Ngenxa yobhubhane we-COVID-19, igama esilivileyo phantse sonke kwaye elisondele kakhulu kubomi bethu yi-'mRNA vaccine'. Usenokukhumbula eli gama libizwa rhoqo ngamagama anje ngePfizer kunye neModerna. Abanye abantu bathethe kakuhle ngalo, ngelixa abanye babesoyika kancinci le teknoloji intsha. Ngoko ke yintoni kanye kanye i-mRNA vaccine? Isebenza njani ngaphakathi emizimbeni yethu? Yahluke njani kwi-vaccine eqhelekileyo? Ngaba kukho into ekufuneka uyoyike? Masithethe ngayo yonke le nto ngokulula, ngendlela onokuyiqonda.
Yintoni isitofu se-mRNA ngokulula?
Ngamafutshane, isitofu se-mRNA lunyango lokuthintela olufundisa, okanye oluqeqesha, imizimba yethu ukuzikhusela kwizifo. Ugqirha okanye umsebenzi wezempilo oqeqeshiweyo ukunika sona njengesitofu esinenaliti.
Iigonyo ze-mRNA kuphela ezivunyiweyo ukuba zisetyenziswe ehlabathini ukuza kuthi ga ngoku zezokukhusela i-COVID-19. Usenokuba ukhumbula la magama mabini kakuhle:
- I-Comirnaty® (le yi-Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine esiyaziyo sonke)
- I-Spikevax® (le yigonyo yeModerna)
Kodwa obu buchwephesha bunamandla kakhulu. Izazinzulu sele ziphanda ukuba ingaba obu buchwepheshe be-mRNA bungasetyenziswa na ukwenza izitofu zezinye izifo ezosulelayo, kunye nezifo ezifana nomhlaza. Oku kuthetha ukuba sinokufumana iingenelo ezinkulu kobu buchwepheshe kwixesha elizayo.
Kulungile, yintoni ke le mRNA?
Nangona oku kusenokuvakala ngathi yinzululwazi, ndiza kukuchazela ngomzekelo olula kakhulu.
Cinga nge-DNA emzimbeni wakho njengencwadi exabisekileyo kakhulu, eyintloko kwithala leencwadi elikhulu. Le ncwadi inazo zonke imiyalelo kunye neeresiphi ezifunekayo ukwakha umzimba wakho nokuwugcina usebenza. Le ncwadi eyintloko ixabiseke kakhulu kangangokuba ayivumelekanga ukuba ikhutshwe kwithala leencwadi, kwaye ayivumelekanga ukuba ikopishwe. Mayigcinwe ikhuselekile.
Ngoku kulapho i-mRNA ingena khona. I-mRNA sisifinyezo segama elithi "messenger Ribonucleic Acid." Ifana 'nesithunywa.' Into eyenzayo kukuba iya kwincwadi ephambili (i-DNA) kwithala leencwadi ize ibhale ephepheni ikopi yeresiphi (imiyalelo) yokwenza iproteni efunekayo ngumzimba ngelo xesha. Emva koko ithatha elo phepha ize iphume kwithala leencwadi, iye ekhitshini leseli (esilibiza ngokuba yi-ribosomes).
Abapheki (ii-ribosome) ekhitshini bajonga iresiphi (i-mRNA) efike ne-messenger baze benze iproteni kanye njengoko yayibhaliwe. Xa umsebenzi ugqityiwe, bakrazula iphepha elineresiphi ebhalwe kulo baze balilahle. Abaligcini.
Ngoko ke, into eyenziwa yi-mRNA vaccine kukunika imizimba yethu kuphela 'iresiphi' yokwenza inxalenye encinci, ephawulekayo yentsholongwane yangaphandle (njengentsholongwane ye-COVID-19).
Ii-mRNA vaccines zisebenza njani emizimbeni yethu?
Njengazo zonke ezinye izitofu zokugonya, isitofu se-mRNA siqeqesha amajoni omzimba wethu ukuba aqaphele utshaba (njengentsholongwane) aze avelise izixhobo ezifunekayo ukulwa nolo tshaba.
Makhe sibone ukuba oku kwenzeka njani kwisitofu se-COVID-19 mRNA:
1. Ukunika imiyalelo: Xa ufumana isitofu sokugonya, iiseli zakho zinikwa 'iresiphi' (i-mRNA) yokwenza iproteni ye-spike , inxalenye efana ne-spike yentsholongwane ye-SARS-CoV-2 ebangela i-COVID-19. Khumbula, le ayisiyo intsholongwane iyonke, okanye iqhekeza layo. Yimiyalelo kuphela yokwenza.
2. Iiseli zenza iproteni: Iiseli zethu ziyayifunda loo myalelo zize ziqale ukwenza iiproteni ezikhula ngokukhawuleza. Ezi proteni ziboniswa kumphezulu weeseli zethu.
3. Ukusebenza kwenkqubo yomzimba yokuzikhusela: Ngoku ukhuselo lomzimba wethu (inkqubo yomzimba yokuzikhusela) lubona le protein intsha kwaye luxhalabile. "Ngubani lo mntu ungamaziyo? Lo akangomnye wethu," icinga, kwaye iyichaza 'njengomhlaseli'.
4. Izixhobo: Emva koko imikhosi yokhuseleko iqala ukwenza izixhobo ezikhethekileyo zokulwa nolu tshaba. Ezi zixhobo zezo sizibiza ngokuba zii-antibodies . Zikwadala uhlobo 'lweeseli zememori' ezinokukhumbula olu tshaba.
5. Ukutshatyalaliswa komyalelo: Njengokuba sifunda umyalezo size siwukrazule size siwulahle, iiseli zethu zithatha umyalelo kule mRNA zize ziwutshabalalise ngokupheleleyo kwiintsuku ezimbalwa. Awuhlali emzimbeni wethu, kwaye awudibani ne-DNA yethu. Le yinto abantu abaninzi abangayiqondi kakuhle.
Ngoku khawucinge ukuba intsholongwane ye-COVID-19 yokwenyani ingene emzimbeni wakho. Le ntsholongwane ayiqhelekanga kwinkqubo yakho yomzimba yokuzikhusela. Sele beyibonile iproteni ekhula ngokukhawuleza yale ntsholongwane kwaye bakulungele ukuyilwa nayo. Ke ngoko, banokuyitshabalalisa ngokukhawuleza intsholongwane ngaphambi kokuba isasazeke emzimbeni wakho. Yile nto ikukhusela ekuguleni kakhulu.
Yintoni umahluko phakathi kwezitofu zemveli kunye nezitofu ze-mRNA?
Umahluko omkhulu ukwindlela amajoni ethu omzimba aqonda ngayo utshaba. Ukuze sikuqonde oku lula, makhe sijonge le theyibhile .
| Uhlobo logonyo | Indlela esebenza ngayo (ngamagama alula) |
|---|---|
| Izitofu Zemveli | Yonke intsholongwane, nokuba ingasebenzi okanye ibuthathaka kakhulu, okanye iiyunithi zeproteni zentsholongwane, ifakwa ngqo emzimbeni. Inkqubo yomzimba yokuzikhusela isabela kule nto ingaqhelekanga. |
| Iigonyo ze-mRNA | Akukho nxalenye yentsholongwane enikwa umzimba. Endaweni yoko, inika kuphela 'imiyalelo' (i-mRNA) yeeseli zethu ukuze zenze inxalenye ebonakalayo yentsholongwane. Inkqubo yomzimba yokuzikhusela isabela kuloo protein ngokwenza iiseli zethu. |
Ngaba zonke izitofu ze-COVID-19 mRNA?
Hayi. Umzekelo, isitofu se-COVID-19 esibizwa ngokuba yiNovavax® asisositofu se-mRNA. Sisitofu se -protein subunit . Oko kukuthi, sifaka iziqwenga zeproteni ye-spike yentsholongwane ye-SARS-CoV-2 ngqo emzimbeni.
Kwenzeka ntoni xa ufumana isitofu?
Le nkqubo ilula kakhulu, kwaye ukuba ukhe wazama ngaphambili, oku kuyafana.
1. Umsebenzi wezempilo uza kucoca ingalo yakho engasentla (okanye mhlawumbi ithanga lakho labantwana abancinci) nge-alcohol swab.
2. Emva koko inaliti inikwa ngenaliti encinci kakhulu.
3. Faka iplasta encinci kwindawo ebhoboziweyo.
Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukuba uza kucelwa ukuba uhlale ungashukumi kangangemizuzu eli-15 emva kokufakwa inaliti. Oku kukujonga naziphi na iziphumo ze-allergy ezingalindelekanga nezinzima. Ukuba ungumntu oziva enesizungu okanye esoyika iinaliti, kungcono uhlale phantsi ngeli xesha.
Zithini iingenelo ze-mRNA vaccines?
Kukho iingenelo ezimbini eziphambili zale teknoloji.
- Ukuveliswa ngokukhawuleza: Ukuze kwenziwe imijovo yesintu, intsholongwane kufuneka ikhuliswe kwilebhu. Oku kuthatha ixesha elide. Kodwa kwiimijovo ze-mRNA, intsholongwane akufuneki ikhuliswe. Nje ukuba ikhowudi yemfuza yentsholongwane yaziwe, i-mRNA ehambelana nayo inokuveliswa ngokukhawuleza. Ke ngoko, xa kuqhambuka ubhubhane, inani elikhulu lemijovo linokuveliswa kwiiveki ezimbalwa, endaweni yokulinda iinyanga okanye iminyaka.
- Ukhuseleko malunga nokungagonywa: Ukufumana naluphi na ugonyo lwe-COVID-19, ingakumbi ugonyo lwe-mRNA, kukunika ezi zibonelelo xa kuthelekiswa nomntu ongakhange agonywe:
- Umngcipheko oncitshisiweyo wokosulelwa yi-COVID-19.
- Nokuba sele wosulelekile, umngcipheko wokugula kakhulu nokulaliswa esibhedlele uyancipha kakhulu.
- Ukunciphisa umngcipheko wokuba neemeko ze-COVID zexesha elide emva kokuchacha kwi-COVID-19.
Zithini iingozi kunye neziphumo ebezingalindelekanga zezitofu ze-mRNA?
Njengayo nayiphi na imithi, imijovo ye-mRNA ineziphumo ebezingalindelekanga ezincinci kunye neempendulo ezingaqhelekanga ze-allergy. Kubalulekile ukuzazi ezi zinto.
Khumbula, iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga ezihlala zisenzeka ziluphawu oluhle lokuba inkqubo yakho yomzimba yokuzikhusela iqala ukusebenza kwaye yakha ukhuselo. Ezi ziphumo zihlala ziphela ngokupheleleyo kungekapheli usuku okanye ezimbini.
| Iziphumo Eziqhelekileyo Ezingalindelekanga | Iimpawu Ezingaqhelekanga Kodwa Ezinzima Zokusabela Kwi-Allergy |
|---|---|
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Ndifanele ndimbone nini ugqirha?
Oku kubaluleke kakhulu.
Ukuba ufumana naziphi na iimpawu ezinobungozi zokunganyamezelani ezifana nobunzima bokuphefumla, ukurhawuzelela, okanye ukudumba kobuso, imilebe, ulwimi, okanye umqala , yiya kwigumbi likaxakeka lesibhedlele elikufutshane (ETU) ngokukhawuleza. Le yingxamiseko yezonyango.
Ukuba unemibuzo engaphezulu malunga nolu gonyo, okanye ukuba awuqinisekanga ukuba olu gonyo luyahambelana na nezinye iimeko zakho zempilo, ungathandabuzi ukuthetha nogqirha wakho wosapho. Uza kukuchazela yonke into aze akunike icebiso elifanelekileyo.
Ithini imbali yale teknoloji ye-mRNA?
Nangona ngequbuliso idumile ngenxa yobhubhane we-COVID-19, le teknoloji ye-mRNA ayisiyonto ifunyenwe izolo. Inembali yophando emininzi emva kwayo.
- Uphando olusisiseko malunga netekhnoloji ye-mRNA lwaqala ngeminyaka yoo-1970.
- Kwakungeminyaka yoo-1990 apho izazinzulu zaqala ukuzama ukubona ukuba ingasetyenziselwa na ukuvelisa amachiza okugonya.
- Kodwa bekukho imingeni emikhulu ngelo xesha. Imolekyuli ye-mRNA ibuthathaka kakhulu. Xa sele ikwimizimba, inkqubo yethu yokuzikhusela komzimba iyayitshabalalisa. Kwaye bekungekho ndlela yokuyifaka kwiiseli.
- Emva kweminyaka engaphezu kwama-20 yophando, izazinzulu zifumene izisombululo kwezi ngxaki. Bafunde ukwenza uqweqwe lwee-fat particles ezincinci (i-lipid nanoparticles) ukukhusela i-mRNA molecule. Oku koko kusetyenziswa kwiigonyo zanamhlanje.
- Ekugqibeleni, ngo-2018, iyeza elibizwa ngokuba yi-patisiran lavunywa ukunyanga isifo esingaqhelekanga semithambo-luvo. Indlela efanayo eyasetyenziswa ukuhambisa i-RNA kwiiseli kamva yavula indlela yokuba iinkampani ezifana nePfizer kunye neModerna zenze imijovo ye-COVID-19.
Kuqhelekile ukuba noloyiko nokuthandabuza izinto ezintsha, ingakumbi kwezonyango. Xa kuvela into eyahlukileyo kwiindlela zakudala esiziqhelileyo, kunzima kuthi ukuyikholelwa ngoko nangoko. Kodwa le teknoloji ye-mRNA yinto eye yaphuhliswa ngamawaka oososayensi kwiminyaka emininzi kwaye ibonakalise ukuba ikhuselekile. Yiyo loo nto, xa kufika ubhubhane omkhulu, sikwazile ukwenza imijovo ekhuselekileyo nesebenzayo kwiinyanga ezimbalwa, endaweni yokulinda iminyaka.
Umyalezo Wokuya Ekhaya
- Iigonyo ze-mRNA azinazo iintsholongwane okanye iindawo ezithile zentsholongwane. Ziqulathe kuphela 'imiyalelo' (i-mRNA) efunekayo ukwenza inxalenye ebonakalayo yentsholongwane.
- Lo myalelo ususwa ngokupheleleyo emzimbeni kwiintsuku ezimbalwa emva kokuba usetyenziswe ziiseli zethu. Awuyichaphazeli nangayiphi na indlela i-DNA yethu.
- Ezi gonyo zisebenza kakhulu ekuthinteleni iimeko ezimandundu, ukulaliswa esibhedlele, kunye nokufa, ingakumbi izifo ezifana ne-COVID-19.
- Iziphumo ezingezizo ezinje ngeentloko ezibuhlungu kunye neentlungu zomzimba emva kokugonywa ziqhelekile, kwaye zibonisa ukuba inkqubo yakho yomzimba yokuzikhusela iyasebenza.
- Iimpendulo ezibuhlungu ze-allergy, ezinje ngobunzima bokuphefumla okanye ukudumba kobuso, aziqhelekanga. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba ziyenzeka, kufuneka uye kwiSebe lezeMpilo eNgxamisekileyo (ETU) esibhedlele ngoko nangoko.
- Ukuba unemibuzo okanye amathandabuzo, musa ukuthembela kulwazi olufumaneka kwi-intanethi kuphela, kodwa qhagamshelana nogqirha wakho.
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