe-US Preventive Services Task Force, wonke umntu ophakathi kweminyaka eli-15 ukuya kuma-65 ubudala kufuneka avavanyelwe i-HIV ubuncinane kube kanye ebomini bakhe. I-HIV ayisoloko ibangela iimpawu kwizigaba zokuqala. Ke ngoko, ukuvavanya yeyona ndlela yokwazi ukuba unayo na intsholongwane. Ukuba unayo, ungathintela ukusasazeka kwayo kwabanye.

Kwakhona, ukuba usemngciphekweni omkhulu wokufumana i-HIV, okanye ukuba ukhulelwe, ngokuqinisekileyo kufuneka ulufumane olu vavanyo.

Ngubani osengozini enkulu?

I-HIV isasazeka ngokutshintshiselana kolwelo lomzimba negazi ngexesha lokwabelana ngesondo. Ukuba uchaphazeleka kolu lwelo luvela kumntu one-HIV, usengozini enkulu. Ukuba nesondo nomntu one-HIV ngaphandle kokusebenzisa iindlela zokuzikhusela (ezifana neekhondom) kwandisa kakhulu umngcipheko wakho wokufumana i-HIV.

Xa kufuneka uvavanyelwe i-HIV rhoqo:

• Ukuba wenza isondo sangasese, sangasese somlomo, okanye somlomo nomntu one-HIV, okanye umntu ongaziwa ukuba une-HIV na.
• Ukuba unamaqabane angaphezu kwelinye, okanye ukuba iqabane lakho linamaqabane angaphezu kwelinye.
• Ukuba uyindoda kwaye ulala namanye amadoda (`MSM - Amadoda alala namadoda`).
• Ukuba une-STI edluliselwa ngesondo (i-STI) ngaphandle kwe-HIV (ukuba ne-STI enye kwandisa umngcipheko wakho wokufumana i-HIV).
• Ukuba wabelana ngeenaliti nabanye ukuze ufake iziyobisi.

Ukuvavanywa rhoqo kuthetha ukuba mhlawumbi kube kanye ngonyaka, okanye nangakumbi. I-CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) ithi amadoda alala namadoda afanele ahlolwe rhoqo emva kweenyanga ezi-3-6. Buza ugqirha wakho ukuba kufuneka uhlolwe kangaphi.

Ukuba uxhatshazwe ngokwesondo, kubalulekile ukuba uvavanyelwe i-HIV ngelo xesha. Kufuneka ubone ugqirha ngoko nangoko uze uqale ukuthatha amayeza e-HIV, aziwa ngokuba yi -PEP (Post-Exposure Prophylaxis) . La mayeza anokunceda ukuthintela i-HIV. Nangona kunjalo, kufuneka aqalwe kwiiyure ezingama-72 emva kokuba usemngciphekweni emsebenzini.

Kutheni uvavanyo lwe-HIV lubalulekile ngexesha lokukhulelwa?

Kucetyiswa ukuba uvavanyelwe i-HIV ngexesha lokukhulelwa, ingakumbi kwi-trimester yokuqala. Oku kungenxa yokuba i-HIV inokudluliselwa ukusuka kumama ukuya kusana. Ingadluliselwa nangobisi lwebele. Ukuba ufumana unyango kwangethuba ngexesha lokukhulelwa, unokuthintela ukuba intsholongwane ingadluliseli kusana lwakho.

Ukuba ukhulelwe kwaye usemngciphekweni omkhulu wokufumana i-HIV, kulungile ukuba uvavanywe kabini okanye kathathu ngexesha lokukhulelwa kwakho.

Ndingalufumana phi uvavanyo lwe-HIV?

Kukho iindawo ezininzi onokuzivavanya kuzo (ezinye zikwafumaneka ekhayeni lakho).

• Ungayifumana kwiofisi kagqirha wakho, ekliniki, okanye kwiziko lezempilo loluntu.
• Ungafumana iindawo ezibonelela ngovavanyo lwe-HIV kunye nezinye izifo ezithathelwana ngesondo ngokufaka idilesi yakho kwiwebhusayithi ye-CDC (efana ne-"HIV Testing Sites & Care Services Locator"). Uninzi lwezi ndawo zibonelela ngovavanyo lwasimahla.
• Ukuba ungaphezulu kweminyaka eli-17, ungathenga ikhithi yovavanyo lwe-HIV ekhaya kwikhemesti okanye kwi-intanethi. Uvavanyo lwe-HIV oluvunyiweyo yi -FDA (Food and Drug Administration) kuphela emhlabeni luvavanyo lwe-HIV oluvunyiweyo yi -OraQuick® In-Home HIV Test .

Uvavanyo lwe-HIV luyifumanisa njani intsholongwane? Yintoni "ixesha lefestile"?

Uvavanyo lwe-HIV lukhangela intsholongwane ye-HIV egazini lakho okanye kulwelo lomlomo. Le isenokuba yintsholongwane ngokwayo, i-antigen ye-HIV kunye nee-antibodies, okanye ii-antibodies nje. Ukuba ufunyenwe une-HIV, kuya kufuneka uvavanyo olongezelelekileyo ukuze uyiqinisekise. Ukuba ufunyenwe une-HIV, oko kuthetha ukuba mhlawumbi awunayo intsholongwane.

Nangona kunjalo, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba uqaphele "ixesha lefestile" apha. Ixesha lefestile lixesha eliphakathi kokuba unentsholongwane kunye nexesha enokubonwa ngalo ngovavanyo. Eli xesha liyahluka ukusuka kumntu ukuya komnye kwaye kuxhomekeke kuhlobo lovavanyo. Ngoko ke, kufuneka uvavanywe emva kokuba eli xesha lefestile lidlulile.

• Uvavanyo lwe-Nucleic acid (NAT): Olu lunexesha elifutshane kakhulu. Lunokukuxelela ukuba une-HIV phakathi kweentsuku ezili-10 ukuya kwezingama-33 emva kokuba uchaphazelekile.
• Uvavanyo lwe-Antigen/antibody: Usulelo lunokubonwa phakathi kweentsuku ezili-18 nezingama-45 emva kokuvezwa (uvavanyo lwegazi) okanye phakathi kweentsuku ezili-18 nezingama-90 (uvavanyo lweminwe).
• Uvavanyo lwe-antibody (olukhawulezileyo kakhulu noluvavanyo lwasekhaya): Lunokubona usulelo phakathi kweentsuku ezingama-23 ukuya kwezingama-90 emva kokudibana nalo.

Ukuba uvavanyo lwakho alubonisi ukuba une-HIV, kodwa ucinga ukuba usenokuba uchaphazelekile, qiniseka ukuba uphinde uvavanywe emva kokuba ixesha lovavanyo liphelile.

Ngaba kufuneka uzilungiselele ngaphambi kovavanyo?

Akukho lungiselelo likhethekileyo lifunekayo kwiimvavanyo zegazi. Nangona kunjalo, kwiimvavanyo zasekhaya ezisebenzisa ulwelo lomlomo, unokucetyiswa ukuba ungatyi okanye usele imizuzu engama-30 ngaphambi kovavanyo. Landela imiyalelo ekwikhithi ngokuchanekileyo.

Kwenzeka ntoni ngexesha lovavanyo?

Oku kuyahluka ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo lovavanyo oluthathayo kunye nendawo oluthathwa kuyo.

Uvavanyo lwe-HIV olwenziwe kwilebhu

Uninzi lovavanyo lwe-HIV lubandakanya ingcali yezempilo ethatha igazi lakho ilithumele kwilebhu. Oku kungenziwa eofisini kagqirha wakho okanye ekliniki. Ukuba uvavanywe ukuba une-HIV, ugqirha wakho uya kwenza olunye uvavanyo ukuqinisekisa oko. I-CDC icebisa olu landelelwano lulandelayo lovavanyo lwe-HIV:

1. Uvavanyo lokuqala: Uvavanyo lwe-Antigen/antibody lokujonga i-HIV antigen p24 kunye nee-antibodies ze-HIV. Ukuba une-HIV, kufuneka uvavanyo lwesibini ukuqinisekisa iziphumo.

2. Uvavanyo lwesibini: Uvavanyo lwe-antibody lokukhangela ii-antibodies kwiintlobo ezimbini ze-HIV, i-HIV-1 kunye ne-HIV-2. Ukuba iziphumo zesibini nazo zilungile, kuya kuqinisekiswa ukuba une-HIV. Ukuba iziphumo azicacanga, kuya kufuneka uvavanyo lwesithathu.

3. Uvavanyo lwesithathu: Uvavanyo lwe-`NAT` ukuze kubonwe ukuba kukho i-HIV egazini lakho.

Olu didi lovavanyo lusebenza phantse nge -100% ekufumaneni i-HIV.

Uvavanyo lwe-HIV olukhawulezileyo

Olu vavanyo lukhangela ii-antibodies ze-HIV egazini lakho okanye kulwelo lomlomo. Kukwakho novavanyo lwe-antigen/antibody ye-HIV olukhawulezayo. Oku kungenziwa yingcali yezempilo ethatha isampuli yegazi emthanjeni, ekuhlatyweni ngomnwe, okanye kwi-swab engaphakathi emlonyeni.

Ezinye iimvavanyo ezikhawulezayo zinokunika iziphumo kwimizuzu emi-5 kuphela. Kodwa khumbula, ezi ziziphumo zokuqala kuphela. Ukuba iziphumo zakho zilungile, kuya kufuneka ubone ugqirha wakho ukuze avavanywe ngakumbi ngaphambi kokuba wazi imeko yakho ye-HIV.

Uvavanyo lwe-HIV ekhaya

Uvavanyo lwasekhaya oluvunyiweyo yi-FDA yi-OraQuick®. Olu luvavanyo lwe-HIV olukhawulezayo olukhangela ii-antibodies ze-HIV. Ukuze ulusebenzise, ​​uthatha isampuli yolwelo lwakho lomlomo ngokusula ikhala lakho elingaphezulu nelisezantsi. Emva koko i-swab ifakwa kwi-vial encinci. Ibonisa iziphumo ezilungileyo okanye ezimbi (ezifana novavanyo lokukhulelwa). Iziphumo zingabonwa kwimizuzu engama-20 ukuya kwengama-40.

Ukuba iziphumo zilungile, kufuneka kwenziwe uvavanyo olongezelelekileyo ukuze kuqinisekiswe oko.

Ngaba kukho naziphi na iingozi ngolu vavanyo?

Akukho mngcipheko mkhulu kuvavanyo lwe-HIV. Ungaziva ungakhululekanga xa kutsalwa igazi okanye xa kutsalwa ithontsi legazi emnweni wakho, yiloo nto kuphela.

Kuthatha ixesha elingakanani ukufumana iziphumo?

Ixesha elithathayo ukuze ufumane iziphumo zakho liyahluka ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo lovavanyo. Ezinye iimvavanyo ezikhawulezayo, ezifana novavanyo lwe-antigen/antibody kunye ne-antibody, zinokunika iziphumo ngaphantsi kwemizuzu engama-20. Uvavanyo lwe-`NAT` lunexesha elifutshane lokufumanisa i-HIV emva kokuvezwa. Nangona kunjalo, kungathatha ixesha ukufumana iziphumo. Kungathatha iintsuku ezininzi ukuba iziphumo zovavanyo lwe-`NAT` zibuye.

Zithini iziphumo?

Iziphumo zovavanyo zinokuba zimbi okanye zibe ntle .

• Isiphumo esibiOku kuthetha ukuba uvavanyo aluzange lubone zimpawu zentsholongwane. Oku kunokuthetha ukuba awunayo i-HIV, okanye ukuba ubukhe wachaphazeleka yi-HIV ixesha elide (kwixesha elingalindelekanga) ukuba ungafunyaniswa unentsholongwane.
• Iziphumo ezilungileyo zithetha ukuba uvavanyo lufumanise iimpawu zentsholongwane. Oku kunokuthetha ukuba une-HIV, okanye kufuneka uvavanyo olongezelelekileyo ukuqinisekisa iziphumo.

Ndingenza ntoni ukuba iziphumo zam zithi azikho?

Ukuba uvavanyo lwakho lokuqala alubonisi ukuba une-HIV, kodwa ucinga ukuba usenokuba ukhe wachaphazeleka yi-HIV (oko kukuthi, ukuba uvavanyiwe ngexesha eliphakathi), thatha uvavanyo lwesibini emva kokuba ixesha eliphakathi liphelile. Uvavanyo lwesibini lunokuqinisekisa iziphumo zakho ezingezizo.

Nokuba uvavanyo lwakho alunazo iziphumo, kubalulekile ukuzikhusela kwixesha elizayo. Thetha nogqirha wakho malunga nokuba iPrEP (Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis) ikulungele na. I-'PrEP' yipilisi oyithathayo yonke imihla. Inganciphisa umngcipheko wokufumana i-HIV ngesondo ngama-99%. Kubantu abafaka iziyobisi, inciphisa umngcipheko ngama-74%. Ukuba awunayo i-HIV kwaye iqabane lakho line-HIV, kubalulekile ukusebenzisa i-'PrEP' ngokuchanekileyo.

Nokuba uthatha i-'PrEP', kungcono ukusebenzisa ikhondom ukuze uzikhusele kwi-HIV nakwezinye 'ii-STI'.

Ndenze ntoni ukuba iziphumo zam zilungile?

Ukuba ufumana iziphumo ezilungileyo kuvavanyo olunye, kufuneka wenze iimvavanyo ezingaphezulu nogqirha wakho ukuqinisekisa ukuba ziyinyani. Nje ukuba ufunyaniswe une-HIV, wena nogqirha wakho niza kusebenzisana ekuphuhliseni isicwangciso sonyango. Ugqirha wakho uza kugqiba ukuba i-HIV yakho isasazeke kangakanani kwaye uza kukunika amayeza okunceda ukuyilawula. Unyango lwe-HIV lubizwa ngokuba yi -antiretroviral therapy (ART) . Olu nyango lunceda umzimba wakho ukulwa nentsholongwane kwaye luyithintele ekubeni iqhubekele kwi-AIDS. Amayeza amatsha afumanekayo anamandla kakhulu. Ukuba uwasebenzisa ngokuchanekileyo nangokungaguqukiyo, unokuthintela isifo ukuba singabi mandundu kwaye uphile ubomi obusempilweni.

Kwakhona, kufuneka uthethe neqabane lakho lesondo malunga nokuxilongwa kwakho. Ukuba ukhe wabelana ngesondo ungakhuselekanga, kusenokwenzeka ukuba wosulelwe yintsholongwane kuwe. Kufuneka nabo bavavanywe.

Yintoni umahluko phakathi kovavanyo lwe-HIV-1 kunye novavanyo lwe-HIV-2?

Kukho iintlobo ezimbini ze-HIV: i-HIV-1 kunye ne-HIV-2. Ezinye iimvavanyo ze-antibody zinokubonisa ukuba une-HIV-1, i-HIV-2, okanye zombini egazini lakho. I-HIV-1 lolona hlobo luqhelekileyo lwe-HIV. Ikwadluliselwa lula kune-HIV-2.

Okokugqibela, kufuneka ndithi... (Umyalezo Wokuya Ekhaya)

Kuqhelekile ukuba noloyiko xa ucinga ngokufumana uvavanyo lwe-HIV. Nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele impilo yakho kwaye ukhusele abantu obathandayo.

• Yenza uvavanyo lwe-HIV ubuncinane kube kanye ebomini bakho.Ukuba usemngciphekweni omkhulu, kwenze rhoqo.
• Lumka ngexesha lovavanyo. Bhala uvavanyo emva kokuba ixesha lidlulile.
• Ukuba iziphumo zilungile, ungoyiki. Ngonyango oluphambili olufumanekayo namhlanje (ART), ungaphila ubomi obusempilweni nobonwabisayo ne-HIV.
• Kukho umntu onokukunceda. Thetha ngale nto nabahlobo, usapho, okanye umcebisi omthembayo.

I-HIV yenye nje imeko yempilo. Ukuba iqatshelwa kwangethuba kwaye ilawulwa ngokufanelekileyo, akukho nto inokukuthintela ekufezekiseni amaphupha akho. Masiqaphele, masibe sempilweni!

I- HIV, uvavanyo lwe-HIV, i-AIDS, impilo yesondo, amajoni omzimba, i-NAT, uvavanyo lwe-antigen antibody, i-PrEP