Unemibuzo mayelana ne-smallpox? Ake sixoxe ngayo ngokuningiliziwe!

Cishe uke wezwa nge-smallpox. Kodwa ungase ube nemibuzo ngokuthi iyini, ukuthi yayiyingozi kangakanani esikhathini esidlule, nokuthi kungani kungadingeki sikhathazeke ngayo manje. Namuhla, sizoxoxa ngayo yonke ngendlela elula ongayiqonda. Lena indaba ende kancane, kodwa uzofunda okuningi.

Kuyini i-smallpox?

Kalula nje, i-smallpox kwakuyisifo esibi kakhulu nesibulalayo esasikhona esikhathini esidlule. Sabulala izigidi zabantu. Uma uthola lesi sifo, uthola amabhamuza aqinile, agcwele amanzi emzimbeni wakho. Ngisho noma ephola, ngezinye izikhathi ashiya amanxeba amabi ebusweni nasemzimbeni wakho. Cabanga nje, uma uthola lesi sifo , ngokwesilinganiso, cishe oyedwa kwabathathu wafa. Yilokho okubi kakhulu.

Kodwa kunezindaba ezinhle. Kusukela ngawo-1960, i-World Health Organization (WHO) ibilokhu isebenza kanzima ukuqeda i-smallpox emhlabeni. Ngokusebenzisa umjovo nokulawula ukusabalala kwalesi sifo, baphumelele. Ngo-1980, i-smallpox yayisisusiwe emhlabeni. Icala lokugcina lemvelo lalesi sifo labikwa ngo-1977.

Ingabe i-smallpox isekhona emhlabeni?

Cha. Akekho oke waba ne-smallpox kubantu iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-45. Ayisabalali ngokwemvelo. Kodwa-ke, amasampula egciwane elibangela i-smallpox agcinwa ngenhloso yocwaningo kuphela elabhorethri elilodwa e-United States kanye nelinye eRussia. Kodwa lokho akusikho okufanele ukwesabe.

Siyiqede kanjani ingxibongo emhlabeni?

Lokhu kuyimpumelelo enkulu. Ukuqothulwa kwe-smallpox kungenzeka ukuthi kwenzeke ngenxa yezici eziningana:

• Lesi sifo sithinta abantu kuphela. Asisabalaliswa yizilwane noma yizinambuzane. Ngakho-ke, zimbalwa izindlela lesi sifo esingadluliselwa ngazo.
• Lesi sifo kwakulula ukusibona. Wonke umuntu owayene-smallpox wayebonisa izimpawu, ikakhulukazi lawo mabala. Okusho ukuthi, akekho owayengazi ukuthi unesifo (kwakungekho bantu abathwala izifo abangenazo izimpawu).
• Lesi sifo sasakazeka kancane. I-smallpox yayivame ukuqala ukusabalala lapho isiguli sigula kakhulu ukuba singaphuma ngaphandle. Yayivame ukusabalala phakathi kwabantu abahlala endlini eyodwa.
• Ukusabalala kwakulawulwa "ngokugomela ngendandatho". Njengoba lesi sifo sasisakazeka kuphela phakathi kwabantu abasondelene kakhulu, izikhulu zezempilo zakwazi ukuvimba ukusabalala ngokusebenzisa indlela ebizwa ngokuthi "ukugomela ngendandatho". Okusho ukuthi, lapho kutholakala umuntu ogulayo, bagomela kuphela labo abake baxhumana nalowo muntu (njengendandatho ezungeze umuntu ogulayo).
• Lesi kwakuyisifo esasikhona iminyaka eyizinkulungwane. Ngakho-ke, abantu abasebeluleme kwi-smallpox base benamasosha omzimba. Lokho kwakusho ukuthi bambalwa abantu okwakudingeka bagonywe ukuze kuvinjelwe ukusabalala kwalesi sifo.

Cabanga nje, kwakungenxa yalezi zici ukuthi kwenzeka ukuqeda i-smallpox, esinye sezifo ezibhubhisa kakhulu ngaleso sikhathi, emhlabeni.

Ziyini izimpawu zesifo sengxibongo?

Uma isifo sofuba sitholakala, lesi sifo siqhubeka ngezigaba eziningana. Izimpawu eziyinhloko yilezi:

• Umkhuhlane ophezulu.
• Ikhanda elibuhlungu kakhulu.
• Ukuhlungu obusemhlane.
• Ubuhlungu besisu.
• Ukukhathala ngokweqile kanye nobuthakathaka.
• Ukuhlanza.
• Amabala aqala emlonyeni, bese esakazeka ebusweni, bese esakazeka emzimbeni wonke.
• La mabala kamuva aba izilonda futhi abe amaqhubu aqinile (ama-pustules).

Izimpawu ezifana nomkhuhlane, ikhanda elibuhlungu, kanye nokukhathala ziza kuqala. Zingahlala izinsuku ezimbili kuya kwezine. Ngezinye izikhathi umkhuhlane ungaqhubeka noma ubuye ngisho nangemva kokuvela kwamabala. Bese kuvela amabala. Ngisho nalapho, ayathuthuka ngezigaba.

Zibukeka kanjani izindawo ezibomvu?

Izilonda ze-smallpox ziqala ukubonakala emlonyeni nasebusweni, bese zisakazeka ngokushesha emzimbeni wonke. Ziqala njengamabala abomvu, bese ziba yizigaxa eziqinile eziqhekeka bese ziwela phansi. Ngendlela evame kakhulu ye-smallpox (`i-smallpox evamile`), izilonda zikhula ngezigaba eziningana:

1. Izigaba zokuqala: Ngemva kwezimpawu zokuqala, kuvela amabala olimini, ngaphakathi emlonyeni, nasemphinjeni. Amabala abomvu emlonyeni aba izilonda futhi aqhume.

2. Amabala asakazekayo: Lawa mabala abe esesakazeka ebusweni, ezingalweni, emilenzeni, emhlane nasesifubeni. Ngemva kosuku olulodwa, asakazeka kuwo wonke umzimba, ngisho nasezintendeni zezandla nasezinyaweni.

3. Amaqhubu agcwele ubomvu: Amaqhubu esikhumbeni agcwele ubomvu (uketshezi olujiyile). Kungase kube khona ngisho nokuqhekeka okuncane (`iqhubu`) phakathi kweqhubu ngalinye. La maqhubu athatha cishe izinsuku ezimbili ukugcwaliswa ubomvu.

4. Ukuqhuma kwesikhumba kanye nezibazi: Amaqhubu aphenduka amaqhubu aqinile, ayindilinga (amaqhubu). Ezinsukwini eziyishumi ezizayo, amaqhubu akheka phezu kwala maqhubu.

5. Ukuwa kwezikhwebu: Lezi zikhwebu ziyawa ngemva kwesonto, kodwa izikhwebu zisekhona.

Ingabe kunezinhlobo ezahlukene ze-smallpox?

Yebo, kwakukhona izinhlobo eziningana ze-smallpox. Izimpawu ezazibangela nazo zahlukahluka kancane:

• I-smallpox evamile: Lolu uhlobo oluvame kakhulu. Lwabangela izimpawu ezichazwe ngenhla. Cishe u-85% wazo zonke izimo ze-smallpox zazivela kulolu hlobo. Cishe oyedwa kwabathathu abantu abanesifo se-smallpox esivamile bafa.
• I-smallpox yohlobo olushintshiwe: Lolu hlobo lwe-smallpox ngezinye izikhathi luvela kubantu abake bagonywa ngaphambilini. Lufana ne-smallpox evamile, kodwa ukuqubuka akukubi kangako futhi akuhlali isikhathi eside. Iningi labantu liyasinda kukho.
• I-smallpox yohlobo oluyisicaba (eyingozi): Lokhu kwaba nezimpawu zokuqala ezimbi kakhulu kune-smallpox evamile. Amaqhubu avela emabala ahlangana futhi awazange aqine noma agcwale uketshezi. Ngenxa yalokho, kwavela ukuqubuka okuyisicaba nokubushelelezi, okungenakho ukuqhekeka. Lolu hlobo lwaluvame kakhulu ezinganeni. Cishe njalo lwalubulala.
• I-smallpox ephuma igazi: Lokhu kwakuvamile kwabesifazane abakhulelwe. Yayinezimpawu zokuqala ezimbi kakhulu. Amabala ngokuvamile ayengaqini noma agcwale uketshezi. Kunalokho, isikhumba esingaphansi sasiyopha igazi, okwenza ibala libonakale limnyama noma lishile. Ukopha kwangaphakathi kanye nokwehluleka kwezitho zomzimba nakho kwakungenzeka. I-smallpox ephuma igazi cishe yayibulala njalo.

Yini ebangela i-smallpox?

I-smallpox ibangelwa yigciwane elibizwa ngokuthi i-Variola virus . Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zegciwane le-variola: i-Variola major kanye ne-Variola minor (eyaziwa nangokuthi i-Variola alastrim). I-Variola major ibangele iningi lamacala e-smallpox kanye nokufa. I-Variola minor ibangele izimpawu ezifanayo kodwa ezingembi kangako. I-Variola major ibangele ukufa okungaphezu kuka-30%, kanti i-Variola minor ibangele ukufa okungu-1% kuphela.

Ingxibongo yasakazeka kanjani?

Ingxibongo yayisakazeka kakhulu ngokuxhumana okuseduze, ubuso nobuso. Isibonelo, umuntu onengxibongo wayengathelela umuntu oseduze lapho ekhwehlela noma ekhuluma. Ingasakazeka nangokuthinta izinto ezifana nezingubo zokulala nezingubo ezazisetshenziswe ngumuntu onegciwane.

Yiziphi izinkinga ezingaba khona ngenxa yesifo sengxibongo?

Inkinga evame kakhulu ye-smallpox ukuba nezibazi ezinkulu. Ezinye izinkinga zifaka:

• Ubumpumputhe.
• Ukutheleleka kobuchopho (i-Encephalitis).
• Ukutheleleka kwezikhwama zomoya ezincane emaphashini (i-Bronchopneumonia).
• Ukutheleleka ngamagciwane.
• Isifo samathambo.

Kungani i-smallpox yayibulala kangaka?

Nakuba ochwepheshe bengaqiniseki, kungenzeka ukuthi i-smallpox yabangela ukufa ngenxa yenhlanganisela yezici:

• Leli gciwane libulala inani elikhulu lamaseli (i-cytotoxicity).
• Ukwehluleka kwezinso.
• I-pneumonia iwumonakalo emaphashini. Lokhu kubangela ubunzima bokuphefumula kanye nokuntuleka komoya-mpilo ezicutshini.
• Ukushaqeka kwe-Hypovolemic. Ukopha kanye nokwehluleka kwezitho zomzimba ngenxa ye-smallpox ephuma igazi.

Ingabe sisagomela i-smallpox?

Odokotela abasawugomeli umphakathi jikelele i-smallpox. Kodwa-ke, abanye abacwaningi kanye nabasebenzi bezempi basanikeza imijovo ye-smallpox emaqenjini akhethiwe. Uhulumeni wase-US ugcina inqwaba yemijovo ye-smallpox, uma kwenzeka lesi sifo siphinde sisakazeke.

IMelika iyeke nini ukunikeza imijovo ye-smallpox?

E-United States, ukugomela i-smallpox kwamiswa ezinhlelweni zokugomela ezivamile ngo-1972. Ukuqubuka kokugcina kwe-smallpox e-United States kwaba ngo-1949.

Ingabe umuthi wokugomela i-smallpox uhlala impilo yonke?

Ezinye izifundo zisikisela ukuthi umuthi wokugomela i-smallpox unganikeza isivikelo amashumi eminyaka. Kulabo abadinga ukuthola umuthi wokugomela i-smallpox ngenxa yomsebenzi, i-US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) itusa ukuthola umthamo wokukhulisa njalo eminyakeni emithathu.

Ingabe i-smallpox yayiyisifo sokuqala okwatholakala ngaso umuthi wokugomela?

Yebo. Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-18, udokotela ogama lakhe lingu-Edward Jenner waqinisekisa indaba yokuthi izisebenzi zobisi ezazithola i-cowpox, isifo esifana ne-chickenpox, zazivikelekile kwi-smallpox. Manje sesiyazi ukuthi i-cowpox kanye ne-smallpox zingamagciwane afana kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, lapho abantu bethola i-cowpox, isifo esincane, futhi beba abangenwa yiso, nabo baba abangenwa yi-smallpox.

UJenner waqala ukuthelela izinkomo nge-smallpox ukuze avimbele abantu ekutholeni i-smallpox. Lowo kwakuwumgomo wokuqala emhlabeni. Igama elithi "umuthi wokugomela" livela egameni lesiLatini elisho inkomo, elithi "vacca."

Namuhla, umuthi wokugomela i-smallpox wenziwa ngegciwane elibizwa ngokuthi 'i-vaccinia.' Ngenxa yokuthi ufana ne-smallpox, unikeza amasosha omzimba ngaphandle kokubangela i-smallpox.

Kuyini lokhu 'ukuguquguquka'?

Ukugoma nge-variolation kuyindlela yokuqala yokugoma. Abantu babekhuthazwa ngamabomu ukuba babe ne-smallpox (i-smallpox) ngokufaka igciwane le-Variola emizimbeni yabo. Lokhu kwenziwa ngokuklwebha isikhumba ngobomvu obuvela ezilondeni ze-smallpox noma ngokuhogela impuphu eyenziwe ngoqweqwe. Isifo esibangelwa ukugoma nge-variolation sasingesibi kakhulu kune-smallpox eyenzeka ngokwemvelo, futhi abantu kamuva baba nokungavikeleki kwi-smallpox. Le ndlela kucatshangwa ukuthi ineminyaka engamakhulu ubudala.

Kungani umuthi wokugomela ingxibongo ushiya isilonda?

Ngokungafani neminye imijovo yesimanje, imijovo ye-smallpox isebenzisa igciwane eliphilayo, elingashintshiwe, elifana ne-smallpox (elibizwa ngokuthi `i-vaccinia`). Esikhundleni sokujovwa ngenaliti, isisebenzi sezempilo sicwilisa `inaliti ehlukanisiwe` ehlombe lakho bese siyijova engalweni yakho. Indawo lapho kujovwe khona isuke itheleleka nge-`i-vaccinia`. Lokhu kutheleleka kubangela ukwakheka kwe-blister, okuzoshiya isibazi kamuva.

Abantu abathola lolu hlobo lomjovo we-smallpox kufanele banakekele kahle indawo yomjovo. Ngaphandle kwalokho, bangathelela omunye umuntu nge-'vaccinia'. Lezi zinhlobo zemijovo yi-'ACAM2000®' kanye ne-'APSV'.

Umuthi wokugomela i-`JYNNEOS™` (osetshenziswa futhi ku-`mpox`) wenziwe ngegciwane elibuthakathaka (`elincishisiwe`). Unikezwa njengomjovo ojwayelekile. Unemiphumela emibi embalwa kuneminye imijovo ye-smallpox. Unikezwa njengemithamo emibili ngaphansi kwesikhumba, ehlukene ngamasonto amane.

Ingabe ikhona indlela yokwelapha i-smallpox?

Kunemithi eminingana yokulwa namagciwane evunyelwe i-smallpox. Yilena:

• `I-Tecovirimat (TPOXX®)`
• `Brincidofovir (TEMBEXA®)`
• `I-Cidofovir (i-Vistide®)`

Lezi zakhiwe ngemva kokuba i-smallpox isiqediwe, ngakho azikahlolwa kubantu abake baba ne-smallpox. Kodwa, ngokusekelwe kwezinye izifundo, ochwepheshe bacabanga ukuthi zingasetshenziswa njengokwelapha uma i-smallpox ingasabalala futhi. Ziye zahlolwa futhi ukuze kubonakale ukuthi ziphephile yini kubantu.

I-smallpox yatholakala kanjani?

Esikhathini esidlule, odokotela babexilonga i-smallpox ngokusekelwe ekubonakaleni kwamabala akho kanye nephethini yezimpawu zakho. Bangahlola futhi amasampula egazi lakho noma izicubu zesikhumba. Amasampula athunyelwa elabhorethri ukuyobheka i-'DNA' yegciwane noma ama-antibodies (ama-antibodies) akhiqizwa ngokumelene ne-smallpox. I-Smallpox yagcina ixilongwe ngo-1978.

Uyini umehluko phakathi kwe-Smallpox, i-Mpox, ne-Chickenpox?

I-Smallpox (`Smallpox`) kanye ne-Mpox zombili zingamalungu omndeni ofanayo wamagciwane abizwa ngokuthi 'i-Orthopoxvirus'. Zinezimpawu ezifanayo, kodwa 'i-Mpox' ibangela isifo esingesibi kangako kune-smallpox. Umuthi wokugomela 'i-Vaccinia' ungavikela kuzo zombili.

Naphezu kwegama elithi "pox" egameni layo, i-chickenpox ibangelwa igciwane elibizwa ngokuthi i-Varicella-zoster, elingahlobene ne-smallpox noma amanye ama-Orthopoxvirus. Ngakho-ke, i-chickenpox iyisifo esihluke ngokuphelele.

Okokugcina, izinto ezimbalwa okufanele uzikhumbule

Sekungamakhulu eminyaka, i-smallpox ingenye yezifo ezibulala kakhulu emhlabeni. Kodwa namuhla, iningi lethu alicabangi ngayo. Akekho oke waba ne-smallpox cishe eminyakeni engamashumi amahlanu. Ngenxa yemizamo yezempilo yomphakathi, amazwe afana ne-United States alungiselelwe ukwelashwa kanye nemigomo yokubhekana nanoma yiliphi ithuba lokuthi lesi sifo siphinde sisabalale.

Ngakho-ke, i-smallpox yisifo esengezwe emlandweni, kodwa isifundise izifundo eziningi. Futhi iyisibonelo esihle sokuthi ngisho nesifo esibi kakhulu singalawulwa kanjani ngamandla esayensi kanye nempilo yomphakathi.

Ingxibongo , Ingxibongo, Umuthi Wokugoma, Izimpawu, Ingxibongo, Igciwane, Ukuqothulwa